ADVANCED CALCULUS FOR ENGINEERS

PROF. SOMESH KUMAR

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 04: Vector Calculus

Lecture 51: Green’s Theorem
 Green’s Theorem

• Transformation between double integrals and line integral

 𝑦
Green’s theorem:
𝐶
Let 𝑅 be a region in ℝ2 whose boundary is a simple closed curve 𝐶 which is piecewise

smooth (oriented counter clockwise – when traversed on 𝐶 the region 𝑅 always lies left). 𝑥

Let 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹1 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐹2 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑗Ƹ be smooth vector field (𝐹1 & 𝐹2 are 𝐶 1 functions) on both 𝑅 and 𝐶, then

𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1
ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ර 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹2 𝑑𝑦 = ඵ − 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝐶 𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Note that the above can also be written as

ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ඵ curl 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑘෠ 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅
Proof: Let 𝐶 be a simple smooth closed curve in 𝑥𝑦 plane with the property that lines parallel to axes cut in
no more than two points.

𝑦
𝐶2
𝐶1 : 𝑦 = 𝑔1 𝑥 , 𝑎≤𝑥≤𝑏
𝐶 = 𝐶1 ∪ 𝐶2
𝐶2 : 𝑦 = 𝑔2 𝑥 , 𝑏≥𝑥≥𝑎
𝐶1
𝜕𝐹1
Integrate with respect to 𝑦 from 𝑦 = 𝑔1 (𝑥) to 𝑦 = 𝑔2 (𝑥)
𝜕𝑦
𝑥
𝑥=𝑎 𝑥=𝑏
𝑔2 𝑥
𝜕𝐹1 𝑔2 𝑥
න 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐹1 𝑥, 𝑦 ቚ
𝑔1 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑔1 𝑥

= 𝐹1 𝑥, 𝑔2 (𝑥) − 𝐹1 𝑥, 𝑔1 (𝑥)
 𝑦
𝑔2 𝑥
𝜕𝐹1 𝐶2
න 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐹1 𝑥, 𝑔2 (𝑥) − 𝐹1 𝑥, 𝑔1 (𝑥)
𝑔1 𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Now integrate with respect to 𝑥 from 𝑎 to 𝑏 :

𝑏 𝑔2 𝑥 𝑏 𝑏
𝜕𝐹1 𝐶1
න න 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝐹1 𝑥, 𝑔2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝐹1 𝑥, 𝑔1 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑔1 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑥=𝑎 𝑥=𝑏
= − න 𝐹1 𝑥, 𝑔2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝐹1 𝑥, 𝑔1 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑎

= − න 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 = − ර 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥
𝐶2 𝐶1 𝐶

𝜕𝐹1
⇒ ර 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 = ඵ − 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅 𝜕𝑦
 𝐶1 ′: 𝑥 = ℎ1 (𝑦) 𝑑 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑐 𝐶2 ′: 𝑥 = ℎ2 𝑦 c≤𝑦≤𝑑
𝑦
𝑦=𝑑 𝐶2′
𝜕𝐹2
Now integrating first with respect to 𝑥 and then w.r.t. 𝑦 :
𝜕𝑥

ℎ2 𝑦
𝐶1′ 𝜕𝐹2
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹2 ℎ2 (𝑦), 𝑦 − 𝐹2 ℎ1 (𝑦), 𝑦
ℎ1 𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑦=𝑐
𝑥
Now integrate with respect to 𝑦 from 𝑐 to 𝑑:

𝑑 ℎ2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝜕𝐹2
න න 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝐹2 ℎ2 (𝑥), 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − න 𝐹2 ℎ1 (𝑥), 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ර 𝐹2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 ℎ1 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑐 𝑐 𝐶

𝜕𝐹2
⇒ ර 𝐹2 𝑑𝑦 = ඵ 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅 𝜕𝑥
 𝜕𝐹2
We have ර 𝐹2 𝑑𝑦 = ඵ 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹1
ර 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 = ඵ − 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1
ර 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹2 𝑑𝑦 = ඵ − 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Problem -1 Verify Green’s theorem for the vector field 𝐹Ԧ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑥 𝑗Ƹ

The region 𝑅 is bounded by the circle 𝐶: 𝑟Ԧ 𝑡 = cos 𝑡 𝑖Ƹ + sin 𝑡 𝑗Ƹ 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋

𝜕𝐹1 𝜕𝐹2
Solution: 𝐹1 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 ⟹ = −1 𝐹2 = 𝑥 ⟹ =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1
ඵ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2 ඵ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2𝜋
𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑅

2𝜋
ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = න cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 𝑖Ƹ + cos 𝑡 𝑗Ƹ ⋅ − sin 𝑡 𝑖Ƹ + cos 𝑡 𝑗Ƹ 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 0

2𝜋 2𝜋
1
= න (− cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡 + sin2 𝑡 + cos 2 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝜋 − න sin 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝜋
0 2 0
Problem -2 Evaluate the integral ර 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 using Green’s theorem.
𝐶

Here 𝐶 is the square cut from the first quadrant by the lines 𝑥 = 1 & 𝑦 = 1 .

𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1
Solution: ර 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = ඵ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐹2 𝐹1
1 1
= න න 𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0

3
=
2
 1
Problem-3 Show that the area bounded by a simple closed curve 𝐶 is given by ර 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥.
2 𝐶

1 1 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1
Solution: Green’s theorem: ර 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ඵ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 𝐶 2 𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐹2 𝐹1
1
= ඵ [1 − (−1)]𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 𝑅

= ඵ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅

= Area of 𝑅
Problem - 4 Using Green’s theorem, find the area of the ellipse 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃

Solution: Using Green’s theorem

1
Area of ellipse = ර 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 𝐶

1 2𝜋
= න 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 𝑏 sin 𝜃 −𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 0

1 2𝜋
= න 𝑎𝑏(cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
2 0

= 𝜋𝑎𝑏
Problem - 5 Evaluate ර 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 , 𝐶 is the boundary of the region
𝐶
𝑅= 𝑥, 𝑦 : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 2𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥
Solution: Using Green’s theorem
𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥
𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1
ර 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ඵ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

1 2𝑥 2 = 𝑦
= ඵ 2𝑦 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 𝑅

=0

1 3
Note: 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑗Ƹ = 𝛻 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑐 conservative vector field
3
 𝑦 𝑥
NOTE: Consider 𝐹Ԧ 𝑥, 𝑦 = − 2 2
𝑖 Ƹ + 2 2
𝑗Ƹ 𝑅 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 : 0 < 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1}
𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦
𝑑 𝑟Ԧ
𝐶: 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = sin 𝜃 𝑟Ԧ 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ + sin 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ ⇒ = − sin 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ + cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ
𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
Ԧ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = න
ර 𝐹. − sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2𝜋
𝐶 𝜃=0

𝜕 𝑥 𝜕 𝑦
Whereas: ඵ 2 + 𝑦2
− − 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2𝑦
=ඵ + 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑅 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 2

Does it contradict Green’s theorem?

 Spiegel, M., Lipschutz, S., Spellman, D.: Vector Analysis: Schaum’s Outlines Series, Tata Mc Graw Hill Education, 2009.

 M.D. Weir, J. Hass, F.R. Giordano, Thomas’ Calculus, 11th Edition. Pearson Education, Inc., 2005

 Kreyszig, E.: Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.

 Anton, H., Divens, I., Devis, S.: Calculus, 7th edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
 GREEN’s THEOREM

𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1
ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ර 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹2 𝑑𝑦 = ඵ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝐶 𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ඵ curl 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑘෠ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝑅
ADVANCED CALCULUS FOR ENGINEERS
PROF. SOMESH KUMAR
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 04: Vector Calculus

Lecture 52: Surface Integral (Part - 1)
 Smooth Surfaces

 Evaluation of Surface Area

 Surface Integral of a Scalar Function

Smooth Surface

Recall that a curve is called smooth if it has a continuous tangent.

Similarly, a surface is smooth if it has a continuous normal vector.

A surface is called piecewise smooth if it consists of finite number of smooth surfaces.

Example: Surface of a Sphere - a smooth surface

Surface of a cube - a piecewise smooth surface

Does not have a normal vector along any of its edges
Evaluation of Arc Length (Recall from Integral Calculus)

𝑦 − axis
Let 𝜃 be the angle of the tangent at 𝜉𝑖 with the positive 𝑥 axis

Normal to tangent
Δ𝑥𝑖 1
= | cos 𝜃𝑖 | ⇒ Δ𝑙𝑖 = Δ𝑥𝑖 𝑥 − axis
Δ𝑙𝑖 cos 𝜃𝑖
𝒂 𝒙𝒊 ξ𝒊 𝒙𝒊+𝟏 𝒃

Δ𝑙𝑖2 + Δ𝑥𝑖2
Alternatively 𝑓 ′ 𝜉𝑖 = Normal to 𝑥-axis
Δ𝑥𝑖

Δ𝑙𝑖2 + Δ𝑥𝑖2
𝜃𝑖
2
⟹ Δ𝑙𝑖 = 1+ 𝑓′ 𝜉𝑖 Δ𝑥𝑖 𝜃𝑖
Δ𝑥𝑖
Evaluation of Arc Length (Recall from Integral Calculus)

𝑦 − axis
1 2
Δ𝑙𝑖 = Δ𝑥𝑖 Δ𝑙𝑖 = 1 + 𝑓 ′ 𝜉𝑖 Δ𝑥𝑖
cos 𝜃𝑖

𝑛 𝑥 − axis
𝑏
1 𝒂
Arc length 𝐿 = lim ෍ Δ𝑙𝑖 = න 𝑑𝑙 = න 𝑑𝑥 𝒙𝒊 ξ𝒊 𝒙𝒊+𝟏 𝒃
𝑛→∞ 𝐶 𝑎 cos 𝜃
𝑖=1

Δ𝑙𝑖2 + Δ𝑥𝑖2
𝑏 𝜃𝑖
2
=න 1 + (𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜃𝑖
𝑎
Δ𝑥𝑖

1
Arc length differential 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑓 ′2 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝜃
Evaluation of Surface Area 𝛾𝑖 𝑝Ԧ (unit normal vector to Δ𝐴 )
𝑖

Δ𝐴𝑖 1 𝛻𝑓 Tangent Plane

𝑧 − axis
= | cos 𝛾𝑖 | ⇒ Δ𝜎𝑖 = Δ𝐴𝑖
Δ𝜎𝑖 cos 𝛾𝑖
𝑛
Δ𝜎𝑖 (area)
Surface Area: 𝑆 = lim ෍ Δ𝜎𝑖
𝑛→∞
𝑖=1

𝑛
1
= lim ෍ Δ𝐴𝑖 𝑝Ԧ 𝑦 − axis
𝑛→∞ cos 𝛾𝑖
𝑖=1

1 Δ𝐴𝑖
=ඵ 𝑑𝐴
cos 𝛾
𝑅

𝑅 is the projection of the surface on the 𝑥𝑦, 𝑦𝑧 or 𝑧𝑥 plane.

 1 𝑝Ԧ (unit normal vector to Δ𝐴𝑖 )
𝑆=ඵ 𝑑𝐴 𝛻𝑓

𝑧 − axis
cos 𝛾 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐶
𝑅

Note that : 𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ = 𝛻𝑓||𝑝Ԧ | cos 𝛾 |

1 |𝛻𝑓|
⇒ =
cos 𝛾 𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ

𝑝Ԧ 𝑦 − axis
The area of the surface 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐶 over a closed
and bounded plane 𝑹:

|𝛻𝑓| 𝑅 is the projection of 𝑆 on on the 𝑥𝑦, 𝑦𝑧 or 𝑧𝑥 plane

𝑆 = ඵ 𝑑𝜎 = ඵ 𝑑𝐴
𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ 𝑝Ԧ is the unit normal to 𝑅 and 𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ ≠ 0
𝑆 𝑅
REMARK: Recall from Integral Calculus:

Let 𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) be the equation of a surface.

2 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Then the surface area Integral Calculus : 𝑆 = ඵ 1 + + 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

where 𝑅 is the projection of the surface in the 𝑥𝑦 plane

|𝛻𝑓|
In the vector form the same can be calculated using 𝑆 = ඵ 𝑑𝐴
𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ
𝑅

Let 𝑓 = 𝑧 − 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝛻𝑓 = (−𝑔𝑥 , −𝑔𝑦 , 1)

⇒ 𝛻𝑓 = 1 + 𝑧𝑥2 + 𝑧𝑦2 𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ = 1 (considering 𝑝Ԧ as the unit normal to 𝑥𝑦 plane)

Surface Integral: ඵ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝜎
𝑆

Integrating a function over surface using the idea just developed for calculating surface area.

Suppose, for example, we have electrical charge distribution over the surface 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐶

Let the function 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) gives the change per unit area (charge density) at each point on S

|𝛻𝑓|
Total charge on S = ඵ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝜎 = ඵ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝐴 Surface integral of 𝒈 over S
𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ
𝑆 𝑅

NOTE:
 if 𝑔 gives the mass density of a thin shell of material modeled by S, the integral
gives the mass of the shell.
 if 𝑔 = 1 then the integral will simply gives the total area of the surface
Problem - 1 Find the area of the cap cut from the hemisphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 2 , 𝑧 ≥ 0 by
the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1

Solution: Projection of the surface 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑐, i.e., 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 2 onto the 𝑥𝑦 plane : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1

Note that 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

⟹ 𝛻𝑓 = 2𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑧𝑘෠

⟹ 𝛻𝑓 = 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 2 2

The vector 𝑝Ԧ = 𝑘෠ is normal to the 𝑥𝑦 plane ⟹ 𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ = 2𝑧 = 2𝑧 (∵ 𝑧 ≥ 0)

 |𝛻𝑓| 2 2 𝑑𝐴 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 2 , 𝑧 ≥ 0
Surface Area: 𝑆 = ඵ 𝑑𝐴 = ඵ 𝑑𝐴 = 2 ඵ
𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ 2𝑧 𝑧 𝛻𝑓 = 2 2
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ = 2𝑧
𝑑𝐴
= 2ඵ
2 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑅

2𝜋 1
𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
= 2න න
𝜃=0 𝑟=0 2 − 𝑟2

2𝜋 1
= 2න − 2− 𝑟2 𝑑𝜃
0 𝑟=0

2𝜋
= 2න 2 − 1 𝑑𝜃 = 2𝜋(2 − 2)
0
Problem-2 Integrate 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 over the surface of the cube cut from the first octant by the planes

𝑧 − axis
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑧 = 1
Solution: Note that 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 0 on the sides that lie in the coordinate planes

The integral over the surface of the cube reduces to side A 𝑧 = 1

𝑦=1

side C
ඵ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝜎 = ඵ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝜎 + ඵ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝜎 + ඵ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝜎 side B 𝑦 − axis
cube side A side B side C
surface

side A is the surface 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧 − 1 over the region 𝑥=1

ℝ𝑥𝑦 : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 in the 𝑥𝑦 plane

For this surface (side A) and region ℝ𝑥𝑦 : 𝛻𝑓

⇒ 𝑑𝜎 = 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
෠ 𝛻𝑓 = 𝑘෠ ⟹ 𝛻𝑓 = 1 & 𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ = 1 𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ
𝑝Ԧ = 𝑘,
 1 1 1
ඵ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝜎 = න න 𝑥𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝜎 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑧 − axis
0 0
4
side A

side A 𝑧 = 1
Similarly, we obtain 𝑦=1

side C
side B 𝑦 − axis
1 1
ඵ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝜎 = ඵ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝜎 =
4 4
side B side C
𝑥=1

1 3
ඵ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝜎 = 3 × =
4 4
cube
surface
 Surface 𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)

2 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑆 =ඵ 1+ + 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

 Surface 𝑓 = 𝑧 − 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0

|𝛻𝑓| |𝛻𝑓|
𝑆=ඵ 𝑑𝐴 ඵ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝜎 = ඵ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝐴
𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ 𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ
𝑅 𝑆 𝑅
ADVANCED CALCULUS FOR ENGINEERS
PROF. SOMESH KUMAR
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 04: Vector Calculus

Lecture 53: Surface Integrals (Part - 2)
 Orientable Surfaces

 Flux Integrals
Surface integral of 𝑔 over 𝑆
𝑝Ԧ (unit normal vector to Δ𝐴𝑖 )
𝛻𝑓

𝑧 − axis
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐶
|𝛻𝑓|
ඵ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝜎 = ඵ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝐴
𝛻𝑓 ⋅ 𝑝Ԧ
𝑆 𝑅

𝑅 is the projection of 𝑆 on on the 𝑥𝑦, 𝑦𝑧 or 𝑧𝑥 plane

𝑝Ԧ 𝑦 − axis

𝑝Ԧ is the unit normal to 𝑅 and 𝛻𝑓 ⋅ 𝑝Ԧ ≠ 0

Orientable Surface

S is an orientable surface if it has two sides which may be

painted in two different colors.

Non-Orientable Surface

Orientable Surfaces
Flux of a vector field 𝑭 through a surface S

The flux of a vector field 𝐹Ԧ across an orientable surface S in the direction of 𝑛 (unit normal to 𝑆) is given
by the integral
Flux = ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎
𝑆

Ԧ
Geometrically, a flux integral is the surface integral over 𝑆 of the normal component of 𝐹.

If 𝐹Ԧ is the continuous velocity field of a fluid and 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is the density of the fluid at (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
then the flux integral
ඵ 𝜌 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎
𝑆
represents the mass of the fluid flowing across S per unit of time.
Evaluation of Flux Integral ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎
𝑆

Suppose 𝑆 is a part of a level surface 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐶, then 𝑛 may be taken either of the two unit vectors

𝛻𝑓
𝑛=±
𝛻𝑓

𝛻𝑓 𝛻𝑓
Flux = ± ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑𝐴
𝛻𝑓 𝛻𝑓 ⋅ 𝑝Ԧ
𝑅

𝛻𝑓
= ± ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑𝐴
𝛻𝑓 ⋅ 𝑝Ԧ
𝑅
Problem-1 Find the flux of 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑦𝑧𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧 2 𝑘෠ outward through the surface S cut from the cylinder 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1, 𝑧 > 0
by the planes 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1.

𝑧 − axis
Solution Surface 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝐶
𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 1
𝛻𝑓 2𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑧𝑘෠
𝑛= = = 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠ 𝑝Ԧ = 𝑘
𝛻𝑓 4 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
𝑦 −axis
𝛻𝑓 𝛻𝑓 2 1
𝑑𝜎 = 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝐴 (1, −1,0)
𝛻𝑓 ⋅ 𝑝Ԧ 𝛻𝑓 ⋅ 𝑘 2𝑧 𝑧 (1,1,0)

Also 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 = 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑧 3 = 𝑧

1
Flux through S: ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 = ඵ 𝑧 × 𝑑𝐴 = ඵ 𝑑𝐴 = 2
𝑧
𝑆 𝑅𝑥𝑦 𝑅𝑥𝑦
Problem-2 Evaluate the integral

ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 where 𝐹Ԧ = 6𝑧 𝑖Ƹ + 6 𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑦 𝑘෠
𝑆

and S is the portion of the plane 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 12 which is in the first octant.

Solution Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 ⇒ 𝛻𝑓 = 2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ + 4𝑘෠

𝛻𝑓 1 1
𝑛= = ෠
(2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ + 4𝑘) 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 = (12𝑧 + 18 + 12𝑦)
𝛻𝑓 29 29

𝛻𝑓 29
𝑑𝜎 = 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝐴 ෠
(𝑝Ԧ = 𝑘)
𝛻𝑓 ⋅ 𝑘 4
We are projecting of 𝑆 on the 𝑥𝑦 plane.

The projection 𝑅 is bounded by 𝑥-axis, 𝑦-axis and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12

𝑧 − axis
C
𝑛

𝑦 − axis
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 12
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12
B
𝑦 − axis 𝑥 − axis

A
 1
Note that 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 = (12𝑧 + 18 + 12𝑦) Also given surface 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 12
29
29
𝑑𝜎 = 𝑑𝐴
1 29 4
ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 = ඵ 3(12 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦) + 18 + 12𝑦 𝑑𝐴
29 4
𝑆 𝑅

1
= ඵ 54 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑑𝐴

𝑦 − axis
4
𝑅
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12

1 6 12−2𝑥 /3
= න න 54 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − axis
4 𝑥=0 𝑦=0

= 138
Problem-3 Evaluate the surface integral ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 where 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑧 2 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑥𝑦 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑦 2 𝑘෠
𝑆
and S is the portion of the surface of the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 36 , 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 4 included in the first octant.

Solution Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 36

𝑧 − axis
⇒ 𝛻𝑓 = 2𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑦 𝑗Ƹ ⇒ 𝛻𝑓 = 4 × 36 = 12

𝛻𝑓 1
𝑛= = (2𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑦 𝑗)Ƹ
𝛻𝑓 12

1 𝑦 − axis
= (𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦 𝑗)Ƹ
6
 𝛻𝑓 𝛻𝑓 = 2𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑦 𝑗Ƹ
𝑑𝜎 = 𝑑𝐴 𝑝Ԧ = 𝑖 (if projection is on 𝑦𝑧 plane)
𝛻𝑓. 𝑝Ԧ
𝛻𝑓 = 12
12 6
𝑑𝜎 = 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝐴
2𝑥 𝑥
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑧 2 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑥𝑦 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑦 2 𝑘෠

1 6 1
Therefore ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 = ඵ 2
𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 𝑛 = (𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦 𝑗)Ƹ
6 𝑥 6
𝑆 𝑅𝑦𝑧

4 6 4 6
𝑦3
=න න 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = න + 𝑧2𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑧=0 𝑦=0 0 3 0

4 6
= න 72 + 6𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 = 72 × 4 + × 64 = 416
0 3
 Spiegel, M., Lipschutz, S., Spellman, D.: Vector Analysis: Schaum’s Outlines Series, Tata Mc Graw Hill Education, 2009.

 M.D. Weir, J. Hass, F.R. Giordano, Thomas’ Calculus, 11th Edition. Pearson Education, Inc., 2005

 Kreyszig, E.: Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.

 Anton, H., Divens, I., Devis, S.: Calculus, 7th edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
 𝛻𝑓 𝛻𝑓
Surface Integrals ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 = ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑𝐴
𝛻𝑓 𝛻𝑓 ⋅ 𝑝Ԧ
𝑆 𝑅

𝛻𝑓
= ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑𝐴
𝛻𝑓 ⋅ 𝑝Ԧ
𝑅
ADVANCED CALCULUS FOR ENGINEERS
PROF. SOMESH KUMAR
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 04: Vector Calculus

Lecture 54: Stokes’ Theorem
 Stokes’ Theorem (Generalization of Green’s Theorem)
 𝑦
Green’s Theorem (Recall):
𝐶

Let 𝑅 be a region in ℝ2 whose boundary is a simple closed curve 𝐶

𝑥

Let 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹1 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐹2 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑗Ƹ be smooth vector field (𝐹1 & 𝐹2 are 𝐶 1 functions) on both 𝑅 and 𝐶, then

𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1
ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ඵ − 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Note that the above can also be written as

ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ඵ curl 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑘෠ 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅
Stokes’ Theorem Green’s theorem in the plane ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ඵ 𝛻 × 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶
𝐷

Let 𝐶 be a closed curve in 3-D space which forms the boundary of a 𝑧 𝑛

surface S whose unit normal vector is 𝑛 𝑆

Ԧ we have
Then for a continuously differentiable vector field 𝐹,
𝐶
ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ඵ 𝛻 × 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 where the direction of the line integral 𝑦
𝐶
𝑆

around 𝐶 and the normal 𝑛 are oriented in a right-handed sense 𝑥

If 𝛻 × 𝐹Ԧ = 0 (𝐹Ԧ is irrotational, or 𝐹Ԧ is conservative) then, Stokes’ theorem tells us that

ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = 0
𝐶
Problem-1 Verify Stokes’ theorem for the hemisphere 𝑆: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 , 𝑧 ≥ 0, its boundary

𝐶: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 , 𝑧 = 0 and the field 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑦𝑖Ƹ − 𝑥 𝑗Ƹ Stokes’ theorem: ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ඵ 𝛻 × 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝑠

𝐶
𝑆
Solution: Parametric equation of the curve 𝑧

𝑟Ԧ 𝜃 = 3 cos 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ + 3 sin 𝜃 𝑗,Ƹ 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

𝑦
𝑑 𝑟Ԧ
⇒ = −3 sin 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ + 3 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ
𝑑𝜃
𝑥
2𝜋
𝑑 𝑟Ԧ
𝐹Ԧ = 3 sin 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ − 3 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = න 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑𝜃
𝐶 𝜃=0 𝑑𝜃

𝑑 𝑟Ԧ 2𝜋
𝐹Ԧ ⋅ = −9 sin2 𝜃 − 9 cos 2 𝜃 = −9 = න −9 𝑑𝜃 = −18𝜋
𝑑𝜃 0
 𝑖Ƹ 𝑗Ƹ 𝑘෠ 𝑆: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 ෠
Ԧ
𝛻×𝐹 = = 𝑖Ƹ 0 + 𝑗Ƹ 0 + 𝑘(−1 − 1) = −2𝑘෠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑓 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
𝑦 −𝑥 0
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑦𝑖Ƹ − 𝑥𝑗Ƹ
𝛻𝑓 2𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑧𝑘෠ 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠
𝑛= = =
𝛻𝑓 4×9 3

2𝑧 𝛻 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
ඵ 𝛻 × 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = ඵ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
3 𝛻 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ⋅ 𝑘෠
𝑆 𝑥 2 +𝑦 ≤9
2

2𝑧 6
= ඵ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = −2 ඵ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = −18𝜋
3 2𝑧
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ≤9 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ≤9
Problem-2 Verify Stokes’ theorem for the function 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑧 2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑦 2 𝑘෠ over the plane surface 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
lying in the first quadrant.

𝑧 − axis
𝐷(0,0,1)
Solution Stokes’ theorem: ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ඵ 𝛻 × 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
𝐶
𝑆

S: triangle ABD C: lines AB, BD and DA 𝑦 − axis

𝐵(0,1,0)
ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ර 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑧 2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑦 2 𝑘෠ ⋅ 𝑖Ƹ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑗Ƹ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑘෠ 𝑑𝑧
𝐶
𝐶
𝐴 (1,0,0)

= න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 + න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 + න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷 𝐷𝐴
 𝑧 − axis
𝑥−1 𝑦−0 𝑧−0
Equating to the line AB: = = =𝑡 𝐷(0,0,1)
0−1 1−0 0−0

𝑥 =1−𝑡 𝑦=𝑡 𝑧=0

𝑦 − axis
1 1−𝑡 2 1 1
න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 𝐵(0,1,0)
=න 1 − 𝑡 (−𝑑𝑡) = =−
𝐴𝐵 𝑡=0 2 0
2
𝐴 (1,0,0)

𝑥−0 𝑦−1 𝑧−0

Equating to the line BD: = = =𝑡 𝑥=0 𝑦 =1−𝑡 𝑧=𝑡
0−0 0−1 1−0

1 1
න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 = න 𝑡 2 −𝑑𝑡 + 1 − 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = න (1 − 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝐵𝐷 𝑡=0 𝑡=0
 𝑧 − axis
𝑥−0 𝑦−0 𝑧−1
Equating to the line DA: = = =𝑡 𝐷(0,0,1)
1−0 0−0 0−1

𝑥=𝑡 𝑦=0 𝑧 = 1−𝑡

𝑦 − axis
1
1
න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 = න 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐵(0,1,0)
𝐷𝐴 𝑡=0 2
𝐴 (1,0,0)
1 1
We have ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = − ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = 0 ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ =
𝐴𝐵 2 𝐵𝐷 𝐷𝐴 2

⇒ ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = 0
𝐶
Projecting S on the 𝑥-𝑦 plane, let 𝑅 be its projection. 𝑅 is bounded by the 𝑥-axis, 𝑦-axis and straight line AB.

𝑧 − axis 𝐷(0,0,1) 𝑦 − axis

𝐵(0, 1)

𝑦 − axis 𝑦 =1−𝑥

𝐵(0,1,0) 𝐴 (1,0)
𝐴 (1,0,0) 𝑥 − axis
Given surface 𝑓 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 ⇒ 𝛻𝑓 = 𝑖Ƹ + jƸ + 𝑘෠

𝛻𝑓 𝑖Ƹ + jƸ + k෠ 𝛻𝑓 3
𝑛= = = = 3
𝛻𝑓 3 𝛻𝑓 ⋅ 𝑘෠ 1
 𝑖Ƹ + jƸ + k෠ 2 2 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑧 2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑦 2 𝑘෠
curl 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 = 2 𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑖Ƹ ⋅ = (𝑦 − 𝑧) = (2𝑦 + 𝑥 − 1)
3 3 3 𝑆: 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1

𝑖Ƹ + jƸ + k෠
𝑛=
2 𝑦 − axis 3
ඵ curl 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = ඵ 2𝑦 + 𝑥 − 1 3 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
3 𝛻𝑓
𝑆 𝑅𝑥𝑦
𝐵(0, 1) = 3
𝛻𝑓 ⋅ 𝑘෠
1 1−𝑥
= 2න න 2𝑦 + 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 =1−𝑥
0 0

1 𝐴 (1,0)
= 2න 1 − 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 − 1)(1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥 − axis

=0
Problem: Let 𝐹Ԧ = −𝑦𝑖Ƹ + 𝑥 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑘෠ and let 𝑆 be the part of cone 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 for 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 9.

Evaluate ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ or ඵ 𝛻 × 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 whichever appears easier. Here 𝑛 is the inner normal vector.

𝐶 𝑆

𝐶: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 & 𝑧 = 3
𝑧 − axis

𝑥 = 3 cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑡 , 𝑧=3

ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ර −𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝐶 𝐶
2𝜋

𝑦 − axis =ර 3 sin 𝑡 3 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 3 cos 𝑡 3 cos t dt

0
2𝜋
= 9ර dt = 18𝜋
0
 Spiegel, M., Lipschutz, S., Spellman, D.: Vector Analysis: Schaum’s Outlines Series, Tata Mc Graw Hill Education, 2009.

 M.D. Weir, J. Hass, F.R. Giordano, Thomas’ Calculus, 11th Edition. Pearson Education, Inc., 2005

 Kreyszig, E.: Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.

 Anton, H., Divens, I., Devis, S.: Calculus, 7th edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
 𝑧
Stokes’ Theorem

ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ඵ 𝛻 × 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
𝐶
𝑆
𝑦

𝑥
ADVANCED CALCULUS FOR ENGINEERS
PROF. SOMESH KUMAR
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, IIT KHARAGPUR

Module 04: Vector Calculus

Lecture 55: Divergence Theorem
 Divergence Theorem (volume integrals ↔ surface integrals)
 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1
Recall Green′ s Theorem ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ඵ − 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ඵ 𝛻 × 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑘෠ 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝑅

Its generalization in space ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = ඵ 𝛻 × 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 Stokes’ Theorem

𝐶
𝑆
 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1
The Divergence Theorem: Green′ s Theorem ර 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹2 𝑑𝑦 = ඵ − 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
Define a Vector Field: 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹2 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑖Ƹ − 𝐹1 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑗Ƹ ⟹ 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ = 2 − 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Differential element along tangent to 𝐶: 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗Ƹ

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Unit tangent vector to 𝐶: 𝑇෠ = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ Unit normal vector to 𝐶: 𝑛ො = 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠

Green′ s Theorem: ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝑠 = ඵ 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝐷
The Divergence Theorem (Generalization of Green’s Theorem)

Green′ s Theorem: ර 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝑡 = ඵ 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ 𝑑𝐴
𝐶 𝐷

Replace the closed curve 𝐶 → a closed surface 𝑆 in 3D

Replace the bounding domain 𝐷 → the bounding volume 𝑀

Ԧ 𝑦) → The vector field 𝐹(𝑥,

The vector field 𝐹(𝑥, Ԧ 𝑦, 𝑧)

ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝜎 = ම 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑀
 𝑧 𝑛
The Divergence Theorem 𝑆

The flux of a vector field 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐹2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐹3 𝑘෠ across a closed oriented surface

𝑀
𝑆 in the direction of the surface’s outward unit normal field 𝑛ො equals the
𝑦
integral of 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ over the region M enclosed by the surface

𝑥
ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝜎 = ම 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑀

Intuitively, it states that sum of all sources minus the sum of all sinks gives
the net flow of a region.
Problem-1 Verify Divergence theorem for the field 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠ over the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9

𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠ 1 2
Solution: 𝑛= Ԧ
⇒ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑛 = 𝑥 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 3
3 3

ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 = ඵ 3 𝑑𝜎 = 3 ඵ 𝑑𝜎 = 3 (4𝜋 32 )= 108 𝜋
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + (𝑧) = 3
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

4
⟹ ම 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 = ම 3 𝑑𝑉 = 3 × 𝜋 33 = 108 𝜋
Ԧ
3
𝐷
Problem-2 Find the flux of 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑥𝑦 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑧𝑗Ƹ + 𝑥𝑧 𝑘෠ outward through the surface of the cube from the first octant
by the planes 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑧 = 2.

Solution: 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑥

Flux = ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 = ම 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 Divergence Theorem

𝑆 𝐷

2 2 2
= න න න 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0 0

= 24
Problem-3 If V is the volume enclosed by a closed surface S and 𝐹Ԧ = 3𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠ show that

ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 6𝑉
𝑆

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Solution: 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + (𝑧) = 6
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

By Gauss Divergence theorem: ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 = ම 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ 𝑑𝑉

𝑆 𝐷

= 6 ම 𝑑𝑉 = 6𝑉
𝐷
Problem-4 Evaluate ඵ 𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘෠ ⋅ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝜎 where S denotes the surface of the cube
𝑆

bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 3, z = 0, z = 3

Solution: 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 − 0 = 𝑥 2

By Gauss Divergence theorem:

ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 = ම 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 = ම 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑆 𝐷 𝐷

3 3 3
= න න න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 81
0 0 0
Problem-5 Let 𝑆 be given by the cone 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 for 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1 together with the disk 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1, 𝑧 = 1.
෠ verify the divergence theorem.
For 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧 𝑘,
ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝜎 = ම 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ 𝑑𝑉
Solution Let 𝑆1 : 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 ≤ 1 𝑆 𝑀

𝑧
Let 𝑆2 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1, 𝑧=1
𝑆2

Surface Integral: ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝜎 = ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝜎 + ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝜎 𝑆1
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2
𝑦

2𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑦 𝑗Ƹ − 2𝑧 𝑘෠ 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑧 𝑘෠
For 𝑆1 : 𝑛ො = = 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො = 0
2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 2 𝑧
 𝑆2 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1, 𝑧=1
For 𝑆2 : 𝑛ො = 𝑘 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො = 𝑧
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧 𝑘෠

𝑧 − axis
ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝜎 = ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝜎 + ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝜎
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2

𝑆2
= ඵ 𝑑𝜎 = 𝜋
𝑆2
𝑆1
1
Volume Integral ම 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 = 3 ම 𝑑𝑉 = 3 × 𝜋 1 2
=𝜋 𝑦 − axis
3
𝑀 𝑀

ℎ
Volume of a cone of height ℎ and radius 𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2
3
 Spiegel, M., Lipschutz, S., Spellman, D.: Vector Analysis: Schaum’s Outlines Series, Tata Mc Graw Hill Education, 2009.

 M.D. Weir, J. Hass, F.R. Giordano, Thomas’ Calculus, 11th Edition. Pearson Education, Inc., 2005

 Kreyszig, E.: Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.

 Anton, H., Divens, I., Devis, S.: Calculus, 7th edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
The Divergence Theorem:

ඵ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝜎 = ම 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹Ԧ 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑀