General viva questions that may be asked could include:

1. Can you explain the principle behind the experiment you conducted?
2. How did you set up the apparatus for the experiment?
3. What were the sources of error in your experiment and how did you account for them?
4. Can you explain the observations you made during the experiment?
5. What conclusions can you draw from the results of your experiment?
6. How does this experiment relate to real-world applications or phenomena?
7. Can you discuss any alternative methods for conducting this experiment?
8. What safety precautions did you take during the experiment?
It's important to be familiar with the concepts and principles related to the experiments, as well as the
experimental procedures and potential sources of error.

Viva Questions on Ohm’s Law are

E: What are you doing?

S; Sir I am finding relation between current and voltage for given resistance than I will determine resistivity of
two wires by plotting a graph between potential difference and current.

E: How you will perform it?

S: First I will find resistance than using graph than I will find specific resistance using length and area of cross
section of wire.

E: Are you ready for viva on this topic?

S: Yes sir, please ask

1. What is value of resistance for ideal voltmeter and ammeter?

S; It is infinity for voltmeter and 0 for ammeter

2. Define electric potential?

Amount of work done to move a unit charge from infinity to any point in the electric field of given charge

3. Why is an ammeter connected in series in a circuit?

Ammeter has very low resistance, hence to measure the amount of current flowing through the circuit; it must
pass through the ammeter hence it is connected in series

4. Why is a voltmeter connected in parallel in a circuit?

Voltmeter posse’s very high resistance, to find potential across given resistance, minimum current must pass
through the voltmeter and maximum through the resistance

5. State the law that governs the strength of the current passing through a metallic conductor when a p.d
is applied across its end. Illustrate this law graphically?

Ohm’s law is the law. It provide linear relation between current and voltage

6. State the law which governs the amount of heat produced in a metallic conductor when current is
passed through it for a given time. Express this law mathematically?

Joules heating effect is the law which provide heat produced according to it H=I2Rt

7. Define resistance. What are the factors on which it depends?

Obstruction posses by the conductor in the flow of current is called resistance, it depends on length, area,
temperature, nature of material

8. A copper wire of resistivity P is stretched to reduce its diameter to half its previous value. What is the
new resistivity?

Resistivity is independent of dimension so it will remain P (no change)

9. Define the S I unit of electric current and potential difference.

Current =Ampere, Potential difference = Volt

10. What is expression for equivalent resistance when we connect them in series?

R= R+R+R… in parallel combination.

11. What is an electric fuse? Explain its function.

To prevent circuit from excess current, we have electric fuse which consist of high resistance and low melting
point it will melt when high current flows through it.

12. What do you mean by a shunt?

It is a small value of resistance which is connected in parallel with the galvanometer

13. Can we increase or decrease range of ammeter?

We can increase by the range by connecting suitable resistance in parallel. We can not decrease.

14. Is Ohm’s law is universal?

No, it is not accepted universally. There are many non ohmic devices also which does not follow ohm’s law

15. Name 2 non Ohmic devices

Semi conductor and electrolytes

16. . Is ohm’s law valid for high temperature?

No as with temperature, resistance changes so Ohm law not valid

17. What is need of kirchoff’s law?

Ohm’s law is applicable only on small circuits so to solve complex circuits we need kirchhoff’s law

18. What is unit of resistivity?

Ohm-meter

19. Is there any vector form of Ohm’s law?

Yes. We express it in terms of Current density , conductivity and electric field J=σE

20. Have you ever heard about negative resistance?

Yes in material like GaAs , in a particular region When we increase voltage current decreases then they said to
posses negative resistance.

21. What are super conductor?

As temperature decrease , resistance of conductor decrease so for some of the alloy at very low temperature it
drops to zero and conductor becomes super conductor.

Very good you answered very well. Keep doing your practical. I will ask question on your project later

Viva-Voce Questions on Meter Bridge are

1. What is principle of MB?

Wheat Stone bridge

2. What happen at balancing point?

No current flows through galvanometer

3. Why no current flows through galvanometer?

It is because there is no potential difference, for flow of current potential difference must be there.

4. Any other instrument based on Wheat stone bridge.

Post office box, Carey foster

5. Why Constantan and Manganin are used to make standard resistance.

Low temperature coefficient and high resistivity

6. Resistivity of a wire depends on.

Material of wire, temperature

7. A toaster produce more heat than a light bulb which has greater resistance.

H is inversely proportional to R when connected in parallel so light bulb has greater resistance

8. When is wheat stone bridge most sensitive

When all four P,Q,R and S are of same magnitude

9. Why Wheat stone bridge is not suitable for very low resistance.

Due to end resistance measurement is not perfect

10. What happens if the galvanometer and cell interchanged at balance point.

Balance point remain unchanged.

Viva-Voce Questions on Semiconductor Practical

PN Junction are
Suppose you are assigned P-N Junction

1. What are you doing?

S; Sir I am finding relation between current and voltage for P-N junction in forward and reverse bias

2. OK, what is P-N junction?

S; P-N junction is a semiconductor device in which a P type semiconductor is joined with N type semiconductor

3. What is depletion layer?

S: It is a thin region around the junction which is free from holes and electrons

4. E: Good, can you explain me how we can join two semiconductor, is there any specific way?

S: Yes sir we have various ways by which we can join P type semiconductor with N type such as grown
junction diode ,fuse junction diode.

5. What is ideal junction diode.

S: Ideal junction diode is that which conduct only in forward bias

6. Good, Tell me why it is so that current is flowing so easily in forward bias where as not so easily in
reverse bias

S; sir in forward bias depletion region is thin so resistance is low hence current flow due to majority carrier
where as in reverse bias depletion region is thick so resistance is so high hence no current flow due to majority
carrier current only flow due to minority carrier

7. E; Is P-N junction is ohmic device?

S; No it is non ohmic devices; current is not vary linearly with potential.

8. E; What is knee voltage?

S; Sir knee voltage is that below which graph in forward bias is non –linear or non ohmic and above which it is
linear or ohmic.

9. E; Which elements are used as intrinsic semiconductor

S; Si and Ge are used as semiconductor. It is because it has four electrons in its valance shell and form covalent
bond

10. E: carbon also has four electrons in valance shell then why it is not used as semiconductor?

S; Electricity can conduct through carbon, but carbon does have a significant resistance, and much of the
electrical energy will be lost as heat energy when it passes through carbon and it forms diamond crystal
structure so when we add impurity atoms it will not make any significant change…+
Carbon is not used as semiconductor it has 4 valence electrons in it valence shell but the energy gap is very
small it will conduct electricity even at room temperature ,the size of carbon is very small . It depends upon the
structure of carbon. In case of germanium and silicon they have d orbits in the outer shell and they have greater
mobility.

11. E: Tell me various types of P-N junctions

S: P-N junction is also called diode, such as photo diode, light emitting diode, tunnel diode, Zener diode,
varactor diode etc

12. E:What is value of the potential barrier of a silicon and germanium

S; 0.7V and 0.3 V

13. E: What is difference between P-N diode and Zener Diode

S: Zener is highly dopped and work in reverse bias

14. What is Zener breakdown?

S; When a very high reverse voltage is applied across a semiconductor diode, a large amount of current flows
through it. This effect is called Zener breakdown.

15. What is charge on P type or N type semiconductor?

S: it is charge less

16. What is donor impurity?

S: The pentavalent impurity atoms like Sb, As

17. What is acceptor impurity?

S: The trivalent impurity like B, Al

18. What is dopping?

S: Addition of impurity to pure semiconductor

19. How does conductivity of semiconductor varies with temperature?

S; The conductivity of the semiconductor increases with time

20. Why a large electric current flows, the semiconductor gets damaged

S: It is because it gets heated

21. What are two important process involved in the formation of a P-N junction

S; Diffusion and Drift , when a PN junction is formed due to concentration gradient , the holes diffuse from P
side to N side and electron diffuse from N side to P side . the drift of charge carriers occurs due to electric field
due to built in potential barrier an electric field directed from n region to p region is developed across the
junction. This field causes motion of electron on p side to n side and motion of holes on n side to p side thus a
drift current start which is opposite to diffusion current.

Viva-Voce Questions on Optics Experiments

Convex lens, Prism,
1. Define refractive index.

It is defined as ratio of velocity of light in rarer medium to velocity in denser medium

2. What is the least value of refractive index possible?

One

3. What can you infer if someone says that he has a medium of refractive index less than one?

Through that medium light travel faster than its speed through vacuum

4. Define focus.

The point on the principal axis at which the parallel rays after reflection/refraction converge or appear to
converge

5. Define pole of a spherical mirror.

The center of curved and reflecting surface of a spherical mirror

6. Define optic centre.

It is the geometrical center of the lens.A ray of light passing through this point does not suffer any deviation.

7. What is the type of lens in an air bubble formed inside water

Convex lens

8. Is your eye is a lens?

It is convex lens
9. What is the focal length of a lens?

The distance between the principal focus and the optical center of a lens is called as the focal length of the lens

10. How will you distinguish between a plane mirror, concave mirror and a convex mirror without feeling
its surface with your hand?

11. What is linear magnification of plane mirror,concave mirror,and convex mirror?

It is 1 for plane more than 1 for concave and less than 1 for convex

12. What are the differences between convex lens and concave lens?

Concave lens has diverging property and convex converging

Concave is thin at the middle whereas convex thick

13. What is dispersion?

The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its constituent colours on passing through a glass prism is called
dispersion of light.

14. Why a glass slab does not produce dispersion whereas a prism does?

Since a rectangular glass slab is equivalent to two similar prisms placed with their base inverted. the dispersion
and deviation produced by the two prisms are equal but in opposite direction so net deviation and dispersion are
zero.

15. Define refractive angle of the prism.

It is angle between two refracting surfaces

16. What is parallax?

It may be defined as the relative shift between the two objects placed at different distances from the eye when
eye is moved to and from.

17. What is index correction?

It is difference between observed distance and actual distance because of sharpe edges of needle

18. How is parallax removed?

By making two objects coincident

19. Which color of light show maximum deviation.

Violet

20. In which situation ,a convex lens behaves as a concave lens?

When a convex lens is placed in a medium of refractive index greater than that of the material of the lens

21. in an equilaterial prism if incident angle is 450 then minimum deviation is

300

22. Distinguish real image and virtual image.

Image which can be obtained on screen is real which cant is virtual

23. If red, green and blue light incident on right angle prism . if only one light will not suffer TIR then
what will be that light

It will be Red

24. Color of sky is blue due to which optical phenomenon

Scattering

25. Dispersion is due to

Change in velocity and Wavelength

26. Define power of a lens.

It is ability of a lens to converge beam of light towards its principal axis

27. Define angle of deviation.

It is angle between incident ray and emergent ray

28. What are the factors on which the lateral displacement produced by a glass slab depends?

29. Which type of lens has negative power?

Concave

30. which lens is called as diverging lens?

Concave
32. What is angle of minimum deviation?

It is the angle at which angle of incidence becomes equal to angle of emergence so that the ray of light will be
parallel to the base of the prism

34. What is the cause of dispersion?

Different color travel with different velocity when passes through the prism

35. Does refractive index depends on wavelength?

Yes the refractive index depends on the wavelength of light inversely proportional

36. What happens to prism if it is placed in water?

It will remain unchanged

36. When water is filled on the concave mirror ,then how will it behave ?

It will behave as a plano-convex lens

38. . What is role of lycopodium powder on the upper surface of glass slab while determine refractive
index by travelling microscope?

So that we can focus over the surface of glass slab

40. What is SI unit of refractive index ?

It has no unit

Viva-Voce Questions on Half Deflection Method

1. What are you doing?

I am finding resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method and its figure of merit.

2. What is moving coil galvanometer?

It is a devices used to detect the direction as well as magnitude of the electric current.

3. What is principle of moving coil galvanometer?

Current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field experience torque.

4. What is figure of merit?

Amount of electric current required to produce one scale deflection in the galvanometer

5. Define the current sensitivity.

The deflection produce per unit current through it

6. What is the nature of the magnetic field in moving coil galvanometer?

It is radial magnetic field.

7. Out of galvanometer voltmeter and ammeter which one has maximum and minimum resistance ?

Ammeter is having minimum and voltmeter maximum in fact ideal ammeter is having zero and voltmeter is
having infinite resistance

8. Which type of galvanometer you are using ?

It is moving coil watson type galvanometer

9. Why this practical is known as half deflection

It is because when we connect shunt, half of the current flows through galvanometer and half through shunt

10. What will be approximate value of resistance of galvanometer?

It is near to value of shunt

11. What is the importance of radial magnetic field in a moving coil galvanometer

Radial magnetic field in a makes the arm of the couple fixed hence the torque on the coil is always same in all
positions so that we get linear scale

12. Why ammeter is connected in series

So that whole of the current passes through it

13. Why voltmeter is connected in parallel

So that it draws very small current

14. Why ammeter has low resistance

As we connect shunt so effective resistance of circuit is minimum and maximum current flows through it..
15. What happens if ammeter is connected in parallel and voltmeter in series

As ammeter has very low resistance so maximum current pass through it not through resistance. When we
connected voltmeter in series than effective resistance becomes very high and current will reduce to minimum
so voltmeter will not measure actual potential difference.

16. Can we increase range of ammeter? can we decrease?

We can increase by connecting suitable resistance in parallel but we can not decrease

17. Can we increase or decrease range of voltmeter?

Range can be increased by connecting suitable resistance in series with it. It can be decreased by connecting
suitable resistance in parallel with it.

18. out of two voltmeter of 1000 ohm and 4000 ohm which one will you prefer to measure PD across 500
ohm

Always higher (4000) as it draw less current

19. When a ammeter is put in circuit it reads slightly less or more current than actual?

Less as it has some resistance of own which decreases slightly

20. When a voltmeter is put across a part of the circuit does it read slightly less or more voltage drop

It draws some current so potential drop is slightly less. it is the reason why we prefer potentiometer which draw
no current.