MANDAUE CHRISTIAN SCHOOL, INC.

P. Burgos St. Alang-Alang Mandaue City 6014

School ID 404573

Third
Quarter

ARTS
GRADE 9

Prepared by:
Ms. Rialyn R. Olaybar

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Course Description
The learner identifies distinct characteristics of arts during the Neoclassic and Romantic periods.

Content Standard
• Art elements and processes by synthetizing and applying prior knowledge and skills.
• The arts as integral to the development of organizations, spiritual belief, historical events, scientific discoveries,
natural disasters/occurrences and other external phenomena.

Performance Standard
• Perform/participate competently in a presentation of a creative impression (verbal/nonverbal) from the
Neoclassic and Romantic periods.
• Recognize the difference and uniqueness of the art styles of the different periods (techniques, process,
elements and principles of art).

Bible Integration

The creativity of God is illustrated in the Bible. Though the bible is not an art book but it does show the creative nature
of God (Isaiah 64:8, Ecclesiastes 3:11). He had made everything good and perfect from the beginning (Gen.1.31) but
when sin came into the world, the creative work of God was distorted by sin (Rom. 8.22-24).

Introduction

The Neoclassical art movement began in the mid-1700s. Its height happened at the same
time with the 18th
century Enlightenment era and continued into the early 19th century. Neoclassicism, also
known as the classical revival, literally means “New Classicism”: neos in Greek means “new,”
classicus is “first class” in Latin and ismos means “doctrine” in Greek.

Originally from Rome, this art movement became popular in France as French and
European students discovered Greco-Roman ideals from their training in
Rome, also known as the Great Tour. It was widely accepted and popularized by French
artists as France was the center of European culture and art at that
time. Its beginning was part of the reawakening of interest in classical thought. This style
played a significant role in the French and American Revolution.

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Neoclassical painting and sculpture began to decline with the rise of the Romantic art style. These two art
styles existed together during the early 1800s.
Neoclassicism art movement came to an end by the 1850s and was opposed by modern art
movements:Realism, Naturalism, and Impressionism.

Characteristics of Neoclassical Art

The neoclassical art style was evident in Western paintings, sculpture,
literature, architecture, and music. However, it was more prominent in
architecture, paintings, and sculpture. This style was fully embraced by
both European and American artists.

Neoclassical art style can be identified by the use of straight lines, minimal
use of color, simplicity of form, and its conformity to the classical values
and techniques. It was a reaction to the frivolous decorations of Rococo
and ostentatious art of Baroque style. It was considered as the direct
opposite of Rococo, as this particular art style uses asymmetry, bright
colors, and ornamentation.

Neoclassical art was aimed at the masses who were fighting against aristocrats and their extravagances. Its subjects had
the moral character as its purpose is to inspire values.
Characteristics:
● serious
● no emotions
● sternly heroic
● somber colors
● depiction of light
● smooth paint surface to hide brushwork
● clear and crisp definition of form

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 Subject Matters:

● Greek history ● Greek or Roman med in armor with swords

● Roman history and spears
● Greco-Roman cultural attributes ● people in static calm poses
○ allegory draped flowing Greek robes
●
○ virtue Roman togas and sandals
● people looking polished, in a statuesque pose
mythology
●
Architecture
● Ruins

Notable Artists and People

The French Royal Academy of the Arts in 1669 established a hierarchy of painting. This was adopted
by
Neoclassicism. This was used to
evaluate submitted works and
influenced the monetary value of
these works for art collectors and
enthusiasts.

Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain were both French

Baroque artists and were both primary influencers of
Neoclassicism, whose paintings were regarded as classic
archetypes. Their paintings appealed to Neoclassical
artists as their works showed a classical approach.

Claude Lorrain painted A Landscape with Apollo Guarding the Herds of Admetus and Mercury Stealing Them in 1645. His
subjects were mainly from mythological or Biblical scenes. His works showed an orderly harmony which fascinated the
Neoclassical artists as they believed that art should express ideal morals.
Nicholas Poussin’s works on mythological and historical scenes influenced Neoclassicism. His compositions emphasized
clarity and logic, and his figurative treatments favored strong lines. He became famous for his painting, The Death of
Germanicus (1627), which then inspired

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Jacques-Louis David

Johann Joachim Winckelmann, a German art historian and archeologist, lived most of his life in Rome. His book, Thoughts
on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture (1750),
helped in developing the aesthetic and theory of Neoclassicism. He
said that art should advance toward "noble simplicity and calm
grandeur." He strongly believed that "the one way for us to become
great, perhaps inimitable, is by imitating the ancients." He visited the
excavations in the ruined city of Herculaneum in 1978. With the
discovery of its wellpreserved evidence of everyday life, sculptures,
and frescoes, he published the archeological finds in his work, Letter
about the Discoveries at Herculaneum (1762).

Anton Raphael Mengs, a German portraitist and historical painter, was an early Neoclassical painting pioneer. He was
influenced by his close friend, Winckelmann. Because of Mengs and Winckelmann, Rome became the center of
Neoclassicism. Mengs was hailed as “the greatest painter” during his time. He also influenced a number of notable
artists that lead to the development of Neoclassicism in Britain. This includes Benjamin West, Angelica Kauffman, John
Flaxman, and Gavin Hamilton. Jacques-Louis David was also influenced by Mengs, which led to the later period of the
art movement that centered in France.

Jacques-Louis David, a French political artist, was acclaimed as the greatest French
painter since Poussin when his painting Oath of the Horatii (1784) was exhibited at
the 1785 Salon. His work became the “cornerstone of Neoclassicism” and was widely
influential to subsequent generations of artists.
Jean-Antoine Houdon, a French bust sculptor, was best known
for his works of contemporary political and cultural figures of
the French Enlightenment: Napoleon Bonaparte, Voltaire and
even George Washington. His works were influenced by
Classical masters like Michelangelo. He often sculpted from
life or by directly creating molds using model’s faces.

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Antonio Canova, an Italian artist, was one

of the leading Neoclassical sculptors. He was famous for his marble sculptures which
rendered nude flesh. He was hailed as “the supreme minister of beauty” and “a unique
and truly divine man” by peers. He became famous for his work Apollo Crowning
Himself (1781).

Lesson 2: Neoclassical Painting

A focus on rigid linear design in the depiction of classical events, characters, and themes, with historical settings
and costumes, is characteristic of Neoclassical painting. As discussed in the first lesson, a renewed interest in Roman
art emerged from archeological discoveries and during the 18th century. The writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann
influenced and developed aesthetic and theory of Neoclassicism.
Neoclassical painting greatly valued the historical costumes, settings, and background details in their
compositions. These are influences from Greek mythology and Roman history. Contemporary Neoclassical artists
questioned the thought of painting modern heroes dressed in Roman clothes.
The subject matter of most Neoclassical paintings was based on the history and mythology of ancient Greece
and Rome.
The poetry of Homer, Virgil and Ovid; plays by Aeschylus, Sophocles , and Euripides; and historical accounts of Pliny,
Plutarch, Tacitus, and Livy became sources for the paintings. Homer, the Greek author who wrote the Iliad and Odyssey,
was also an important source for the compositions. Events from medieval history and works of Dante also became subject
matters

Neoclassical Painting Artists

Joseph-Marie Vien was a French painter. He was one of the pioneers of Neoclassical style. His interest in Ancient
Roman paintings began at the time of the excavations at Herculaneum and Pompeii. His most prominent works

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 were sentimental genre or allegorical pictures with pseudoantique trappings. He became the director of the
French Academy in Rome, was the first painter to the king, survived the French Revolution, and was even promoted
by Napoleon in 1808. The most important among his pupils was Jacques-Louis David.

Pompeo Girolamo Batoni was an Italian painter of historical subjects. He painted portraits of tourists seated at ease
among the ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii. He gained fame when he painted florid and elaborate mythological
allegories. He was the chief portraitist of Rome from 1750 until his death. He combined elements of Rococo, Bolognese
classicism, and emergent Neoclassicism to create ceremonial portraits of important people.
Swiss painter Angelica Kauffman was best known for her decorative wall paintings for house interiors designed by Robert
Adam. Her early paintings were influenced by French Rococo artists, Henri Gravelot, and Francois Boucher.
While she was in Rome, she was influenced by Neoclassical artist, Anton Raphael Mengs. She was invited by Lady
Wentworth to go with her to London in 1766. Lady Wentworth was the wife of the English ambassador during that time.
She was a key figure in establishing the Royal Academy of Arts in London. Her numerous portraits and self-portraits
were influenced by the art style of her close friend, Sir Joshua Reynolds.
Gavin Hamilton became famous among his contemporaries as a mediator of
Neoclassical taste. He was a collector of antique sculptures found in the
archaeological excavations and paintings of Homeric subjects. Greek poetry and
Chronicles became the subject matter of Hamilton’s. Homeric incidents were the
central theme of his two series paintings. The
first set of paintings was painted for several of
his patrons, while the second set was for a
room in Villa Borghese. Hamilton tried to
achieve a calm character in his paintings, which
is a distinct characteristic of Greek art,
according to Winckelmann.

Elisabeth Vigee Le Brun was a French artist who achieved early success as an artist. She painted her subjects in an
elegant style, which made her a famous portraitist in France. Her paintings were of loose brushwork with fresh and
bright colors. Her subjects were depicted in a flattering manner, wearing stylish clothing in a graceful pose. She had
royal and aristocratic patrons, including the queen of France, Marie Antoinette. She painted Marie Antoinette 30
times! In 1783, she was accepted into the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, France’s most prestigious
professional association for artists.
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres was one of the most talented students in the studio of Jacques Louis
David

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 His works depicted the classical style but distorted the figures, to achieve more beautiful forms and harmonious lines.
He emphasized elegant contours and an agreeable visual effect. The abstraction of the body was pushed by Ingres,
which went against the idealism of the Neoclassical art style. His style influenced and encourage other artists to have
the freedom to explore the human form.

The painting of Ingres, La Grande Odalisque (1814), depicts a reclining woman on a divan, slightly showing her nude
body, with her face turned towards the viewer. Odalisque means “harem concubine” in Turkish. The painting of the
woman represents the “feminine ideal,” as opposed to the real live woman, surrounded by rich oriental color and
lavishness. The “feminine ideal” is depicted by an elongated torso, purely for stylistic effect. Many criticized the painting
as it distorted anatomical reality and was not representative of Neoclassicism.

The painting is lacking in depicting an illusion of depth, emphasizing the

woman. The figure is characterized by long, serpentine lines—her skin
in a soft and diffused undertone. The painting also shows Ingres’
remarkable skill painting fine details.

Benjamin West was an American-born artist. He first started his career

as a portraitist in eastern Pennsylvania and New York City. He finally
settled in London to continue his career, after going to Italy,
Rome, Florence, and Venice. West also painted historical and
religious subjects. His subjects were from Renaissance literature and several classical subjects. He was also
commissioned by King George III to create the Departure of Regulus from Rome (1769) and even painted sixty more
pictures for the king. One of his significant historical paintings, The Death of General Wolfe (1770), was the first
depiction of a contemporary event with its people wearing modern clothing.

Antoine-Jean Gros was a student of David. He supported himself through commissions for portraits. His career
progressed when he met Josephine Bonaparte, the wife of Napoleon Bonaparte. This meeting signaled the start of his
brilliant career as a portraitist and historical painter under Bonaparte and his entourage. Gros’ Bonaparte in the Pont
d’ Arcole (1796) was his first masterpiece, which earned him fame quickly. Even though Gros was a significant figure in
the early Romantic art period, he continued to pursue Neoclassical style in his paintings.

Francisco de Goya was trained in late Baroque and Rococo styles seen in his early works. He discovered Classical and
Neoclassical styles when he traveled to Italy. These influences are seen in his paintings of the life of the Virgin Mary on
the walls of Carthusian Monastery of Aula Dei, which is his most extensive work. Although Goya is regarded as the
greatest painter of Romanticism, he was able to combine classicism and realism in his works. This combination of
influences can be seen in his compositions, The Wedding of the Virgin and the Visit of Mary to

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her Cousin Isabel. His style is known for its expressive lines, color and brushwork incorporated with revolutionist
opinions.

Romantic Art Movement

Romantic art style began as a reaction to Neoclassicism, a movement that was established first in Great Britain, France,
and Germany before it spread throughout Europe by the late 18th century. Many artists used both styles in their art.
In Germany, a group of young artists was inspired to look within themselves and focus on emotions. They longed for
the time when men lived in touch with their feelings - the time of the Medieval era.

The movement affected all areas of the arts, not just painting. It also influenced
sculpture, literature, and music.

The Brotherhood of Pre-Raphaelites created four guiding principles that also hold true
for a great many other creators of Romantic art. Romantic artists should be able:
1. to have genuine ideas to express;
2. to study nature attentively;
3. to sympathize with what is direct, serious and heartfelt in previous art; and
to produce thoroughly good pictures and statues.

Characteristics of Romanticism:
● a deepened admiration of the beauty of nature
● a glorification of emotion over reason, and the senses over intellect
● introspection and a heightened exploration of the multi-faceted characteristics of humans
● an obsession with the genius, the hero, and the exceptional figure, and a focus on his passions and frailty
● a view of the artist as a supremely individual creator
● attention to imagination as access to metaphysical experience and truth
● a driven interest in folk culture, national and ethnic cultural origins, and the medieval era
● an affinity for the exotic, the remote, the mysterious, the weird, the occult, the monstrous, the diseased, and
even the satanic

Neoclassical artists looked back to the past and strived to become responsible and rational-minded people. The
Romantics, on the other hand, looked to the past to defend their irrational emotional insights. Romanticism was all about
emotion and passion. Logic and reason were avoided, and instead, the focus was on the irrational and the supernatural.

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As a basis of all art, Romanticists encouraged creative perception and ingenuity. Although emotions were important,
Romantic artists continued the study of nature and craftsmanship. “Voice from within,” a famous expression and basis
for Romantic art, was coined by the artist Caspar David Friedrich. One of his
famous paintings was the Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog (1817).
Romantic artists preferred landscape painting. They believed that nature
symbolized freedom and was the mirror of the soul. Subject matters were of
solitary figures gazing into the distance while standing on the countryside, with
motifs of dead trees and lush ruins. These painting motifs were called Vanitas and
were similar to Baroque paintings. Treatment of light, with pitch-dark effects of
light and shade, was used in Romantic paintings - a characteristic borrowed from
Baroque art.
The known leader of the Romantic art movement in Spain was Francisco de Goya. He created works of irrationality,
imagination, fantasy, and terror. He became the official painter of the Spanish Royal court in 1789. But in 1793, he fell
ill, which left him deaf, and he withdrew from the public. During his recovery, he created 14 small tin paintings, known
as Fantasy and Invention. This changed his art style completely as he depicted the world of fantasy and nightmare in a
bold style. He created Los Caprichos (1799), a set of 80 etchings depicting a range of human behavior in the manner of
William Hogarth. He produced other masterpieces such as The Third of May (1808), The Colossus (1808), Black Paintings
(1820), and Saturn Devouring His Son (1821).

An important pioneer of the Romantic art movement is Theodore Gericault or Jean-Louis-André-Théodore Géricault. His
dramatic paintings show his flamboyance and passion. As a young painter, he developed the skill in capturing animal
movement. As he continued studying, he was able to master the composition of the classical figure.

One of his earliest works, The Charging Chasseur (1812), depicts an officer riding on a horse on the battlefield. It
demonstrates the characteristics of the Baroque style and modern ideas.

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In his painting masterpiece, Raft of Medusa (1819), he depicted horror
explicitly. This became a scandal of the 1820 Paris Salon. The painting was
based on a true to life tragedy, and Gericault’s powerful depiction and
composition weakened the academic style of Neoclassicism. The careful
arrangement of the elements and the three-dimensional effect on the figures
symbolized great hopelessness. He also used the Romantic art style in his
famous portraits of asylum inmates.

Antoine Jean Gros is a student of Jacques Louis David. Gros’ depiction of

suffering and death in his painting, Bonaparte Visits the Plague-Stricken in Jaffa
(1804), depicts Napoleon visiting ailing
soldiers. Bonaparte is seen in the center around sick and dying men. He used
Baroque characteristics to create a more dramatic effect. This painting became
one of the trademarks of many Romantic paintings. To show Bonaparte’s noble
character, Gros used color and light to accentuating his gesture in the painting.
Gros also likened Bonaparte to Christ, healing the sick. This painting was
commissioned by Bonaparte himself in hopes to stop the rumors that he
poisoned plague victims.

Gros’ style of painting shows his passionate nature, which is apparent in his
use of lively brushwork and colors. His paintings, such as Napoleon Visiting
the Pesthouse at Jaffa (1804) and Napoleon on the Battlefield at Eylau (1808),
are characterized by dramatic, elegance, and rich flair.
Thus, deeply influencing the rise of Romantic painters such as Théodore Géricault and Eugène Delacroix.

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux’s sculpture, Ugolino and His Sons, depicts raw feelings that were characteristic of
Romanticism. The work inspired the story of Dante’s Inferno. In the sculpture, Ugolino is seen to be worrying and
contemplating - struggling between survival and starvation. Here, Ugolino is seriously thinking of eating his sons.
This sculpture was considered to be revolutionary back in the Romantic period. This work made Carpeaux famous as
a French Romantic sculptor.

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 Lesson 3. Romantic Sculpture
If Romantic painting can be divided into two categories: figure painting and landscape painting, Romantic sculpture can
also be divided into two based on its subject matter:
● human world
● natural world

Romanticism veered away from rigid limitations of Neoclassicism. By the 19th

century, artists began to invoke feelings, states of mind, passion, dreams, and
madness in their works. Some scholarly writers believed that sculptures during
this art period were not able to depict Romantic art styles, as they were only
meant for the classical style.
The essential form of sculpture was less likely to be categorized as having
Romantic, these sculptures,
nonetheless, has characteristics of that are of Romanticism:
● free expression of expression;
● appeal to the senses;
● exploration of extreme mental conditions (madness, etc.);
● admiration of the hero, the martyr or the genius; and
● the sublimity of the unknown, death and the grotesque.

Antonio Canova was known as the quintessential Neoclassical

sculptor. His many Neoclassical works, such as the Orpheus and
Eurydice (1775), evoked emotions that can be read as Romantic.

James Pradier, a French artist but born in Swiss, was known as the
“king of the sculptors” during his time. He won the Prix de Rome
in 1813 for his work, Neoptolemus Prevents Philoctetes from
Losing His Arrows Against Ulysses. Throughout his career,
Pradier continued to create commissioned portrait statues,
busts, and statuettes for the royal family. He is also known to depict sensuality in his other nude

sculptures. One of his commissioned works, Sappho (1852), a marble statue of the classical poetess, Sappho. It depicts
the poetess in intense meditation as if in despair.

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Antoine-Augustine Preault, also known as Auguste, is one of the great 19th century sculptors. He was outspoken about
political affairs which caused him being outranked by his contemporaries. Preault challenged the naysayers about
sculpture as an art least suited to Romanticism. He depicted intense personal emotions in his relief sculptures. Although
most of his works were destroyed and vandalized, one of his most famous surviving work is Ophelia (1876).

Antoine-Louis Barye, born in Paris in 1795, was a prolific

sculptor, painter, and printmaker. His subjects are mainly
animals. He started as an engraver and began to sculpt in
1817. He worked in the studio of François Bosio and was
influenced by Théodore Géricault’s Romantic paintings. an
Barye is known as the Father of the Modern Animalier school. He
imitated the aggressive tension and anatomical detail of wild
animals with their prey in his bronze sculptures.

François Rude, born in France in 1784, was a known sculptor

of public monuments that inspire capture
the interest of the masses. He favored using
dynamism and emotions in his creations to
stir the public. One of his famous public
monuments was the La Marseillaise or
Departure of the
Volunteers of 1792.
In this monument, he depicted an important event in modern history through classic allegory. This sculpture is part of
the famous arch in France, the Arc de Triomphe, one of the world’s best-known commemorative monuments.
Thomas Banks, although a sculptor from the Neoclassical period, was said to have produced the first true Romantic work
in England. He created a monument in commemoration of a young girl, Penelope Boothby
This monument was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1793. Visitors of the exhibition wept when they saw Banks’
work. It depicted a young girl lying on her bed as if asleep. The style of the sculpture is classical, and it was regarded
as Romantic because of the strong emotions it evoked from the viewers. Themes of death, commemoration, and
graveyards were some of the themes associated with the Romantic art movement.
Jehan de Seigneur, or Jean-Bernard Duseigneur, represent his art in an austere and rebellious fashion. He was a French
Romantic sculptor. He produced Gothic-styled sculptures such as Orlando Furioso, a bust of Victor Hugo, and the group
Notre Dame de Paris. The Orlando Furioso, which made Duseigneur famous, depicted a man with its bulging muscles,
twisted limbs, and tied hands and feet. This work was regarded as the first romantic sculpture.

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