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21cs52-cn SKC m1 ch2

Twisted pair copper wires and fiber optic cables are common guided transmission media that transport data between computers through wires. Wireless transmission uses the radio frequency, microwave, infrared, or visible light portions of the electromagnetic spectrum to transmit information through the air without wires. Each medium has advantages and disadvantages depending on the bandwidth, distance, and environment needed for a given transmission.

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16 views23 pages

21cs52-cn SKC m1 ch2

Twisted pair copper wires and fiber optic cables are common guided transmission media that transport data between computers through wires. Wireless transmission uses the radio frequency, microwave, infrared, or visible light portions of the electromagnetic spectrum to transmit information through the air without wires. Each medium has advantages and disadvantages depending on the bandwidth, distance, and environment needed for a given transmission.

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hashithgowda357
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter-02

2.1 GUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA


⊹ The purpose of the physical layer is to transport bits
from one machine to an- other. Various physical media
can be used for the actual transmission.

⊹ Media are roughly grouped into guided media, such as


copper wire and fibre optics, and unguided media, such
as terrestrial wireless, satellite, and lasers through the
air.
1
Magnetic Media
One of the most common
ways to transport data
from one computer to
another is to write them
onto magnetic tape or
removable media (e.g.,
recordable DVDs),
physically transport the
tape or disks to the
destination machine, and
read them back in again.
Twisted Pairs
Drawback of Magnetic Media: Although the bandwidth
characteristics of magnetic tape are excellent, the delay
characteristics are poor. Transmission time is
measured in minutes or hours, not milliseconds. For
many applications an online connection is needed.
One of the oldest and still most common transmission
media is twisted pair.

A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires,


typically about 1 mm thick. The wires are twisted
together in a helical form, just like a DNA molecule.

3
⊹ Twisting is done because two parallel wires
constitute a fine antenna. When the wires are
twisted, the waves from different twists cancel out,
so the wire radiates less effectively. A signal is usually
carried as the difference in voltage between the two
wires in the pair. This
provides better immunity
to external noise because
the noise tends to affect
both wires the same,
leaving the differential
unchanged.
4
Coaxial Cable
Two kinds of coaxial cable are widely used.
50 -ohm
75 –ohm

A coaxial cable consists of a stiff copper wire as the core, surrounded by


an insulating material. The insulator is encased by a cylindrical conductor,
often as a closely woven braided mesh. The outer conductor is covered in
a protective plas- tic sheath.

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Coaxial Cable

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Power Lines

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Fiber Optics
⊹ Conventionally, a pulse of light
⊹ An optical
indicates a 1 bit and the absence
transmission system
of light indicates a 0 bit.
has three key
⊹ The transmission medium is an
components:
ultra-thin Fiber of glass. The
⊹ The light source,
detector generates an electrical
⊹ The transmission
pulse when light falls on it.
medium, and
⊹ By attaching a light source to
⊹ The detector.
one end of an optical Fiber and a
detector to the other
8
Fiber Optics

Figure 2-6. (a) Three examples of a light ray


from inside a silica fiber impinging on the
air/silica boundary at different angles.
9
Fiber Optics

(b) Light trapped by total internal reflection.

10
Fiber Cables
Fiber optic cables are similar to coax, except without the braid.
Figure 2-8(a) shows a single Fiber viewed from the side. At the
centre is the glass core through which the light propagates. In
multimode fibers, the core is typically 50 microns in diameter

11
12
Two kinds of light sources are typically used to do the
signaling. These are LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) and
semiconductor lasers. They have different properties, as
shown in Fig. 2-9.

13
Comparison of Fiber Optics and Copper Wire
Fiber has many advantages
Handle much higher bandwidths.
Due to the low attenuation, repeaters are needed only about every 50
km on long lines.
Not being affected by power surges, electromagnetic interference, or
power failures.
Fiber is much lighter than copper.
Lower installation cost.

Disadvantage
Less familiar technology that require skilled technician.
Fibers can be damaged easily by being bent too much.
Since fiber is unidirectional, two-way communication requires either two fibers
14
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
When an antenna of the appropriate size is attached to an
electrical circuit, the electromagnetic waves can be
broadcast efficiently and received by a receiver some
distance away. All wireless communication is based on this
principle.

The electromagnetic spectrum is shown in Fig. 2-10. The


radio, microwave, infrared, and visible light portions of the
spectrum can all be used for transmitting information by
modulating the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the
waves.
15
16
Radio Transmission
• Radio frequency (RF) waves are easy to generate, can
travel long distances, and can penetrate buildings
easily.

• Radio waves also are omnidirectional.

Figure 2-12. (a) In the VLF, LF, and MF bands, radio


waves follow the curvature of the earth.
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(b) In the HF band, they bounce off the ionosphere

18
Microwave Transmission
Above 100 MHz, the waves travel in nearly straight lines and can
therefore be narrowly focused.

Key Differences between the Radio Waves and Microwaves:


The radio wave has a low energy and low-frequency wave. On the other
hand, microwaves are high-energy and high-frequency waves. Radio
waves are typically transmitted via sky mode. On the other hand,
microwaves utilize a line-of-sight transmission.

19
Microwaves travel in a straight line, so if the towers are too far apart,
the earth will get in the way (think about a Seattle-to-Amsterdam
link). Thus, repeaters are needed periodically. The higher the towers
are, the farther apart they can be.

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Infrared Transmission

Light Transmission

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END OF MODULE - 01

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