CHAKS SOLUTIONS

Pure Mathematics Exercise 4

6042
Marking guide
BY CHAKUAMBA FORTUNE T (CHAKS)
+263771580933

Answer all questions [60] marks]

1) Differentiate 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √4𝑥 − 9 using the first principle [4]

Step 1: Find 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ)

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 4(𝑥 + ℎ) − 9

Step 2: Apply the formula

′(
4(𝑥 + ℎ) − 9 − √4𝑥 − 9
𝑓 𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ→0 ℎ
Multipying the denominator both numerator and denominator by
4(𝑥 + ℎ) − 9 + √4𝑥 − 9

4(𝑥 + ℎ) − 9 − (4𝑥 − 9)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ→0
ℎ 4(𝑥 + ℎ) − 9 + √4𝑥 − 9

4𝑥 + 4ℎ − 9 − 4𝑥 − 9
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ→0
ℎ 4(𝑥 + ℎ) − 9 + √4𝑥 − 9

4ℎ
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ→0
ℎ 4(𝑥 + ℎ) − 9 + √4𝑥 − 9

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 4
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑠 ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 0
ℎ→0
4(𝑥 + ℎ) − 9 + √4𝑥 − 9

4
=
√4𝑥 − 9 + √4𝑥 − 9

4
=
2 √4𝑥 − 9
2
=
√4𝑥 − 9

2) Given that sin(𝑥 + 30°) = 2cos(𝑥 − 30°)

2√3 − 1
i) Show that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = [𝟒]
√3 − 2
Remember

𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 ± 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵

𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 ∓ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵

Sin(𝑥 + 30°) = 2Cos(𝑥 − 30°)

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠30° + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛30° = 2[𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠30° + 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛30°]

√3 1 √3 1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2[ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥]
2 2 2 2

√3 1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 = √3𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
2 2

√3 1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 = √3𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
2 2

√3 1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 ( − 1) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 √3 −
2 2

1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 √3 − 2 ×2
=
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 √3
( 2 − 1) ×2

2√3 − 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
√3 − 2
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 ii) Hence or otherwise,solve the equation sin(2𝑥 + 30°) = 2cos(2𝑥 − 30°) for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180° [4]

sin(2𝑥 + 30°) = 2 cos(2𝑥 − 30°)

Can be reduced to

2√3 − 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 =
√3 − 2

−1
2√3 − 1
2𝑥 = tan ( )
√3 − 2

2𝑥 = −83.79397689° 𝑃. 𝑉

2𝑥 = 180°𝑛 + (−83.79397689°)
2𝑥 = 96.20602311° 𝑜𝑟 276.2060231°
𝑥 = 48.1° 𝑜𝑟 138.1°

3) Given the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 3)2

Sketch the graph of [no need to show turning points]

i) 𝑓(𝑥)
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 3)2 = 0
𝑥 intercepts 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑥 = −3 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑦 intercepts 𝑦 = −36

−3 4 𝑥

−36

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 ii) 𝑓(−𝑥 ) [2]
~𝑓(−𝑥) is reflection of the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) in the 𝑦~𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 or 𝑥 = 0
𝑦

−4 3 𝑥

−36

1
iii) 𝑓(𝑥 + 2) [2]
4
1
𝑓(𝑥 + 2) is a translation of the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) by −2 along the 𝑥~axis
4
1
followed by a stretch by a factor 4 parallel to 𝑦~𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

−5 2 𝑥

5
−
2

iv) Solve the inequality 𝑓(𝑥 + 3) > 0 [3]

(𝑥 + 3 − 4)(𝑥 + 3 + 3)2 > 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 6)2 > 0
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −6

−6 1 𝑥

The set of solutions is 𝑥 > 1

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 4) The sum of the first five terms of a geometric series is 5 and the sum of the fifth to the ninth term is 80.
i) Show that the common ratio is ±2
[4]
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝐺. 𝑃
1−𝑟
Sum of first 𝑓𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 5 )
⇒ 𝑆5 = =5
1−𝑟

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 5 )
=5
1−𝑟

Number of terms from fifth term to the ninth term

9 − 5 + 1 = 5 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑇5 = 𝑎𝑟 4 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

𝑎𝑟 4 (1 − 𝑟 5 )
𝑆5 = = 80
1−𝑟

𝑎𝑟 4 (1 − 𝑟 5 )
= 80
1−𝑟

Solving simultaneously
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 5 )
= 5…..𝑖
1−𝑟

𝑎𝑟 4 (1 − 𝑟 5 )
= 80 … . 𝑖𝑖
1−𝑟

Dividing 𝑖 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑖

𝑎𝑟 4 (1 − 𝑟 5 )
1 − 𝑟 = 80
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 5 ) 5
1−𝑟

80
𝑟4 =
5

𝑟 = ±2 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

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 ii) Hence find the possible value of 𝑎 [2]

𝑟=2
𝑎(1 − 25 )
=5
1−2

5
𝑎=
31

𝑟 = −2
𝑎(1 − (−2)5 )
=5
1 − (−2)

5
𝑎=
11

5) Prove by induction
𝑛 𝑟 𝑛
1 1
∑𝑟 =2− (𝑛 + 2) , 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ [ 𝟕]
2 2
𝑟=1

Prove for 𝑛 = 1
1 𝑟 1
1 1
∑𝑟 =2− (1 + 2)
2 2
𝑟=1

1 1
=
2 2

True for 𝑛 = 1

Assume for 𝑛 = 𝑘
𝑘 𝑟 𝑘
1 1
∑𝑟 =2− (𝑘 + 2)
2 2
𝑟=1

Proof for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1

𝑘+1 𝑟 𝑘+1
1 1
∑𝑟 =2− (𝑘 + 1 + 2)
2 2
𝑟=1
𝑘+1
1
=2− (𝑘 + 3)
2

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 Inductive step

𝑘+1 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟
1 1
∑𝑟 =∑𝑟 + (𝑘 + 1)𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2 2
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
𝑘 (𝑘+1)
1 1
=2− (𝑘 + 2) + (𝑘 + 1)
2 2

𝑘 𝑘
1 1 1
=2− (𝑘 + 2) + (𝑘 + 1)
2 2 2
𝑘
1 1
=2− [2(𝑘 + 2) − (𝑘 + 1)]
2 2
𝑘+1
1
=2− [2𝑘 + 4 − 𝑘 − 1]
2
𝑘+1
1
=2− (𝑘 + 3)
2

Since the statement is true for = 1, 𝑛 = 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 , so by mathemathical induction it true for all
𝑛 ∈ ℤ+

6) Evaluate
12

∑(𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 ) [𝟓]
𝑟=1
12 12 12

∑(𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 ) = ∑ 𝑟 2 + ∑ 2𝑟
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1

Using standard results

𝑛
𝑛 2
∑ 𝑟 = (2𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 1)
6
𝑟=1
12
12
⇒ ∑ 𝑟2 = (2(12) + 1)(12 + 1) = 650
6
𝑟=1

12

∑ 2𝑟 = ?
𝑟=1

𝑟 = 1 , 𝑇1 = 2
𝑟 = 2 , 𝑇2 = 22
𝑟 = 3 , 𝑇2 = 23
𝑟 = 4 , 𝑇2 = 24

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So the above sequence is a 𝐺. 𝑃
𝑎=2 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 2
𝑎(𝑟12 − 1)
𝑆12 = |𝑟| > 1
𝑟−1
2(212 − 1)
= = 8190
2−1

12

∴ ∑(𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 ) = 650 + 8190

𝑟=1

= 8840

0 2 3 1 −4 14
−1
7) Given the matrix 𝑃 = (2 0 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = (0 1 −3)
1 −1 0 0 0 1

i) Find the inverse of 𝑃 [5]

0 2 3
𝑃 = (2 0 0)
1 −1 0

Transpose P

0 2 1
𝑇
𝑃 = (2 0 −1)
3 0 0

1: Add first two columns to the right of the matrix( 𝑃𝑇 )

2: Add the resulting first two top rows below the matrix
3: Delete the resulting first row and first column
4: Find the determinants of 2 × 2 block entries
0 2 1 0 2
2 0 −1 2 0
3 0 0 3 0
0 2 1 0 2
(2 0 −1 2 0)

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 0 −1 −1 2 2 0
| | | | | |
0 0 0 3 3 0
0 0 0 3 3 0
Adjoint of 𝑃 = | | | | | |
2 1 1 0 0 2
2 1 1 0 0 2
|
( 0 −1 | | | | |
1 2 2 0)

0 −3 0
Adjoint of 𝑃 = ( 0 −3 6 )
−2 2 −4

𝑃 × Adjoint of P= det(𝑃) × 𝐼

0 2 3 0 −3 0 −6 0 0
(2 0 0) ( 0 −3 6 ) = ( 0 −6 0)
1 −1 0 −2 2 −4 0 0 −6
1 0 0
= −6 (0 1 0)
0 0 1
1
𝑃−1 = × 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
det(𝐴)

−1
1 0 −3 0
𝑃 = − ( 0 −3 6 )
6
−2 2 −4
ii) Find (𝑄𝑃)−1 [3]

(𝑄𝑃)−1 = 𝑃−1 × 𝑄 −1

1 0 −3 0 1 −4 14
= − ( 0 −3 6 ) (0 1 −3)
6
−2 2 −4 0 0 1

1 0 −3 9
= − ( 0 −3 6)
6
−2 10 −38

8) A triangle 𝑇, of area 18𝑐𝑚2 , is transformed into triangle 𝑇′ by matrix 𝑨 where

𝑘 𝑘−1
𝑨= ,𝑘 ∈ ℝ
−3 2𝑘

Given that the area of 𝑇′ is 196𝑐𝑚2. Find the possible values of 𝑘 [5]

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 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = |𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝑇)| × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒
𝑘 𝑘−1
⇒ 196 = | | × 18
−3 2𝑘

196 = [(2𝑘)𝑘 − (−3)(𝑘 − 1)]18

11 = [2𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 − 3]
11 = [2𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 − 3]
11 = 2𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 − 3
0 = 2𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 − 3 − 11
2𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 − 14 = 0
−3 ± 32 − 4(2)(−14)
𝑘=
2(2)
−3 ± 11
𝑘=
4
𝑘 = 2 𝑜𝑟 − 7

9) The cubic equation is given by 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 2 = 0

i) Show that the iterative formula for the approximation of the roots can written as
𝑏
𝑥𝑛+1 = √𝑎 + 𝑥 , where a and b are constants to be found
𝑛

𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑥 3 = 6𝑥 + 2
2
2
𝑥 =6+
𝑥
2
𝑥 = √6 +
𝑥

2
𝑥𝑛+1 = √6 +
𝑥𝑛
𝑎 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 2
ii) Using your values of a and b starting with 𝑥0 = 2 use the iterative formula to find the
approximation of roots giving your answers correct to 4 decimal places [4]
2
𝑥0+1 = √6 +
𝑥0

2
𝑥1 = √6 +
2
= 2.6458 (4 𝑑. 𝑝)
𝑥2 = 2.5992 (4 𝑑. 𝑝)
𝑥3 = 2.6018 (4 𝑑. 𝑝)
𝑥4 = 2.6017 (4 𝑑. 𝑝)
𝑥5 = 2.6017 (4 𝑑. 𝑝)
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 10) Sketch on the argand diagram the locus defined by
𝑧−4 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔 = [𝟓]
1 + √3𝑖 2

𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧 − 4) − 𝑎𝑟𝑔 1 + √3𝑖 =
2
√3 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧 − 4) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) =
1 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧 − 4) − =
3 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧 − 4) = +
2 3
5
𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧 − 4) = 𝜋
6

Im(z)

4 Re(z)

5
𝜋
6

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