Style Sheets :CSS

Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simple design language intended to simplify the process of
making web pages presentable.

CSS handles the look and feel part of a web page. Using CSS, you can control the color of the text, the style of fonts,
the spacing between paragraphs, how columns are sized and laid out, what background images or colors are used,
layout designs,variations in display for different devices and screen sizes as well as a variety of other effects.

CSS is easy to learn and understand but it provides powerful control over the presentation of an HTML document. Most
commonly, CSS is combined with the markup languages HTML or XHTML.

Advantages of CSS
 CSS saves time − You can write CSS once and then reuse same sheet in multiple HTML pages. You can define a
style for each HTML element and apply it to as many Web pages as you want.

 Pages load faster − If you are using CSS, you do not need to write HTML tag attributes every time. Just write
one CSS rule of a tag and apply it to all the occurrences of that tag. So less code means faster download times.

 Easy maintenance − To make a global change, simply change the style, and all elements in all the web pages
will be updated automatically.

 Superior styles to HTML − CSS has a much wider array of attributes than HTML, so you can give a far better
look to your HTML page in comparison to HTML attributes.

 Multiple Device Compatibility − Style sheets allow content to be optimized for more than one type of device.
By using the same HTML document, different versions of a website can be presented for handheld devices such
as PDAs and cell phones or for printing.

 Global web standards − Now HTML attributes are being deprecated and it is being recommended to use CSS.
So its a good idea to start using CSS in all the HTML pages to make them compatible to future browsers.

 Offline Browsing − CSS can store web applications locally with the help of an offline catche.Using of this, we
can view offline websites.The cache also ensures faster loading and better overall performance of the website.

 Platform Independence − The Script offer consistent platform independence and can support latest browsers
as well.

Who Creates and Maintains CSS?

CSS was invented by Håkon Wium Lie on October 10, 1994 and maintained through a group of people within the W3C
called the CSS Working Group. The CSS Working Group creates documents called specifications. When a specification
has been discussed and officially ratified by W3C members, it becomes a recommendation.

These ratified specifications are called recommendations because the W3C has no control over the actual
implementation of the language. Independent companies and organizations create that software.

NOTE − The World Wide Web Consortium, or W3C is a group that makes recommendations about how the Internet
works and how it should evolve.

CSS Versions
Cascading Style Sheets, level 1 (CSS1) was came out of W3C as a recommendation in December 1996. This version
describes the CSS language as well as a simple visual formatting model for all the HTML tags.

CSS2 was became a W3C recommendation in May 1998 and builds on CSS1. This version adds support for media-
specific style sheets e.g. printers and aural devices, downloadable fonts, element positioning and tables.
CSS3 was became a W3C recommendation in June 1999 and builds on older versions CSS. it has divided into
documentations is called as Modules and here each module having new extension features defined in CSS2.

CSS3 Modules
CSS3 Modules are having old CSS specifications as well as extension features.

 Selectors
 Box Model
 Backgrounds and Borders
 Image Values and Replaced Content
 Text Effects
 2D/3D Transformations
 Animations
 Multiple Column Layout
 User Interface

CSS - Syntax
A CSS comprises of style rules that are interpreted by the browser and then applied to the corresponding elements in
your document. A style rule is made of three parts −

 Selector − A selector is an HTML tag at which a style will be applied. This could be any tag like <h1> or
<table> etc.

 Property - A property is a type of attribute of HTML tag. Put simply, all the HTML attributes are converted into
CSS properties. They could be color, border etc.

 Value - Values are assigned to properties. For example, color property can have value
either red or #F1F1F1 etc.

You can put CSS Style Rule Syntax as follows −

selector { property: value }

Example: You can define a table border as follows −

table{ border :1px solid #C00; }

Here table is a selector and border is a property and given value 1px solid #C00 is the value of that property.

You can define selectors in various simple ways based on your comfort. Let me put these selectors one by one.
The Type Selectors
This is the same selector we have seen above. Again, one more example to give a color to all level 1 headings:

h1 {

color: #36CFFF;

The Universal Selectors

Rather than selecting elements of a specific type, the universal selector quite simply matches the name of any element
type −

* {

color: #000000;

This rule renders the content of every element in our document in black.

The Descendant Selectors

Suppose you want to apply a style rule to a particular element only when it lies inside a particular element. As given in
the following example, style rule will apply to <em> element only when it lies inside <ul> tag.

ul em {

color: #000000;

The Class Selectors

You can define style rules based on the class attribute of the elements. All the elements having that class will be
formatted according to the defined rule.

.black {

color: #000000;

This rule renders the content in black for every element with class attribute set to black in our document. You can make
it a bit more particular. For example:

h1.black {

color: #000000;

This rule renders the content in black for only <h1> elements with class attribute set to black.

You can apply more than one class selectors to given element. Consider the following example:

<p class="center bold">

This para will be styled by the classes center and bold.

</p>
The ID Selectors
You can define style rules based on the id attribute of the elements. All the elements having that id will be formatted
according to the defined rule.

#black {

color: #000000;

This rule renders the content in black for every element with id attribute set to black in our document. You can make it
a bit more particular. For example −

h1#black {

color: #000000;

This rule renders the content in black for only <h1> elements with id attribute set to black.

The true power of id selectors is when they are used as the foundation for descendant selectors, For example:

#black h2 {

color: #000000;

In this example all level 2 headings will be displayed in black color when those headings will lie with in tags
having id attribute set to black.

The Child Selectors

You have seen the descendant selectors. There is one more type of selector, which is very similar to descendants but
have different functionality. Consider the following example −

body > p {

color: #000000;

This rule will render all the paragraphs in black if they are direct child of <body> element. Other paragraphs put inside
other elements like <div> or <td> would not have any effect of this rule.

The Attribute Selectors

You can also apply styles to HTML elements with particular attributes. The style rule below will match all the input
elements having a type attribute with a value of text −

input[type = "text"]{

color: #000000;

The advantage to this method is that the <input type = "submit" /> element is unaffected, and the color applied only to
the desired text fields.

There are following rules applied to attribute selector.

 p[lang] - Selects all paragraph elements with a lang attribute.

  p[lang="fr"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute has a value of exactly "fr".

 p[lang~="fr"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute contains the word "fr".

 p[lang|="en"] - Selects all paragraph elements whose lang attribute contains values that are exactly "en", or
begin with "en-".

Multiple Style Rules

You may need to define multiple style rules for a single element. You can define these rules to combine multiple
properties and corresponding values into a single block as defined in the following example −

h1 {

color: #36C;

font-weight: normal;

letter-spacing: .4em;

margin-bottom: 1em;

text-transform: lowercase;

Here all the property and value pairs are separated by a semi colon (;). You can keep them in a single line or multiple
lines. For better readability we keep them into separate lines.

For a while, don't bother about the properties mentioned in the above block. These properties will be explained in the
coming chapters and you can find complete detail about properties in CSS References.

Grouping Selectors
You can apply a style to many selectors if you like. Just separate the selectors with a comma, as given in the following
example −

h1, h2, h3 {

color: #36C;

font-weight: normal;

letter-spacing: .4em;

margin-bottom: 1em;

text-transform: lowercase;

This define style rule will be applicable to h1, h2 and h3 element as well. The order of the list is irrelevant. All the
elements in the selector will have the corresponding declarations applied to them.

You can combine the various id selectors together as shown below −

#content, #footer, #supplement {

position: absolute;

left: 510px;

width: 200px;

}
 CSS - Background
HTML elements. You can set the following background properties of an element −

 The background-color property is used to set the background color of an element.

 The background-image property is used to set the background image of an element.
 The background-repeat property is used to control the repetition of an image in the background.
 The background-position property is used to control the position of an image in the background.
 The background-attachment property is used to control the scrolling of an image in the background.
 The background property is used as a shorthand to specify a number of other background properties.

Set the Background Color

Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the background color for an element.

<html>

<head>

<body>

<p style = "background-color:yellow;">

This text has a yellow background color.</p>

</body>

</head>

<html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Background Image

We can set the background image by calling local stored images as shown below

<html>

<head>

<style>

body {

background-image: url("/css/images/css.jpg");

background-color: #cccccc;

</style>

<body>

<h1>Hello World!</h1>

</body>

</head>

<html>

It will produce the following result −

Repeat the Background Image

The following example demonstrates how to repeat the background image if an image is small. You can use no-
repeat value for background-repeatproperty if you don't want to repeat an image, in this case image will display only
once.

By default background-repeat property will have repeat value.

<html>

<head>

<style>

body {

background-image: url("/css/images/css.jpg");

background-repeat: repeat;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p>Tutorials point</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The following example which demonstrates how to repeat the background image vertically.

<html>

<head>

<style>

body {

background-image: url("/css/images/css.jpg");

background-repeat: repeat-y;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p>Tutorials point</>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The following example demonstrates how to repeat the background image horizontally.

<html>
 <head>

<style>

body {

background-image: url("/css/images/css.jpg");

background-repeat: repeat-x;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p>Tutorials point</>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Background Image Position

The following example demonstrates how to set the background image position 100 pixels away from the left side.

<html>

<head>

<style>

body {

background-image: url("/css/images/css.jpg");

background-position:100px;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p>Tutorials point</>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The following example demonstrates how to set the background image position 100 pixels away from the left side and
200 pixels down from the top.

<html>

<head>

<style>

body {
 background-image: url("/css/images/css.jpg");

background-position:100px 200px;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p>Tutorials point</>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Background Attachment

Background attachment determines whether a background image is fixed or scrolls with the rest of the page.

The following example demonstrates how to set the fixed background image.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

body {

background-image: url('/css/images/css.jpg');

background-repeat: no-repeat;

background-attachment: fixed;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

 <p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The following example demonstrates how to set the scrolling background image.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

body {

background-image: url('/css/images/css.jpg');

background-repeat: no-repeat;

background-attachment: fixed;

background-attachment:scroll;

}.

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

<p>The background-image is fixed. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

</body>

</html>
It will produce the following result −

Shorthand Property
You can use the background property to set all the background properties at once. For example −

<p style="background:url(/https/www.scribd.com/images/pattern1.gif) repeat fixed;">

This parapgraph has fixed repeated background image.
</p>

CSS - Text
how to manipulate text using CSS properties. You can set following text properties of an
element −
 The color property is used to set the color of a text.
 The direction property is used to set the text direction.
 The letter-spacing property is used to add or subtract space between the letters that make up a word.
 The word-spacing property is used to add or subtract space between the words of a sentence.
 The text-indent property is used to indent the text of a paragraph.
 The text-align property is used to align the text of a document.
 The text-decoration property is used to underline, overline, and strikethrough text.
 The text-transform property is used to capitalize text or convert text to uppercase or lowercase letters.
 The white-space property is used to control the flow and formatting of text.
 The text-shadow property is used to set the text shadow around a text.

Set the Text Color

The following example demonstrates how to set the text color. Possible value could be
any color name in any valid format.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="color:red;">

This text will be written in red.

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Text Direction

The following example demonstrates how to set the direction of a text. Possible values
are ltr or rtl.
<html>

<head>
 </head>

<body>

<p style="direction:rtl;">

This text will be renedered from right to left

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Space between Characters

The following example demonstrates how to set the space between characters. Possible
values are normal or a number specifying space..
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="letter-spacing:5px;">

This text is having space between letters.

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Space between Words

The following example demonstrates how to set the space between words. Possible values
are normal or a number specifying space.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="word-spacing:5px;">

This text is having space between words.

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Text Indent

The following example demonstrates how to indent the first line of a paragraph. Possible
values are % or a number specifying indent space.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="text-indent:1cm;">

This text will have first line indented by 1cm and this line will remain at

its actual position this is done by CSS text-indent property.

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Text Alignment

The following example demonstrates how to align a text. Possible values are left, right,
center, justify.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="text-align:right;">

This will be right aligned.

</p>

<p style="text-align:center;">

This will be center aligned.

</p>

<p style="text-align:left;">

This will be left aligned.

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Decorating the Text

The following example demonstrates how to decorate a text. Possible values are none,
underline, overline, line-through, blink.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="text-decoration:underline;">

This will be underlined

</p>

<p style="text-decoration:line-through;">

This will be striked through.

</p>

<p style="text-decoration:overline;">

This will have a over line.

</p>

<p style="text-decoration:blink;">

This text will have blinking effect

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result &minnus;

Set the Text Cases

The following example demonstrates how to set the cases for a text. Possible values
are none, capitalize, uppercase, lowercase.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="text-transform:capitalize;">

This will be capitalized

</p>

<p style="text-transform:uppercase;">

This will be in uppercase

 </p>

<p style="text-transform:lowercase;">

This will be in lowercase

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result:

Set the White Space between Text

The following example demonstrates how white space inside an element is handled.
Possible values are normal, pre, nowrap.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="white-space:pre;">

This text has a line break and the white-space pre setting tells the browser to honor

it just like the HTML pre tag.</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Text Shadow

The following example demonstrates how to set the shadow around a text. This may not
be supported by all the browsers.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="text-shadow:4px 4px 8px blue;">

If your browser supports the CSS text-shadow property, this text will have a blue shadow.

</p>

</body>

</html>
 CSS - Fonts
how to set fonts of a content, available in an HTML element. You can set following font
properties of an element −
 The font-family property is used to change the face of a font.
 The font-style property is used to make a font italic or oblique.
 The font-variant property is used to create a small-caps effect.
 The font-weight property is used to increase or decrease how bold or light a font appears.
 The font-size property is used to increase or decrease the size of a font.
 The font property is used as shorthand to specify a number of other font properties.

Set the Font Family

Following is the example, which demonstrates how to set the font family of an element.
Possible value could be any font family name.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="font-family:georgia,garamond,serif;">

This text is rendered in either georgia, garamond, or the default serif font

depending on which font you have at your system.

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Font Style

Following is the example, which demonstrates how to set the font style of an element.
Possible values are normal, italic and oblique.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="font-style:italic;">

This text will be rendered in italic style

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Font Variant

The following example demonstrates how to set the font variant of an element. Possible
values are normal and small-caps.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="font-variant:small-caps;">

This text will be rendered as small caps

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Font Weight

The following example demonstrates how to set the font weight of an element. The font-
weight property provides the functionality to specify how bold a font is. Possible values
could be normal, bold, bolder, lighter, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="font-weight:bold;">This font is bold.</p>

<p style="font-weight:bolder;">This font is bolder.</p>

<p style="font-weight:500;">This font is 500 weight.</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Font Size

The following example demonstrates how to set the font size of an element. The font-size
property is used to control the size of fonts. Possible values could be xx-small, x-small,
small, medium, large, x-large, xx-large, smaller, larger, size in pixels or in %.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="font-size:20px;">This font size is 20 pixels</p>

<p style="font-size:small;">This font size is small</p>

<p style="font-size:large;">This font size is large</p>

 </body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Font Size Adjust

The following example demonstrates how to set the font size adjust of an element. This
property enables you to adjust the x-height to make fonts more legible. Possible value
could be any number.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="font-size-adjust:0.61;">

This text is using a font-size-adjust value.

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Set the Font Stretch

The following example demonstrates how to set the font stretch of an element. This
property relies on the user's computer to have an expanded or condensed version of the
font being used.
Possible values could be normal, wider, narrower, ultra-condensed, extra-condensed,
condensed, semi-condensed, semi-expanded, expanded, extra-expanded, ultra-expanded.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="font-stretch:ultra-expanded;">

If this doesn't appear to work, it is likely that your computer doesn't have a

condensed or expanded version of the font being used.

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Shorthand Property
You can use the font property to set all the font properties at once. For example −
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="font:italic small-caps bold 15px georgia;">

Applying all the properties on the text at once.

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

CSS - Borders
how the border of the box representing an element should look. There are three
properties of a border you can change:
 The border-color specifies the color of a border.
 The border-style specifies whether a border should be solid, dashed line, double line, or one of the other possible values.
 The border-width specifies the width of a border.

Now, we will see how to use these properties with examples.

The border-color Property

The border-color property allows you to change the color of the border surrounding an
element. You can individually change the color of the bottom, left, top and right sides of
an element's border using the properties −
 border-bottom-color changes the color of bottom border.
 border-top-color changes the color of top border.
 border-left-color changes the color of left border.
 border-right-color changes the color of right border.

The following example shows the effect of all these properties −

<html>

<head>

<style type="text/css">

p.example1{

border:1px solid;

border-bottom-color:#009900; /* Green */

border-top-color:#FF0000; /* Red */

border-left-color:#330000; /* Black */

border-right-color:#0000CC; /* Blue */

p.example2{
 border:1px solid;

border-color:#009900; /* Green */

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p class="example1">

This example is showing all borders in different colors.

</p>

<p class="example2">

This example is showing all borders in green color only.

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The border-style Property

The border-style property allows you to select one of the following styles of border −
 none: No border. (Equivalent of border-width:0;)
 solid: Border is a single solid line.
 dotted: Border is a series of dots.
 dashed: Border is a series of short lines.
 double: Border is two solid lines.
 groove: Border looks as though it is carved into the page.
 ridge: Border looks the opposite of groove.
 inset: Border makes the box look like it is embedded in the page.
 outset: Border makes the box look like it is coming out of the canvas.
 hidden: Same as none, except in terms of border-conflict resolution for table elements.

You can individually change the style of the bottom, left, top, and right borders of an
element using the following properties −
 border-bottom-style changes the style of bottom border.
 border-top-style changes the style of top border.
 border-left-style changes the style of left border.
 border-right-style changes the style of right border.

The following example shows all these border styles −

<html>
<head>

</head>

<body>.

<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:none;">

This is a border with none width.

</p>

<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:solid;">

This is a solid border.

</p>

<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:dashed;">

This is a dahsed border.

</p>

<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:double;">

This is a double border.

</p>

<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:groove;">

This is a groove border.

</p>

<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:ridge">

This is aridge border.

</p>

<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:inset;">

This is a inset border.

</p>

<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:outset;">

This is a outset border.

</p>

<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:hidden;">

This is a hidden border.

</p>
 <p style="border-width:4px;border-top-style:solid;

border-bottom-style:dashed; border-left-style:groove; border-right-style:double;">

This is a a border with four different styles.

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The border-width Property −

The border-width property allows you to set the width of an element borders. The value of
this property could be either a length in px, pt or cm or it should be set to thin, medium
or thick.
You can individually change the width of the bottom, top, left, and right borders of an
element using the following properties −
 border-bottom-width changes the width of bottom border.
 border-top-width changes the width of top border.
 border-left-width changes the width of left border.
 border-right-width changes the width of right border.

The following example shows all these border width −

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="border-width:4px; border-style:solid;">

This is a solid border whose width is 4px.

</p>

<p style="border-width:4pt; border-style:solid;">

This is a solid border whose width is 4pt.

</p>

<p style="border-width:thin; border-style:solid;">

This is a solid border whose width is thin.

</p>

<p style="border-width:medium; border-style:solid;">

This is a solid border whose width is medium;

 </p>

<p style="border-width:thick; border-style:solid;">

This is a solid border whose width is thick.

</p>

<p style="border-bottom-width:4px;border-top-width:10px;

border-left-width: 2px;border-right-width:15px;border-style:solid;">

This is a a border with four different width.

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

Border Properties Using Shorthand

The border property allows you to specify color, style, and width of lines in one property −
The following example shows how to use all the three properties into a single property.
This is the most frequently used property to set border around any element.
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="border:4px solid red;">

This example is showing shorthand property for border.

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

CSS - Margins
The margin property defines the space around an HTML element. It is possible to use
negative values to overlap content.
The values of the margin property are not inherited by the child elements. Remember that
the adjacent vertical margins (top and bottom margins) will collapse into each other so
that the distance between the blocks is not the sum of the margins, but only the greater
of the two margins or the same size as one margin if both are equal.
We have the following properties to set an element margin.
 The margin specifies a shorthand property for setting the margin properties in one declaration.
 The margin-bottom specifies the bottom margin of an element.
  The margin-top specifies the top margin of an element.
 The margin-left specifies the left margin of an element.
 The margin-right specifies the right margin of an element.

Now, we will see how to use these properties with examples.

The Margin Property

The margin property allows you set all of the properties for the four margins in one
declaration. Here is the syntax to set margin around a paragraph −
Here is an example −
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="margin: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

all four margins will be 15px

</p>

<p style="margin:10px 2%; border:1px solid black;">

top and bottom margin will be 10px, left and right margin will be 2% of the total width of the document.

</p>

<p style="margin: 10px 2% -10px; border:1px solid black;">

top margin will be 10px, left and right margin will be 2% of the total width of the document, bottom margin will be -10px

</p>

<p style="margin: 10px 2% -10px auto; border:1px solid black;">

top margin will be 10px, right margin will be 2% of the total width of the document, bottom margin will be -10px, left margin
will be set by the browser

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The margin-bottom Property

The margin-bottom property allows you set bottom margin of an element. It can have a
value in length, % or auto.
Here is an example −
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="margin-bottom: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

This is a paragraph with a specified bottom margin.

</p>

<p style="margin-bottom: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified bottom margin in percent

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The margin-top Property

The margin-top property allows you set top margin of an element. It can have a value in
length, % or auto.
Here is an example −
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="margin-top: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

This is a paragraph with a specified top margin

</p>

<p style="margin-top: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified top margin in percent

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result:

The margin-left Property

The margin-left property allows you set left margin of an element. It can have a value in
length, % or auto.
Here is an example:
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="margin-left: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

This is a paragraph with a specified left margin

</p>

<p style="margin-left: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified top margin in percent

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The margin-right Property

The margin-right property allows you set right margin of an element. It can have a value
in length, % or auto.
Here is an example −
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="margin-right: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

This is a paragraph with a specified right margin

</p>

<p style="margin-right: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified right margin in percent

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

CSS - Lists
Lists are very helpful in conveying a set of either numbered or bullet points. This chapter
teaches you how to control list type, position, style, etc., using CSS.
We have the following five CSS properties, which can be used to control lists:
 The list-style-type allows you to control the shape or appearance of the marker.
  The list-style-position specifies whether a long point that wraps to a second line should align with the first line or start
underneath the start of the marker.

 The list-style-image specifies an image for the marker rather than a bullet point or number.

 The list-style serves as shorthand for the preceding properties.

 The marker-offset specifies the distance between a marker and the text in the list.

Now, we will see how to use these properties with examples.

The list-style-type Property

The list-style-type property allows you to control the shape or style of bullet point (also
known as a marker) in the case of unordered lists and the style of numbering characters
in ordered lists.
Here are the values which can be used for an unordered list −
Value Description

none NA

disc (default) A filled-in circle

circle An empty circle

square A filled-in square

Here are the values, which can be used for an ordered list −
Value Description Example

decimal Number 1,2,3,4,5

decimal-leading- 0 before the number 01, 02, 03,

zero 04, 05

lower-alpha Lowercase alphanumeric characters a, b, c, d, e

upper-alpha Uppercase alphanumeric characters A, B, C, D, E

lower-roman Lowercase Roman numerals i, ii, iii, iv, v

upper-roman Uppercase Roman numerals I, II, III, IV,

V

lower-greek The marker is lower-greek alpha, beta,

gamma

lower-latin The marker is lower-latin a, b, c, d, e

 upper-latin The marker is upper-latin A, B, C, D, E

hebrew The marker is traditional Hebrew numbering

armenian The marker is traditional Armenian

numbering

georgian The marker is traditional Georgian numbering

cjk-ideographic The marker is plain ideographic numbers

hiragana The marker is hiragana a, i, u, e, o,

ka, ki

katakana The marker is katakana A, I, U, E, O,

KA, KI

hiragana-iroha The marker is hiragana-iroha i, ro, ha, ni,

ho, he, to

katakana-iroha The marker is katakana-iroha I, RO, HA,

NI, HO, HE,
TO

Here is an example −
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<ul style="list-style-type:circle;">

<li>Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ul>

<ul style="list-style-type:square;">

<li>Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ul>
 <ol style="list-style-type:decimal;">

<li>Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ol>

<ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha;">

<li>Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ol>

<ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman;">

<li>Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ol>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The list-style-position Property

The list-style-position property indicates whether the marker should appear inside or
outside of the box containing the bullet points. It can have one the two values −
Value Description

none NA

inside If the text goes onto a second line, the text will wrap underneath the
marker. It will also appear indented to where the text would have started
if the list had a value of outside.

outside If the text goes onto a second line, the text will be aligned with the start
of the first line (to the right of the bullet).

Here is an example −
<html>

<head>

</head>
 <body>

<ul style="list-style-type:circle; list-style-position:outside;">

<li>Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ul>

<ul style="list-style-type:square;list-style-position:inside;">

<li>Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ul>

<ol style="list-style-type:decimal;list-style-position:outside;">

<li>Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ol>

<ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha;list-style-position:inside;">

<li>Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ol>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The list-style-image Property

The list-style-image allows you to specify an image so that you can use your own bullet
style. The syntax is similar to the background-image property with the letters url starting
the value of the property followed by the URL in brackets. If it does not find the given
image then default bullets are used.
Here is an example −
<html>

<head>

</head>
 <body>

<ul>

<li style="list-style-image: url(/https/www.scribd.com/images/bullet.gif);">Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ul>

<ol>

<li style="list-style-image: url(/https/www.scribd.com/images/bullet.gif);">Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ol>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The list-style Property

The list-style allows you to specify all the list properties into a single expression. These
properties can appear in any order.
Here is an example −
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<ul style="list-style: inside square;">

<li>Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ul>

<ol style="list-style: outside upper-alpha;">

<li>Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ol>

</body>
</html>

It will produce the following result −

The marker-offset Property

The marker-offset property allows you to specify the distance between the marker and
the text relating to that marker. Its value should be a length as shown in the following
example −
Unfortunately, this property is not supported in IE 6 or Netscape 7.
Here is an example −
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<ul style="list-style: inside square; marker-offset:2em;">

<li>Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ul>

<ol style="list-style: outside upper-alpha; marker-offset:2cm;">

<li>Maths</li>

<li>Social Science</li>

<li>Physics</li>

</ol>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

CSS - Paddings
The padding property allows you to specify how much space should appear between the
content of an element and its border −
The value of this attribute should be either a length, a percentage, or the word inherit. If
the value is inherit, it will have the same padding as its parent element. If a percentage is
used, the percentage is of the containing box.
The following CSS properties can be used to control lists. You can also set different values
for the padding on each side of the box using the following properties −
 The padding-bottom specifies the bottom padding of an element.
 The padding-top specifies the top padding of an element.
 The padding-left specifies the left padding of an element.
 The padding-right specifies the right padding of an element.
 The padding serves as shorthand for the preceding properties.

Now, we will see how to use these properties with examples.

The padding-bottom Property

The padding-bottom property sets the bottom padding (space) of an element. This can
take a value in terms of length of %.
Here is an example −
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="padding-bottom: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

This is a paragraph with a specified bottom padding

</p>

<p style="padding-bottom: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified bottom padding in percent

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result:

The padding-top Property

The padding-top property sets the top padding (space) of an element. This can take a
value in terms of length of %.
Here is an example −
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>
 <p style="padding-top: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

This is a paragraph with a specified top padding

</p>

<p style="padding-top: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified top padding in percent

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The padding-left Property

The padding-left property sets the left padding (space) of an element. This can take a
value in terms of length of %.
Here is an example −
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="padding-left: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

This is a paragraph with a specified left padding

</p>

<p style="padding-left: 15%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified left padding in percent

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The padding-right Property

The padding-right property sets the right padding (space) of an element. This can take a
value in terms of length of %.
Here is an example −
<html>
 <head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="padding-right: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

This is a paragraph with a specified right padding

</p>

<p style="padding-right: 5%; border:1px solid black;">

This is another paragraph with a specified right padding in percent

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −

The Padding Property

The padding property sets the left, right, top and bottom padding (space) of an element.
This can take a value in terms of length of %.
Here is an example −
<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p style="padding: 15px; border:1px solid black;">

all four padding will be 15px

</p>

<p style="padding:10px 2%; border:1px solid black;">

top and bottom padding will be 10px, left and right

padding will be 2% of the total width of the document.

</p>

<p style="padding: 10px 2% 10px; border:1px solid black;">

top padding will be 10px, left and right padding will

be 2% of the total width of the document, bottom padding will be 10px

</p>
 <p style="padding: 10px 2% 10px 10px; border:1px solid black;">

top padding will be 10px, right padding will be 2% of

the total width of the document, bottom padding and top padding will be 10px

</p>

</body>

</html>

It will produce the following result −