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S6 CHEMISTRY
Exam 31
PAPER 1

DURATION: 2 HOUR 45 MINUTES

Instructions to candidates:

- Answer all questions in section A and six questions in section B

- All questions must be answered in the spaces provided.
- The periodic table with relative atomic masses will be provided.
- Illustrate your answers with equations where applicable.

SECTION A:
Answer all questions in this section.

1. (a) Write balanced equations for the following nuclear changes. In each case identify
particles X, Y and Z (1 mark)
27 27 0
(i) 14𝑆𝑖 13𝐴𝑙 + −1𝛽

235
(ii) 92𝑈 + 10𝑛 310𝑛 + 𝑌 + 148
57𝐿𝑎

(iii) α + 24
12𝑀𝑔
23
13𝐴𝑙 + 11𝐻

(b) A radioisotope was found to have 1/8th of acts original activity after 42 days.
Calculate the half-life of the isotope. (2 ½ marks)

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In8 = λ x 42
𝐼𝑛 8
λ = 42 = 0.05day-1
𝐼𝑛2 𝐼𝑛2
𝑡1 = = = 14days
2 𝜆 0.05

2. 20cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon Q was exploded with 150cm3 of oxygen in excess. After
complete combustion, the volume of residual gas was found to be 110cm3. When
concentrated potassium hydroxide was added to the residual gas, the volume reduced to
30cm3.
(a) Determine the molecular formula of Q
Volume of carbon dioxide liberated = 110 - 30 = 80cm3
Volume of oxygen used = 150 – 30 = 120 cm3

From general equation

𝑦 𝑦
CxHy + (x + ) O2 → xCO2 + H2O + O2 (excess)
4 2
Volumes 20 120 80
Volume ratio 1 6 4

x=4
𝑦
x+4=6
y=8
Formula = C4H8
(b) Write the structures and IUPAC names of all possible isomers of Q.

CH3CH2CH = CH2 but-1–ene

CH3CH = CHCH3 but-2-ene
(CH3)2 CH = CH2 2-methylpropene
(c) Ozonolysis of Q leads to the formation of only one product. Write the mechanism of
reaction between Q and alkaline potassium manganate (VII) solution.

CH3CH CHCH3 MnO4-/OH- CH3CH CHCH3

OH OH
Mechanism
CH3CH CHCH3 CH3CH CHCH3 CH3CH CHCH3
O O OH OH
O O Mn
Mn O O-
O O-
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3. Explain the following observations:

(a) Both nitrogen and phosphorus belong to group (V) of the periodic table but nitrogen
only from the chloride NCl3 whereas phosphorus forms PCl3 and PC15

Phosphorus has an empty d-orbital that allows to expand its octet configuration whereas
nitrogen lack accessible empty d-orbital

(b) Hydrogen fluoride boils at 20oC whereas hydrogen chloride boils at – 84oC.

Fluorine is a stronger electronegative element than chlorine that HF form stronger

hydrogen bonds leading to high boiling point.

4. Name the reagents that can be used to distinguish between the following compounds. In
each case state what would be observed of each compound is separately treated with the
reagent.
(a) CH3COOH and CH3COOCH3 (2 marks)

Reagent(s)
Dilute sodium hydrogen carbonate
Observations
CH3COOH give off effervescence

CH3COOCH3 no observable change

(b) (CH3)3N and (CH3)2NH (2 marks)

Reagent(s)

Sodium nitrite in dil. HCl at 00C

Not that the temperature should be between 00 and 100C above this, all amines give the
same observations

Observation(s)
(CH3)3N no observable change
(CH3)2NH yellow oily ppt
5 (a) State factors that can affect molar conductivity of an electrolyte.
Temperature
Concentration
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(b) The molar conductivities at infinite dilution at 25oC for some electrolytes are given in
the table below.
Electrolyte λ∞Scm2 mol-1at 250C
Sodium nitrate 122
Nitric acid 421
Sodium ethanoate 91

Calculate the molar conductivity at infinite dilution for ethanoic acid.

Λ0CH3COOH = Λ0 CH3COONa + Λ0HNO3 - Λ0NaNO3
= 91 + 421 – 122 = 390 Scm2 mol-1
(c) The molar conductivity of a 0.016M CH3COOH aqueous solution at 25oC is 13.0 S cm2
mol – 1. Calculate the acid dissociation constant (ka for ethanoic acid).

Λ 13
α = 𝑣 𝑐 = 390
0
13 2
Ka = α2C = (390 ) 𝑥 0.016 = 1.8 x 10-5 moldm-3

6 (a) Define the term bond energy. (01 marks)

Energy change when one mole of covalent bond is formed from gaseous atoms

(b) Draw the structure and name the shape of phosphorus trichloride molecule (1 ½ marks)

Triangular pyramidal

(d) The heats of atomization of phosphorus and chlorine are given below
Ha/kgmol – 1
P(s) P(g) +314
Cl2(g) 2Cl(g) + 242

Calculate the average bond energy for P – Cl bond. (The heat of formation of PCl3) is
– 360 Kjml – 1 (2 ½ marks)
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3
P (s) + Cl2 (g) – 360 PCl3(g)
2

3
314 x 242
2
3P-Cl
P(g) 3Cl(g)

3
314 + 2 x 242 + 3P-Cl = -360

P-Cl= -345.7kJmol-1

7. A gaseous hydride of silicon with a formula Sin H2n+n diffuses through a narrow

hole in 27.8s. The same volume of carbon dioxide diffuses through the same hole under
identical conditions in 32.6s.
(a) (i) Calculate the relative molecular mass of the hydride. (1 ½ marks)

Let molecular mass of hydride be M

𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2

=√
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2 𝑀
32.6 44
= √𝑀
27.8
M = 32

(ii) Determine the molecular formula of the hydride (1 ½ marks)

Sin H2(n+1) = 32

28n + 2n +2 = 32
n =1
∴ molecular formula = SH4

(b) Write equation for the reaction between the hydride in a (ii) above with water in the
presence of sodium hydroxide. (1 ½ marks)

SiH4 does not react with water

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8. The results below were obtained in an experiment to investigate the rate of hydrolysis of
methylmethanoate at 298K.

[HCO2CH3] /Mol dm – 3 [H+] Moldm – 3 Initial rate

X103/mol dm – 3 S – 1
0.50 1.00 0.56
2.00 1.00 2.24
2.00 0.50 1.13

(a) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to

(i) Methlymethanoate

(ii) Hydrogen ions

1
(i) Calculate the overall order of reaction

Overall order = 1+ 1 = 2

(ii) Write the rate equation

Rate = K[HCO2CH3] [H+]

(b) Calculate the rate constant, K for the reaction at 298k. State its units.

0.56 = K (0.5 x 1.0)

K = 1.12mol-1dm3s-1

9.The figure below shows the PV against P plots for three gases, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon
dioxide at 273K.

B
–3
PV/atm m
A
Ideal gas

P/atm
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Identify giving reason(s) for your answer which gas is represented by each of the
curves

A: ammonia forms strong hydrogen bonds, thus, the strongest intermolecular bonds

B: carbon dioxide has intermediate intermolecular bonds

C; oxygen has the least molecular mass and hence leas intermolecular forces

10. Complete the following organic reactions and write the accepted mechanisms (3 ½ marks)
(a)
OH
CH2COCH3 NaHSO3 CH2CCH3
SO3Na

O O- OH
CH2CCH3 CH2CCH3 Proton shift CH2CCH3
..
O S O– O S O O S O
OH OH O-
Then
OH Na+
CH2CCH3

O S O
OH

(b) CH3CH2 C = CH2 H+/H2O CH3CH2 CH CH3

H OH
H
+
CH3CH2 C CH2 CH3CH2 CHCH3 CH3CH2CHCH3 -H+ CH3CH2CHCH3
H+ :OH2 O+ OH
H H
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(c) CH3CH2CH2Br CH3COO– Ag+ CH3CH2CH2OOCCH3 (2 marks)

H
CH3CH2C Br CH3CH2CH2OOCCH3
H :OOCCH3

11. (i) Write the electronic configuration of manganese. (01 marks)

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d5

(ii) State the common oxidation states exhibited by manganese in its compounds or
ions. (1 ½ marks)
+2, +4, +7

(a) Draw the structure and name the shape adopted by the manganate (VII) ions (2 marks)

(b) The manganate (VII) ions are strongly oxidizing in both alkaline or acidic media. Write
equations to show the oxidizing action
(i) alkaline media

MnO4- (aq) + 3e + 2H2O(l) → MnO2(s) + 4OH-(aq)

(ii) acidic medic

MnO4-(aq) + 5e + 8H+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

(c) Curve a reason why potassium manganate (VII) is not good primary standard. (1 mark)

- Forms unstable solution

- It contains variable impurities
- Difficult to read meniscus

(d) Name one compound used to standardize the potassium manganate (vii) ( ½ mark)
FeSO4.7H2O
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12. The data in table below was obtained for the reaction:
A + H2 O H+(cat) 2P

Time/Mins 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
log 10[A] 0.398 0.199 0.041 – 0.200 – 0.377 – 0.602 – 0.796

(a) Plot a graph of log10[A] against time. (3 marks)

(b) From the graph, determine the order of the reaction

First order because the rate is proportional concentration

(c) Calculate:
(i) the rate constant for the reaction

(0.2− −0.6) 0.8

Rate constant = -slope = − [ ]= = 0.02min-1
(10−50 40

(iii) the half life of the reaction

𝐼𝑛 2 𝐼𝑛 2
𝑡1 = = 0.02 = 35min
2 𝜆
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13. Compound Y contains 71.05% silver, 7.89% carbon, the rest being oxygen (vapour
density of Y is 152)
(a) (i) Calculate the empirical formula of Y (2 ½ marks)
Percentage of oxygen = (100- 71.05 + 7.89) = 21.06
Elements C H O
percentages 71.05 7.89 21.06
RAM 12 1 16
Moles 5.93 7.89 1.31
Mole ratio 9 12 2

Empirical formula C9H12O2

(ii) Determine the molecular formula of Y (2 marks)

Molecular mass = 152 x 2 = 304

(C9H12O2)n = 304
n=2
molecular formula = C18H24O2

(b) In each case state what would be observed and write equation of reaction that took
place when the following compounds are added to the aqueous solution of Y.
(i) aqueous potassium chromate: (2 ½ marks)
Observation
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Equation
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Hot acidified potassium permanganate solution observation: (2 marks)
Observation:
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……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Equation:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Write equations to show how each of the following organic compounds can be
synthesized. In each case indicate the reagents and conditions of reactions.

(a) CH3COOC2H5 from ethanol

CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH H+ CH3COOC2H5

(b) CH3CONHCH2CH3 from Bromomethane.

CH3Br + KCN CH3CN LiAlH4, dry ether CH3NH2

CH3COCl

CH3CONHCH2CH3
(c) CH3C≡ CH from CH2 = CH2

CH2 = CH2 + Br2 CCl4 CH2Br CH2Br EtO-/EtOH HC CH

HC CH Na/liq. NH3 HC CNa CH3Br HC CCH3

15. (a) Define the term molar enthalpy of hydration (01 mark)
Enthalpy change when 1 mole of gaseous ion is completely hydrated.
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The enthalpy of hydration of ions M2+ and standard electrode potentials Eθ/v for
group(II) elements are shown in the table below:
1ions Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+
Enthalpy of hydration / __ – 1930 – 1650 – 1480 – 136
kJmol – 1
Standard electrode – 1.85 – 2.37 – 2.87 – 2.89 – 2.90
potential Eθ/v

(b) State giving reason(s) for your answer which ion is:
(i) the least reducing
Ba2+

(ii) the least oxidizing

Be2+
(c) Explain
(i) why the enthalpy of hydration of the ions have a negative value
the sum of atomization plus ionization and hydration energy is negative

(ii) the trend in variation of the enthalpy of hydration

down the group atomization, ionization and hydration decrease but decrease
atomization decreases more rapidly

16. Na, Si, P , S and Cl are some of the elements in period III of the periodic table
(a) Write the formula of the hydride of each element.
Element Formula of hydride
Na NaH
Si SiH4
P PH3
S H2S
Cl HCl
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(b) Compare the reactivity of the hydrides with water. In each case write equation of
reaction of any. (6 ½ marks)
NaH react with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen
NaH(s) + H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
SiH4 and PH3 do not react with water
H2S and HCl dissociate in water
H2S(aq) ↔ H+(aq) + HS-(aq) ↔ 2H+(aq) + S2-(aq)
HCl (aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

17. (a) Distinguish between thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics

Thermoplastic polymers soften and can be remolded on heating while thermosetting
plastics cannot be remolded on heating.

(b) For each of the following polymers, write the structure(s) of the monomer(s) from
which they were synthesized.
Polymer Structure(s) of monomers
[CH2 – C = CHCH]n CH2 = C – CH = CH2
Cl Cl

[ OC CO2CH2CH2O]n HOOC COOH

ll
O And
HOCH2CH2OH

(c) A solution containing 1.00g of polyphenylethene in 100cm3 of benzene is found to have an

osmotic pressure of 59 Pa at 27oC. Calculate the average relative molecular mass of
polyphenylethene.
From PV = nRT
1
100 x 10-6 x 59 = x 8.31 x (273+27)
𝑀𝑟

Mr = 422542
End
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