AI Bootcamp – ML & EDA

Prof Dr. Hammad Afzal

[email protected]

Asst Prof Khawir Mahmood

[email protected]

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Unsupervised Learning
Agenda
• Unsupervised Learning

– K-Means Clustering

– Agglomerative Clustering
Clustering
Clustering is the partitioning of a data set into subsets
(clusters), so that the data in each subset (ideally) share
some common trait - often according to some defined
distance measure.

Clustering is unsupervised classification

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Clustering
Notion of Cluster can be ambigous
Clustering Applications
 Types of Clustering
• A clustering is a set of clusters
Important distinction between hierarchical and partitional sets of
clusters

• Partitional Clustering
– A division of data objects into non-overlapping subsets (clusters)

• Hierarchical clustering
– A set of nested clusters organized as a hierarchical tree
 Hierarchical Clustering
These find successive clusters using previously established clusters.

1. Agglomerative ("bottom-up"):
Agglomerative algorithms begin with each element as a separate cluster and merge
them into successively larger clusters.

2. Divisive ("top-down"):
Divisive algorithms begin with the whole set and proceed to divide it into
successively into smaller clusters.
Hierarchical Clustering
Partitional Clustering
– Construct a partition of a data set to produce several clusters –
At once

– The process is repeated iteratively – Termination condition

– Examples
▪ K-means clustering
▪ Fuzzy c-means clustering
Partitional Clustering
K means Clustering

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K means Clustering
K means Clustering

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K-Means Example
K-Means Example
K-Means Example

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K-Means : In Class Practice

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 K-Means– Example 2
– Suppose we have 4 medicines and each has two attributes (pH
and weight index).
– Our goal is to group these objects into K=2 clusters of medicine

Medicine Weight pH-Index C

A 1 1
B 2 1
C 4 3 A B
D 5 4
 K-Means– Example 2
– Compute the distance between all samples and K centroids

c1 = A, c2 = B

d( D , c1 ) = ( 5 − 1)2 + ( 4 − 1)2 = 5
d( D , c2 ) = ( 5 − 2)2 + ( 4 − 1)2 = 4.24
 K-Means– Example 2
– Assign the sample to its closest cluster

– An element in a row of the Group matrix

below is 1 if and only if the object is
assigned to that group
 K-Means– Example 2
– Re-calculate the K-centroids
– Knowing the members of each
– cluster, now we compute the new
– centroid of each group based on
– these new memberships.

c1 = (1, 1)
 2 + 4 + 5 1+ 3 + 4 
c2 =  , 
 3 3 
= (11 / 3, 8 / 3)
= (3.67, 2.67)
 K-Means– Example 2
• Repeat the above steps

Compute the distance of all objects to

the new centroids
K-Means– Example 2

Assign the membership to objects

K-Means– Example 2

Knowing the members of each cluster, now we

compute the new centroid of each group based
on these new memberships.

 1+ 2 1+1 1
c1 =  ,  = (1 , 1)
 2 2  2
 4+5 3+4 1 1
c2 =  ,  = ( 4 ,3 )
 2 2  2 2
K-Means– Example 2
K-Means– Example 2
 K-Means– Example 2
• We obtain result that G2=G1. Comparing the grouping of last
iteration and this iteration reveals that the objects do not move
group anymore.

• Thus, the computation of the k-mean clustering has reached its

stability and no more iterations are needed.
K-Means– Exercise
Two Different K-Means Clustering
Importance of Initial Centroids
Hierarchical
Clustering

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Hierachical clustering

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Hierachical clustering

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Hierachical Clustering
• Let us consider a gene measured in a set of 5 experiments:
A, B, C, D and E.
• The values measured in the 5 experiments are:

• A=100 B=200 C=500 D=900 E=1100

• We will construct the hierarchical clustering of these

values using Euclidean distance, centroid linkage and an
agglomerative approach.

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Hierachical Clustering
SOLUTION:
1. The closest two values are 100 and 200
▪ =>the centroid of these two values is 150.
2. Now we are clustering the values: 150, 500, 900, 1100
3. The closest two values are 900 and 1100
▪ =>the centroid of these two values is 1000.
4. The remaining values to be joined are: 150, 500, 1000.
5. The closest two values are 150 and 500
▪ =>the centroid of these two values is 325.

Finally, the two resulting

37 subtrees are joined in the root of the tree.
Hierachical clustering
 Agglomerative and divisive clustering on the data set {a, b, c, d ,e }

Step 0 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

Agglomerative

a
ab
b
abcde
c
cde
d
de
e
Divisive
Step 4 Step 3 Step 2 Step 1 Step 0
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Agglomerative clustering

d3
d5
d3,d4,d5
d1
d4
d2 d1,d2 d4,d5 d3
Agglomerative Clustering - Example
X1 X2
A 1 1
B 1.5 1.5
C 5 5
D 3 4
E 4 4
F 3 3.5

Data matrix
Dist A B C D E F
A 0.00 0.71 5.66 3.61 4.24 3.20
B 0.71 0.00 4.95 2.92 3.54 2.50
dAB = ((1-1.5)2+(1-1.5)2)1/2 = 0.707
C 5.66 4.95 0.00 2.24 1.41 2.50
Euclidean distance D 3.61 2.92 2.24 0.00 1.00 0.50
E 4.24 3.54 1.41 1.00 0.00 1.12
F 3.20 2.50 2.50 0.50 1.12 0.00

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 Merge two closest clusters

Agglomerative Clustering - Example

X1 X2
A 1 1
B 1.5 1.5
C 5 5
D 3 4
E 4 4
Merge them into
single cluster` F 3 3.5

Data matrix
Dist A B C D E F
A 0.00 0.71 5.66 3.61 4.24 3.20
B 0.71 0.00 4.95 2.92 3.54 2.50
C 5.66 4.95 0.00 2.24 1.41 2.50

Find two closest clusters D 3.61 2.92 2.24 0.00 1.00 0.50
E 4.24 3.54 1.41 1.00 0.00 1.12
F 3.20 2.50 2.50 0.50 1.12 0.00

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 Update Distance Matrix

Agglomerative Clustering - Example

Dist A B C D E F
A 0.00 0.71 5.66 3.61 4.24 3.20
B 0.71 0.00 4.95 2.92 3.54 2.50
C 5.66 4.95 0.00 2.24 1.41 2.50
D 3.61 2.92 2.24 0.00 1.00 0.50
E 4.24 3.54 1.41 1.00 0.00 1.12
F 3.20 2.50 2.50 0.50 1.12 0.00

Dist A B C D,F E
A 0.00 0.71 5.66 ? 4.24
B 0.71 0.00 4.95 ? 3.54
C 5.66 4.95 0.00 ? 1.41
D,F ? ? ? 0.00 ?
E 4.24 3.54 1.41 ? 0.00

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 Update Distance Matrix

Agglomerative Clustering - Example

Dist A B C D E F
Min Distance – Single Linkage
A 0.00 0.71 5.66 3.61 4.24 3.20
D(D,F)→A = min(dDA,dFA)=min(3.61,3.20) = 3.20
B 0.71 0.00 4.95 2.92 3.54 2.50
C 5.66 4.95 0.00 2.24 1.41 2.50 D(D,F)→B = min(dDB,dFB)=min(2.92,2.50) = 2.50

D 3.61 2.92 2.24 0.00 1.00 0.50

D(D,F)→C = min(dDC,dFC)=min(2.24,2.50) = 2.24
E 4.24 3.54 1.41 1.00 0.00 1.12
F 3.20 2.50 2.50 0.50 1.12 0.00 D(D,F)→E = min(dDE,dFE)=min(1.00,1.12) = 1.00

Dist A B C D,F E Dist A B C D,F E

A 0.00 0.71 5.66 ? 4.24 A 0.00 0.71 5.66 3.20 4.24
B 0.71 0.00 4.95 ? 3.54 B 0.71 0.00 4.95 2.50 3.54
C 5.66 4.95 0.00 ? 1.41 C 5.66 4.95 0.00 2.24 1.41
D,F ? ? ? 0.00 ? D,F 3.20 2.50 2.24 0.00 1.00
E 4.24 3.54 1.41 ? 0.00 E 4.24 3.54 1.41 1.00 0.00

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 Merge two closest clusters

Agglomerative Clustering - Example

Dist A B C D,F E
A 0.00 0.71 5.66 3.20 4.24
B 0.71 0.00 4.95 2.50 3.54
C 5.66 4.95 0.00 2.24 1.41
D,F 3.20 2.50 2.24 0.00 1.00
E 4.24 3.54 1.41 1.00 0.00

Dist A,B C D,F E

A,B 0.00 ? ? ?
C ? 0.00 2.24 1.41
D,F ? 2.24 0.00 1.00
E ? 1.41 1.00 0.00

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 Update Distance Matrix

Agglomerative Clustering - Example

Dist A B C D,F E
A 0.00 0.71 5.66 3.20 4.24 D(A,B)→C = min(dCA,dCB)=min(5.66,4.95) = 4.95
B 0.71 0.00 4.95 2.50 3.54
C 5.66 4.95 0.00 2.24 1.41 D(A,B)→(D,F) = min(dDA,dDB, dFA,dFB)
=min(3.61, 2.92, 3.20, 2.50) = 2.50
D,F 3.20 2.50 2.24 0.00 1.00
E 4.24 3.54 1.41 1.00 0.00
D(A,B)→E = min(dAE,dBE)=min(4.24,3.54) = 3.54

Dist A,B C D,F E Dist A,B C D,F E

A,B 0.00 ? ? ? A,B 0.00 4.95 2.50 3.54
C ? 0.00 2.24 1.41 C 4.95 0.00 2.24 1.41
D,F ? 2.24 0.00 1.00 D,F 2.50 2.24 0.00 1.00
E ? 1.41 1.00 0.00 E 3.54 1.41 1.00 0.00

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 Merge two closest clusters/Update Distance Matrix

Agglomerative Clustering - Example

Dist A,B C D,F E
A,B 0.00 4.95 2.50 3.54
C 4.95 0.00 2.24 1.41
D,F 2.50 2.24 0.00 1.00
E 3.54 1.41 1.00 0.00

Dist (A,B) C (D,F),E

(A,B) 0.00 4.95 2.50
C 4.95 0.00 1.41
(D,F),E 2.50 1.41 0.00

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 Merge two closest clusters/Update Distance Matrix

Agglomerative Clustering - Example

Dist (A,B) C (D,F),E
(A,B) 0.00 4.95 2.50
C 4.95 0.00 1.41
(D,F),E 2.50 1.41 0.00

Dist (A,B) ((D,F),E),C

(A,B) 0.00 2.50
((D,F),E),C 2.50 0.00

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 Final Result

Agglomerative Clustering - Example

X1 X2
A 1 1
B 1.5 1.5
C 5 5
D 3 4
E 4 4
F 3 3.5

Data matrix

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 Dendrogram Representation

Agglomerative Clustering - Example

1. In the beginning we have 6 clusters: A,
B, C, D, E and F
2. We merge cluster D and F into cluster
6 (D, F) at distance 0.50
3. We merge cluster A and cluster B into
(A, B) at distance 0.71
4. We merge cluster E and (D, F) into ((D,
F), E) at distance 1.00
5. We merge cluster ((D, F), E) and C into
5 (((D, F), E), C) at distance 1.41
6. We merge cluster (((D, F), E), C) and
(A, B) into ((((D, F), E), C), (A, B)) at
4 distance 2.50
3 7. The last cluster contain all the objects,
2 thus conclude the computation

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Thank You

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