BSCPE 2-1

GNED 06 – MIDTERM REVIEWER Types of Society

● Differentiated by Gerhard Lenski
SOCIETY (sociologist) into 4 levels based on their
level of technology, communication, and
Society economy:
● Derived from the French word “societe”
● The French word, in turn had its origin in 1. Hunters and gatherers
the Latin: ● ancient period; nomads
o “societas”: a friendly association with
others 2. Simple agricultural
o “socius” (from societas): “companion, ● agrarian societies
associate, and comrade or business ● farming and domestication of
partner animals
● From Encyclopedia, society is:
o Grouping of individuals, which is 3. Advanced agricultural
characterized by common interest ● plowing
and may have distinctive culture
o Organized group of people 4. Industrial
associated together (regardless of ● what we have today
gender for religious, cultural, …) to
obtain a common goal 3 Fundamental Theories of Sociology
● Sociology – study of human society, its
Nature of Society origins, functions, and problems
1. Society consists of people
● continuous 1. Structural functionalist
o theory that assumes that all part of
2. Mutual awareness and interaction the social structure, the culture, the
social process works together.
3. Society depends on likeness o gender to gender function
● exists among others’ mind and body o understands human behavior
● very important o helps society to be organized
o Example: a society is divided into five
4. Society rests on difference too a. Family (context for
reproducing/nurturing/socializa
5. Co-operational and division of labor tion)
● have a specific common task b. Education (way to transmit
societal skills)
6. Society function interdependently too c. Politics (provide means of
● such as a family governing members)
d. Economics (production of
7. Society is dynamic goods and services)
● changes over time e. Religion (moral guidance &
outlet for worship of a higher
8. Societal control power)
● has its own way of controlling the
behavior of its members
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2. Symbolic interaction theory
o considers how people create shared
meanings regarding symbols and
event and then interact on the basis
of the meanings
o assumes that people respond to
elements of their environments
according to the subjective meanings

3. Conflict theory
o example: capitalism, feminist
movement
o conflict between men and women
o Feminist theory – rights to education, Sex Roles
● function in which a male or female assumes
inequalities, and the viewpoint of
because of their sexual characteristics
women is marginalized
● can only be performed by that role
Difference between Sex and Gender
o female: child-bearing, lactation,
Sex Gender gestation
● biological ● social
o male: ovum fertilization, produces
characteristics construct
spermatozoa which determine child’s
● Male/Female ● feminine/masc
sex
● physical uline
attributes ● attraction
Gender
● generally ● what you
● refers to the differentiated roles, attitudes,
permanent project to
and values
● universal society that
● expectations held about the characteristics,
● attributes are may or may
aptitudes, and likely behaviors of both
equally valued not be
women and men
different to
● assigned by culture and society to women
your sex
and men
● socially constructed
● changing, time and place bound
Sex ● present in both men and women
● generally permanent and universal ● categorize as feminine and masculine
● categorize as male and female ● females: cooking, childcare, housekeeping
● attributes are equally valued ● males: leader, providing income
● Primary sex characteristics – refers to the
sexual and reproductive organs Agents of Gender Socialization
● Secondary sex characteristics - any 1. Family (the child learns the roles of men
physical characteristic developing at and women)
puberty which distinguishes between the 2. School (the person looks at the
sexes but is not directly involved in environment and learns socialization)
reproduction. 3. Media (very wide platform for advocacy)
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Gender Socialization 1. Sexual orientation (SO)
● Feminine: submissive, gentle, emotional, o sino bet mo bes?
talkative, passive o who you are attracted to physically,
● Masculine: dominant aggressive, emotionally and/or sexually
adventurer, assertive, not emotional
o 5 SO’s
Roots of Gender Socialization a. Homosexual – gay/lesbian,
● Family attracted to the same sex
o child-rearing
o verbal appellation - telling children b. Heterosexual – straight,
what they are and what is expected attracted to opposite sex/gender
of them (“brave boys” and “pretty
girls”) c. Bisexual – female-male/female
(vice versa), attracted to both
● Process of canalization sexes
o people direct children attention to
gender appropriate objects d. Pansexual – white, attracted to
anyone regardless of sex/gender
● Process of manipulation
o people handle girls and boys e. Asexual – not
differently as infants physically/sexually attracted to
anyone
Gender Issues
1. Gender stereotyping 2. Gender Identity (GI)
o biased perception of women as the o person’s internal experiences about
weaker sex and men as the stronger gender
one o self-view
o their roles, functions, and abilities
are primarily tied to the home o 3 GI’s
o society’s perceptions and value a. Cisgender
systems that instill an image of: - a person’s view about
themself is aligned to their sex
➢ women as weak and - born as female, views
independent themself as a female

➢ men are strong,

independent, powerful, b. Transgender
dominant, decisive, and - transmen (female sex but
logical identify as a man) or
transwomen (male sex but
identify as a woman)
SOGIESC - people who drink pills are
transgenders
SOGIESC
- types:
● Not only for LGBTQIA++ but for each
b.1. Transforming
individual
- Undergoes surgery
and takes pills
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b.2. Non-transforming 4. Sexual Characteristics (SC)
- Have not gone to o 3 SC’s
take pills and/or a. Male
surgery - biologically have male genitalia

c. Queer b. Female
- does not identify themselves - biologically have female
as male or female genitalia

- types: c. Intersex
c.1. Non-binary - biologically have male and
- Those that do not female genitalia
exclusively identify
as a man or woman
- e.g., chairperson Gender as a Social Construct

c.2. Non-conforming Sociological Theories of Gender (4)

- Those that do not
conform to the 1. Structural Functionalism
traditional genders, ● what your role as a girl or boy in
male and female. society
- might not be bound
between 2. Symbolic Interaction Theory
man/woman ● role of symbols in human
- unidentified interaction
gender= ● subjective theory
● expressions (gestures) are used
3. Gender Expression (E) as symbols
o How you express gender/behavior
3. Conflict Theory
o 3 GE’s ● views men as the dominant group
a. Masculine ● conflict in gender (women =
- traditionally classified as male passive;subordinate and men =
behaviors strength;power)

b. Feminine 4. Theorist Feminist

- traditionally classified as ● right to education of women;
female behaviors examines inequalities among
gender groups
c. Androgynous ● since women are marginalized
- can dress or express as either
male or female
- either feminine or masculine
- a person whose qualities are a
mix
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Gender and Family General Characteristics of a Family
● sex relationship should be healthy
Family ● provides care to children
● Natural and fundamental unit of society ● system of nomenclature
● Two or more people who are in a ● a single household
relationship created by birth, marriage or ● durable association between husband
choice and wife
● Entitled to protection by society and ● husband and wife with/without children
state
Distinctive Characteristics of a Family
Gender in the Family ● Universality - Family is found in each
Before Today stage of society.

● Gender is an ● Gender is an ● Emotional Basis - Love, affection,

independent important sympathy and co-operation.
variable of dimension of
different family ● Formative Influence - A child inherits the
experiences relationships parents' characteristics.
and roles
(marital
● Limited in Size - Husband, Wife and
satisfaction,
Children; can be Joint Family and/or
power in
decision-maki Nuclear Family
ng, etc.
● Viewed as an ● Nuclear Position in the Society - Family
unchangeable is a primary cell of society, and society is
and inflexible an aggregation of families.
given
● Sense of Responsibility - The family is
Nature and Concept of a Family to provide for the children. A man is
● Family is the most important universal always ready to protect the family's
institution, without it, society would not prestige.
be formed
● Consists of a father, mother and children ● Social Control - The child is taught how
in general to behave to the good of society.
● A primary group, so everyone is a
member ● Permanent and Temporary in Nature -
● Influences the child from birth to death, Family is an institution
which is generally gender-based ○ permanent, found everywhere
and association
Formation of Family ○ temporary, the child wants to
● Reproductive Urge - have sexual separate because of formation of
relationships their own family or a death of a
● Bioloogical Needs - sexual urge, which parent or divorce.
varies by age
● Economic Provision - a child’s
dependency on the family economically
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Theoretical Perspective in Gendered Family Gender Stereotypes in the Family
1. FUNCTIONALIST - Believes that the ● As the family is exposed to social and
traditional family as a natural unit exists cultural environments, it may introduce
to maintain social order and is mutually stereotypes such as choice in clothing,
beneficial to all. toys to play with, etc.
● PRESCRIPTIVE - Behavior that a
2. MARXIST FEMINIST - Believes that the member of the family is expected to
containment of women's sexual services manifest.
and domestic labor within the marriage ● DESCRIPTIVE - Behavior that should
ensures the male workforce is be avoided but allowed to the other
emotionally and physically fit. sibling.

3. FEMINIST - Men and Women have Gender Inequality (structure) in the Family
roles that uphold male power and ● PRESCRIPTIVE ROLE - Children
superiority in the family. should be allowed more freedom and
their opinions should be considered.
Gender Roles in the Family
● Set of norms that compel family ● DESCRIPTIVE ROLE - Parents are
members to act in appropriate ways expected to be leaders or executives
based on their sex or sexuality. and children are expected to follow the
● 'Gender role' coined by John Money in leadership of their parents.
1955
● Europe: men with better financial status GAD Mainstreaming in Filipino Family
are most likely to dominate women ● INTERNATIONAL DAY OF FAMILIES
socially, financially and physically. ○ Every 15th of May
● Across all family types, Fathers treat ○ Proclaimed by UN General
children in a much more gendered way. Assembly in 1993
● In Western societies, men are more (A/RES/47/237)
vulnerable to mental and physical illness ○ Aims to promote gender equality
in response to isolation and separation and children's rights within
after marital / relationship breakdown. families.
● Women do the majority of domestic ○ Highlights prevention of family
labor and childcare regardless of work violence through fair family law
outside the home. frameworks and program
● Women's health deteriorated whilst men interventions.
improved. ○ In the Philippines, the RPRH
● Lone parents are poorer than married (Responsible Parenthood and
women and married women are poorer Reproductive Health Bill) was
than single women. enacted in 2012.
● Men's role as a parent is inferior.
● Women are still subjected to domestic Characteristics of a Filipino Family
violence. ● The nuclear family (mother, father, and
● Homosexual parents are given little children) and some instances where it is
recognition as parents, and being extended to kinship (relatives of
homosexual is considered illegal in over mother/father).
70 countries. ● Transition from patriarchal (Macaraig,
1948) to egalitarian.
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● Wife's authority over household and ● In Muslim-dominated areas, traditional
childcare, with the father as the court of gender roles persist with women in
last resort. dependent, passive roles.
● Husband entrusts financial matters to ● Women take on wage-earning,
the wife. homemaking, and child-rearing
● Generational pattern with the oldest responsibilities.
child as the next authority after the ● Both men and women seek overseas
parents (Jocano, 1969). work, but girls may sacrifice education
● More supportive than authoritarian. to support younger siblings.
● Bilateral descent and social allocation.

Challenges of Today's Gendered Filipino

Changing Gender Role Patterns in Filipino Family
Family ● Mass Media - Negative influence on
● Transition from traditional agriculture to family values and norms.
modern industrial society.
● Changes initiated in the early 1990s ● Economic Pressure - Weakening Filipino
(Aileen A. Tarrayo, 2014, PUP Manila). family life due to financial stress.
● Family structure evolving from
deference to age to a more egalitarian ● Materialism - Social status tied to
model. material wealth and success.
● Young and better-educated
breadwinners becoming ● Anti-life and anti-family campaigns -
decision-makers and household Perception of pregnancy as a health
managers. hazard.
● Today's Filipino family is classified as
egalitarian, sharing authority and ● Contraceptive Mentality - Associated
responsibility between husband and with sexual promiscuity and corruption
wife. of married love.

Extraordinary General Assembly and Its

Gender Stereotypes in Filipino Family Concerns
● Traditional gender roles: Women as ● A synod of two bishops addressing
stay-at-home, men as breadwinners. Filipino family concerns.
● Women working in gardens, household,
and childcare, while men dominate in ● Forced Family Separation Due to
society. Migration
● Men typically hold higher ranks in family ○ Economic reasons lead to
roles. overseas job opportunities.
● Influence of centuries of Islamic, ○ Belief in the West as a land of
Chinese, and Spanish Catholic promise (Villegas).
traditions (Dr. Jose Florante J. Leyson).
● Transformation of gender culture since
the 1960s due to Western-European
and American influences.
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● Impact of Poverty on Filipino Families
○ Over 52% of Filipino families
considered themselves poor in
Q4 2014.
○ Economic crises may prioritize
work over family.
○ Economic challenges can
discourage marriage.

● Debates on 'Irregular' Relationships and

Divorce
○ Live-in unions, de facto
separations, and changing views
on marriage.
○ Many see the Catholic Church's
perspective on marriage as
outdated.

● Inclusivity for Homosexuals

○ Villegas emphasizes the respect
for homosexuals.
○ Condemns verbal and physical
violence against them.
○ Note: Gay marriage remains a
taboo in the Philippines.