Variables, Vectors and

I/O functions
Dr. Fuensanta Medina Domínguez
Objective

 Variables
 Vectors
 I/O functions
 Exercises

2
What elements are involved in a program?

PROCESS
INPUT DATA OUTPUT DATA
Software/System/
Program/Application

JAMBOARD:
Group 82
Group 83

3
Variable & Data Structure
Hello 5 45434432D

Grades of students:

5 2 4 9 4 8 7 6

Students
Luis
Rosa
Raquel
David 4
R: Variable
 Variable: it is a memory space reserved to store a value
that corresponds to a type of data supported by the
programming language.
 A variable represents a data
Ex: number of pizza, ingredients, number of tickets, etc…

 Variable Name:
 start with a letter followed by more letters, digits or the dot (.) Or
underline (_) characters
num_pizza, num_tickets, date, hour, etc….
 When the program is executed it is replaced by the value of the data
R: Variable
Name_Variable <- value
 To assign value
Name_Variable = value

Types of variables Examples

Numeric: real numbers x=22
x<-2
dni=46885543

Text or Character name<-”Fuensanta”

surname<-”Medina Dominguez”
dni= 46885543D

Logical: TRUE,FALSE A=TRUE

B=FALSE
R: Arithmetic operations
> 2+2 sum
[1] 4
> 2*5 Multiplication
[1] 10
> 5/2 Real division
[1] 2.5
> 5%/%2 Whole division
[1] 2
> 5%%2 Module division
[1] 1
> 5^2 Root
[1] 25
> sqrt(4) Square root
[1] 2
7
R: Logical Operators
Logical Operators:
 Greater than: >
 Greater than or equal to: >=
 Less than: <
 Less than or equal to: <=
 Equal to: ==
 Not equal to: !=
These comparison opearators return a logical value: TRUE or FALSE.
Exercise 1:
 Calculate
 1+2(3+4)
 43+32+1
 (4+3)(2+1)
 √(1+2/3+4)2
 Real division:(4+3)/(2+1)
 Module:(4+3)/(2+1)
 Whole division:(4+3)/(2+1)
Exercise 2:
Calculate
1. A=5 ; B=6; C= A+B ; A=A+B; D=A+B.
What are the results of variables A, B,C and D?
2. A=5; B=2; B=A*B; C=B;A=C
What are the results of the variables A, B and C?
Variable & Data Structure
Hello 5 45434432D

Grades of students:

5 2 4 9 4 8 7 6

Students
Luis
Rosa
Raquel
David 11
Data Structure: Vector
 A vector is a set of same type of data: numeric, logic, text,
etc. if there is a vector with
letters and numbers e.g.
 To create a vector, use: A/8/6/B; it is a text
charater vector
variable “=“ “c” + “(“ + elements sepate with coma + “)”

A= c(1,5,3,4) #numerical vector with 4 elements

[1]1 5 3 4
B =c(T,F,T,F,T) #logical vector with 5 elements
[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE

D= c(“leganes”, “avila”, #vector with 3 text string

“getafe”)
[1] leganes avila getafe
Data Structure: Vector
 To concatenate two vectors, you have to use: “c”

a=c(1,3,5)
b=c(2,4,6)
d=c(a,b) d=c(b,a)
[1] 1 3 5 2 4 6 [1] 2 4 6 1 3 5
Data Structure: Vector
 To select elements of a vector, you have to use the position
of the element in the vector:

variable “=“ vector_name + “[“ + position + ”]” A[2]

or
variable “=“ vector_name + “[“ + “c” + “(“ + position separate
with comma + “)” + ”]” A[c(2,3)]

>d=c(1,3,5,2,4,6)
>d[2] d[c(1,3,6)]
[1] 3 [1] 1,5,6
Data Structure: Vector
 Other example:

A=1
B=3
C=5

p=c(A,B,C)
[1] 1 3 5
POSITION
D= p[B] = P[3]= 5
[1] ???????
Data Structure: Vector
 Other example:

A=1
B=3
C=5

p=c(A,B,C)
[1] 1 3 5

D= p[B]
[1] 5
Data Structure: Vector
◼ To eliminate same element of a vector, you have to use:

1/3/5
variable “=“ vector_name + “[“ + “-” + position + ”]”
or p= p [-2] -> 1/5

variable “=“ vector_name + “[“ + “- ” +“c ” + “(“ + position

separate with comma + “)” + ”]”

>d=c(1,3,5,2,4,6)
>d[-2] d[-c(1,3,6)]
[1] 1 5 2 4 6 [1] 3 2 4
Data Structure: Vector
 Some functions with vectors

A=c(1,3,5,2,4,6)
>sum(A) Sum of vector elements
[1]21
>min(A) The least number of the vector
[1]1
>max(A) The greatest number of the vector
[1]6
>length(A) Numbers of vector elements
[1]6
>range(A) The least and greatest number of the
[1]1 6 vector
>mean(A) The mean of vector elements
[1]3.5
>sort(A) The vector is ordered into ascending
[1]1 2 3 4 5 6 order 18
Data Structure: Vector
◼ To select with a logical condiction:

>d=c(1,3,5,2,4,6)
>d>3
[1] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE

# if d is greater than 3

>d[d>3]
[1] 5 4 6

# select numbers greater than 3

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Logical Operators
Value OPERATOR Value Result
FALSE AND FALSE FALSE
FALSE AND TRUE FALSE
TRUE AND FALSE FALSE
TRUE AND TRUE TRUE

Value OPERATOR Value Result

FALSE OR FALSE FALSE
FALSE OR TRUE TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE TRUE
TRUE OR TRUE TRUE

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Data Structure: Vector
 Logical operators:

>d=1:5
>d>1 # if d is greater than
1
[1] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
>d < 5 # if d is less than 5
[1]TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE
>d>1 & d<5
[1] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE

#d greater than 1 AND d less than 5

>d>1 | d<5
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
#d greater than 1 OR d less than 5
Data Structure: Vector
 More logical operators:

>d=1:5
>d==3 # d as same as 3
[1] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE

>d !=3 # d different to 3

[1]TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE

>! (d==3) #no (x as same as 3)

[1]TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE

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Exercise 3: Vector
 Create a vector with these elements: 2,17,15,7,11,3,8,19
 Calculate:
 the maximum
 the minimum
 the length of the vector
 the first element of the vector
 the last element of the vector
 the sum of the vector elements
 the range
 average
 order from lowest to highest vector elements
Exercise 3: Vector
 order from highest to lowest vector elements
 the square of each vector element
 the accumulated
 Is each element of the vector greater than 5?
 show each of the values of vector elements that is greater than 5.
 select the first three elements of the vector
 select the first, third and fourth element
 exclude the second, third and sixth element
 exclude the 4th element of the vector
 assign the value 6 to the third vector element
 assign the value 8 and 2 to the third and fifth vector element
Output Data
 Show data on screen during the execution of a program: print() ; cat()

> cat("These are the main options.\n

1.- Option 1\n
2.- Option 2\n") \n is a return, for it to go to another row
#Execution; the user will read:

These are the main options.

1.- Option 1
2.- Option 2

>print("Hello")
#Execution; the user will read:

Hello
Input Data
 User can enter a value in the console during execution using different
functions: readline() ; scan()

readline(prompt = "")

Example:
colour=readline(prompt = "Write a colour: ")

#The user will read

Write a colour:

#User will write: red

Write a colour: red

#the variable colour has the red value

> colour
[1] "red" 26
Input
scan (file = "", what = double(), nmax = -1, n = -1, sep = "", quote = if(identical(sep, "\n")) "" else
"'\"", dec = ".", skip = 0, nlines = 0, na.strings = "NA", flush = FALSE, fill = FALSE, strip.white =
FALSE, quiet = FALSE, blank.lines.skip = TRUE, multi.line = TRUE, comment.char = "", allowEscapes
= FALSE, fileEncoding = "", encoding = "unknown", text, skipNul = FALSE)
Example:
> colour=scan(, what=character(),2)
#The user will read
1:
#User will write: red
1: red
#The user will read
> colour=scan(, what=character(),2)
1: red
2:
#User will write: blue
> colour=scan(, what=character(),2)
1: red
2:blue
Read 2 items

#the variable colour has the following values:

> colour

[1] "red" "blue" 27

Exercise 4:
Calculate
a) Insert two numbers by Keyboard: 5 and 10. Sum both
numbers and insert the result in a variable called C. Show
the value of variable C with this message: “The result is
«value».”
b) Insert three variables with the numbers: 2, 5 and 10.
Perform the following operation with variables and insert
the result in the variable C, C=2*5*10. Show the value of
variable C with this message: “The result is «value».”
 Exercise 5:
- Ask to the user the next data and show the next message with data:
- Please, let me know the next data:
Insert your name: JUAN
Insert your age: 20
Insert your email: [email protected]

The user is JUAN. He is 20 years old and his email is [email protected]

29
Objective

 Variables
 Vectors
 I/O functions
 Exercises

30
Exercise 1
 Calculate
 1+2(3+4)
 43+32+1
 (4+3)(2+1)
 √(1+2/3+4)2
 Real division:(4+3)/(2+1)
 Module:(4+3)/(2+1)
 Whole division:(4+3)/(2+1)
Exercise 2:
Calculate
1. A=5 ; B=6; C= A+B ; A=A+B; D=A+B.
What are the results of variables A, B,C and D?
2. A=5; B=2; B=A*B; C=B;A=C
What are the results of the variables A, B and C?
Exercise3: Vector
 Create a vector with these elements: 2,17,15,7,11,3,8,19
 Calculate:
 the maximum
 the minimum
 the length of the vector
 the first element of the vector
 the last element of the vector
 the accumulated
 the range
 average
 order from lowest to highest vector elements
Exercise3: Vector
 order from highest to lowest vector elements
 the square of each vector element
 the sum of the vector elements
 Is each element of the vector greater than 5?
 show each of the values of vector elements that is greater than 5.
 select the first three elements of the vector
 select the first, third and fourth element
 exclude the second, third and sixth element
 exclude the 4th element of the vector
 assign the value 6 to the third vector element
 assign the value 8 and 2 to the third and fifth vector element
Exercise 4:
Calculate
a) Insert two numbers by Keyboard: 5 and 10. Sum both
numbers and insert the result in a variable called C. Show
the value of variable C with this message: “The result is
«value».”
b) Insert three variables with the numbers: 2, 5 and 10.
Perform the following operation with variables and insert
the result in the variable C, C=2*5*10. Show the value of
variable C with this message: “The result is «value».”
 Exercise 5:
- Ask to the user the next data and show the next message with data:
- Please, let me know the next data:
Insert your name: JUAN
Insert your age: 20
Insert your email: [email protected]

The user is JUAN. He is 20 years old and his email is [email protected]

36