Principles of

Accounting
‘O’ Level Revision

ar y notes
• With summ
bus objectives
covering sylla
SEC questions
• Model ZIM
and answers
Principles of
Accounting
‘O’ Level Revision
ring
h su m m ar y notes cove
• W it
ives
syllabus object and
SEC questions
• Model ZIM
answers
Published by:
Secondary Book Press Private Limited
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A Practical Approach to Principles of Accounting | ‘O’ Level Revision Book

ISBN: 978 - 0 - 7974 - 8514 -3

First Published in January 2023

Copyright © Secondary Book Press

Editor in Chief: Munyaradzi Gunduza

Development Editor: Linnety Mafukidze and Lloyd Mukusanya
Text and design layout: Patricia N Munemo and Ropafadzo M. Chikonamombe

Acknowledgements
The publisher would like to express heartfelt appreciation and thanks to the following contributors;
Doka Tawanda Gerald and Simon Nyandoro. Their contribution and devotion are recognised in making
this publication a success.
Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders. In the event of unintentional omissions
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otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owner.
 CONTENTS

Introduction.........................................................................................................................................i

Chapter 1: Introduction to accounting.................................................................................................1

Chapter 2: The accounting cycle.........................................................................................................6
Chapter 3: Data processing methods...................................................................................................9
Chapter 4: Source documents..............................................................................................................13
Chapter 5: Subsidiary books................................................................................................................19
Chapter 6: The ledger..........................................................................................................................31
Chapter 7: Trial balance and errors.....................................................................................................37
Chapter 8: Accounting concepts..........................................................................................................51
Chapter 9: End of year adjustments....................................................................................................55
Chapter 10: Capital and revenue expenditure.....................................................................................75
Chapter 11: Control accounts..............................................................................................................78
Chapter 12: Bank reconciliation statements........................................................................................85
Chapter 13: Accounting ratios.............................................................................................................93
Chapter 14: Incomplete records...........................................................................................................100
Chapter 15: Not for profit making organisation..................................................................................111
Chapter 16: Departmental accounts.....................................................................................................120
Chapter 17: Manufacturing accounts...................................................................................................127
Chapter 18: Partnership business.........................................................................................................139
Chapter 19: Company accounts...........................................................................................................151
Chapter 20: Business ethics.................................................................................................................160

Specimen Examination Papers

Examination practice 1
Paper 1..................................................................................................................................................162
Paper 2..................................................................................................................................................169

Examination practice 2
Paper 1..................................................................................................................................................173
Paper 2..................................................................................................................................................178

Examination practice 3
Paper 1..................................................................................................................................................184
Paper 2..................................................................................................................................................190
Examination practice 4
Paper 1..................................................................................................................................................194
Paper 2..................................................................................................................................................200

Examination practice 5
Paper 1..................................................................................................................................................205
Paper 2..................................................................................................................................................211

Examination practice 6
Paper 1..................................................................................................................................................216
Paper 2..................................................................................................................................................222

Examination practice 7
Paper 1..................................................................................................................................................226
Paper 2..................................................................................................................................................232

Examination practice 8
Paper 1..................................................................................................................................................237
Paper 2..................................................................................................................................................243

Examination practice 9
Paper 1..................................................................................................................................................248
Paper 2..................................................................................................................................................254

Examination practice 10
Paper 1..................................................................................................................................................259
Paper 2..................................................................................................................................................264
Answers ...............................................................................................................................................267

iv
Introduction
Accounting is a commercial subject concerned with recording financial information pertaining to
a business. It equips the learner with basic accounting skills and concepts necessary in the keeping
of proper books of accounts that will enable him or her to prepare financial statements for different
enterprises such as small to medium enterprises, sole proprietors, companies, partnerships and not for
profit making organisations. Accounting O-Level Revision Book covers all the topics and concepts that
are found in the ZIMSEC Syllabus and are structured according to the New Curriculum expectations.
It summarises the twenty main topics that are in the Syllabus whilst equipping students with relevant
information in their preparation for the O-Level Accounting examinations. You must work your way
through this study guide to improve your understanding, identify your areas of weakness and correct
your own mistakes. To ensure a high-quality pass, you should also substantiate your knowledge from
other textbooks and your class notes. We are confident that this Accounting study guide can help you
prepare well so that you pass the ZIMSEC O-Level exams.

Overview of the exam for Accounting O level Study Guide

The exam questions have been arranged topically and in the respective order in which they are taught,
for example, Introduction to accounting, The accounting cycle and Data processing methods. The
questions are structured typical of ZIMSEC exam standard.

Paper 1 carries 40 multiple choice questions which carry one mark each and the student is required to
answer all the questions.

Paper 2 has 5 questions and each question carries 20 marks. The candidate is required to answer all 5
questions in the paper.

How to use this study guide

This study guide covers selected aspects of the different topics of O-Level Accounting curriculum in
the order that it is usually taught during the year. The selected aspects of each topic are presented in
the following way:

• An explanation of terms and concepts.

• Worked examples to explain and demonstrate.
• Activities with questions for you to answer.
• Answers for you to use to check your own work.
• There are exercises on the notes section based on exam-type questions. Cover the answers and
do the exercises on your own. Then check your answers. Reward yourself for the things you
get right. If you get any incorrect answers, make sure you understand where you went wrong
before moving onto the next section.
• Typical ZIMSEC exam papers are included in the study guide for you to practice.

i
Top 10 study tips
Try these study tips to make learning easier

• Have all your materials ready before you begin studying – pencils, pens, highlighters, paper and
all the other necessary material.
• Be positive. Make sure your brain holds on to the information you are learning by reminding
yourself how important it is to remember the work and get the marks.
• Take a walk outside. A change of scenery will stimulate your learning. You will be surprised at
how much more you take in being outside in the fresh air.
• Break up your learning sections into manageable parts. Trying to learn too much at one time will
only result in a tired, unfocused and anxious brain.
• Keep your study sessions short but effective and reward yourself with short, constructive breaks.
• Teach your concepts to anyone who will listen. It might feel strange at first, but it is worth reading
your revision notes aloud.
• Your brain learns well with colours and pictures. Try to use them whenever you can.
• Be confident with the learning areas you know well and focus your brain energy on the sections
that you find more difficult to take in.
• Repetition is the key to retaining information you must learn. Keep going, do not give up.
• Sleeping at least 8 hours every night, eating properly and drinking plenty of water are all important
things you need to do for your brain. Studying for exams is like strenuous exercise, so you must
be prepared physically.

Question words to help you answer questions

It is important to look for the question words (words that tell you what to do) to correctly understand what
the examiner is asking. Use the following table as a guide when answering questions.

Draw up – prepare.
List – make a numbered list.
Outline – make a numbered or well organised list.
Describe – write as much as you can. Write about the subject so that it can be visualised.
Explain – give reasons for what is asked for. Provide causes.
Calculate – using figures provided, work out the following.
Evaluate/Criticise – discuss the good and the bad points of the subject and conclude whether it is
primarily good or bad.
Compute – reckon or calculate (a figure or amount).
Discuss – write as much as you can.
Compare – discuss similarities and differences.
Contrast – discuss differences.
Name – give a name of something.
Identify – establish or indicate who or what (someone or something) is.
Complete – have all the necessary or appropriate parts.
Give – mentioned what you are asked.
Distinguish – discuss differences.

ii
Study skills to boost your learning
This guide makes use of three study techniques you can use to help you learn the material:

• Mobile notes
• Mnemonics

Mobile notes

Mobile notes are excellent tools for learning all the key concepts in the study guide. Mobile notes are easy
to make and you can take with them with you wherever you go:

1. Fold a blank piece of paper in half. Fold it in half again. Fold it again.
2. Open the paper. It will now be divided into 8 parts.
3. Cut or tear neatly along the folded lines.
4. On one side, write the basic concept.
5. On the other side, write the meaning or the explanation of the basic concept.
6. Use different colours and add pictures to help you remember.
7. Take these mobile notes with you wherever you go and look at them whenever you can.
8. As you learn, place the cards in three different piles:
• I know well
• Getting there
• I need more practice
9. The more you learn them, the better you will remember them.

Mnemonics

A mnemonic code is a useful technique for learning information that is difficult to remember. This is
an example of a word mnemonic using the word MAPPING where each letter of the word stands for
something else:

M – Make an effort

A – Apply yourself to your studies

P – Practise, practise, practise

P – Prepare well for the exams

I – Ignite your passion for Accounting

N – Notice your subject around you

G – Go for it – the stars are the limit!

Mnemonics code information and make it easier

to remember. The more creative you are and the more you link your ‘codes’ to familiar things, the more
helpful your mnemonics will be. This guide provides several ideas for using mnemonics. Be sure to make
up your own.

iii
Top 10 exam tips

1. Make sure you have all the necessary stationery for your exam, for example, pens, pencils, eraser,
as well as your ID document and exam admission letter.
2. Arrive on time, at least one hour before the start of the exam.
3. Go to the toilet before entering the exam room. You do not want to waste valuable time going to
the toilet during the exam.
4. Use the 10 minutes reading time to read the instructions carefully. This helps to ‘open’ the
information in your brain. Start with the question you think is the easiest to get the flow going.
5. Break the questions down to make sure you understand what is being asked. If you do not answer
the question properly you will not get any marks for it. Look for the key words in the question to
know how to answer it. A list of these words is on page (ii) of this study guide.
6. Try all questions. Each question has some easy marks in it so make sure that you do all the
questions in the exam.
7. Never panic, even if the question seems difficult at first. It will be linked with something you have
covered. Find the connection.
8. Manage your time properly. Do not waste time on questions you are unsure of. Move on and come
back if time allows.
9. Check weighting – how many marks have been allocated for your answer? Take note of how
marks are allocated to the questions in this study guide. Do not give more or less information
than is required.
10. Write big and bold and clearly. You will get more marks if the marker can read your answer
clearly.

Common errors

Most candidates do not read instructions before attempting the paper.

Some candidates fail to pay attention to the keywords and do not understand the demands of the
question.

Some of the candidates’ work is not clear and not readable.

Others fail to manage their time effectively to ensure that they do not spend more than enough time
on one question.

Some students fail to number their work correctly.

Others fail to present information in correct formats, fail to align figures properly and they use wrong
formulae when calculating figures.

iv
 INTRODUCTION TO
CHAPTER 1 ACCOUNTING

Chapter objectives
By the end of the chapter, you should be able to:

• define accounting terms.

• state the different types of business activities and organisations.
• explain different types of business activities.
• explain the importance of accounting.
• identify the users of accounting information.

Introduction
Accounting is a process which involve the gathering, measuring, identifying and interpreting financial
information so as to permit the users of the information to make decisions. Financial accounting
information is used by many organisations such as sole traders, partnerships and limited liability
companies. Accounting is important to various organisations as the information enables the management
of such organisations to make decisions that lead to the success and efficient planning of resources.

1.1 Accounting terms

Bookkeeping

Is the systematic recording of business transactions in the books of accounts.

Accounting
Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to
permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information.

Assets

• Is what a business owns or belongings of a business used to generate income.

• Assets are classified into current assets and non-current assets.
• Non-current assets are resources that stay in the business for a long period of time usually
more than one financial period (12 months). Examples of non-current assets are land, buildings,
machinery, equipment, furniture and motor vehicles.
• Current assets are resources that stay in a business for a short period of time usually less than
one financial year. Examples of current assets are inventory, trade receivables, prepayments,
cash at bank and cash in hand.

1
Liabilities

• Are financial obligations of a business and in most cases are what a business owes.
• Liabilities can be non-current liabilities (long term) or current liabilities. Non-current
liabilities are long term financial obligations of a business and they have a long repayment
period which is more than one year.

Examples of long term liabilities are long term loan and debentures. Current liabilities are short term
financial obligations of a business and they have a short repayment period which is less than one year.

Capital

• Is the wealth or resources used to start a business.

• Is an amount of money that is used to start a business.
• Every business needs capital in order to start operations.
• The capital can be in the form of assets, money or human capital.

Drawings

• Is money or goods taken by the owner from the business for personal use or private use.
• Drawings reduce the owner’s capital.

1.2 Types of organisations

Organisations may be profit making organisations or non-profit making organisations. Profit making
organisations include businesses such as sole traders, partnerships, joint ventures and limited liability
companies. Non-profit making organisations are organisations that do not have any profit motive in
mind. Most of non-profit making organisations offer goods and services to the people at affordable
prices.

Sole traders

Business which is owned by one person who puts capital into the business. The person who introduces
capital in the business is known as the sole proprietor.

Advantages of sole traders

• Small amount of money can start a business.

• The owner can make swift decisions.
• The business is easy to start and operate.
• Can open for longer hours in order to increase profits.
• Less legal formalities, for example, a trading license is only needed.
• Fewer overheads costs (operating expenses).
Disadvantages of sole traders
• Poor decision making by the owner.
• The owner lacks adequate skills and knowledge.
• Lacks enough capital for business expansion.
• Suffers from unlimited liability.

2
 • Lacks continuity of existence if the owner is ill or dead.
• Lacks collateral security which prohibits borrowing of loans from banks.

Partnerships

Business which is formed by two people up to a maximum of twenty people who puts their resources
together with the view of profit making.

Advantages of partnerships

• More capital is raised.

• More ideas are contributed since there is consultation before implementation of ideas.
• Less legal formalities.
• Easy to run and control.
• Partners may share duties and responsibilities.
• Losses are shared between or amongst the partners.

Disadvantages of partnerships

• Disputes or disagreements may dissolve the business.

• Lacks enough capital for business expansion.
• Active partners suffers from unlimited liability.
• Poor decision making by one partner binds all the partners.
• Lacks continuity of existence if the key partner is ill or dead.
• Less capital limits borrowing loans and overdrafts from banks and other financial institutions.

Limited liability companies

A limited liability company is a separate legal entity which is distinguished from its owners. A limited
company can sue or be sued in its own name for any wrong doings. Such a company can be a private
limited company or public limited company.

Private limited company

Formed by at least one shareholder up to a maximum of fifty shareholders. A private limited company
raise capital from its own shareholders and shareholding is through private invitation. Also the affairs
of the company are kept private.

Public limited company

Formed by at least one shareholder to no upper limit. A public limited company raise capital through
the issue of shares to the public. The affairs of the company should be made public such as the audited
financial statements of the company at the end of the year should be published in the press.

Advantages of limited liability companies

• The business enjoy limited liability, that is, failure to pay the debts of the company, the
shareholders will not lose their personal properties but rather they will only lose the capital
invested in the business.
• There is refined decision making.

3
 • Can employ highly qualified personnel such as auditors, managers and accountants.
• Enjoy economies of scale.
• Public limited companies raise more money through the issue of shares to the public.
• Can borrow money from financial institutions.
• There is continuity of existence if the one shareholder is ill or dead.

Disadvantages of limited liability companies

• Can suffer from diseconomies of scale.

• Complex legal formalities such as the preparation of the memorandum and articles of association.
• Financial affairs are made public for a public limited company.
• Large capital is required.
• Audited financial statements should be submitted to the registrar of companies.

1.3 Importance of accounting

• Helps to track the income of the business and the expenditure for the period.
• A very important indicator of how the business is operating financially.
• Gives owners some vital information such as the costs of resources or business operations.
• Gives management the current financial position of the firm.
• Helps the management to detect the amount of profit during the year.
• Keeps a systematic financial record of the firm’s financial information.
• Helps the users of the information to compare trends in the operations of the business.

1.4 Users of accounting information

There are various stakeholders that are interested in accounting information of a firm. The stakeholders
include the following:

(a) Investors – refers to people who are willing to invest in the operations of the company. They use
accounting information so as to decide whether to invest their money or not.
(b) Managers – wants to know how well the business is progressing financially so that they make their
decisions effectively leading to the success of the business.
(c) Suppliers or trade payables – wants to assess the credit worthiness of a business so as to decide
whether to grant goods on credit or not to the firm.
(d) Tax authority – needs to verify the taxable income or tax refundable to the firm. Tax authority is
a government firm which is responsible of collecting revenue on behalf of the government through
taxes and fines.
(e) Financial institutions – wants to know whether to lend or not to lend some money to the firm, for
example, banks and other money launderers.
(f) Prospective buyer – when the owner wants to sell the business, the buyer use some financial
information so as to ascertain whether to buy the business or not.

4
Summary of the chapter
• Bookkeeping is the systematic recording of business transactions in the books of accounts.
• Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information
to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information.
• An asset is what a business owns or belongings of a business used to generate income.
• Liabilities are financial obligations of a business and in most cases are what a business owes.
• Capital is the wealth or resources used to start a business.
• Drawings are goods or money taken by the owner from the business for personal use or private
use.
• There are different types of organisations which include sole proprietorships, partnerships,
private and public limited companies.
• The following are the importance of accounting: helps to track the income of the business and
the expenditure for the period, a very important indicator of how the business is operating
financially, gives owners some vital information such as the costs of resources or business or
business operations, gives management the current financial position of the firm, helps the
management to detect the amount of profit during the year, keeps a systematic financial record
of the firm’s financial information and helps the users of the information to compare trends in
the operations of the business.
• There are several users of accounting information namely; investors, managers, suppliers or
trade payables, tax authority, financial institutions, prospective buyer and competitors.

5
he electronic method is easy and fast to use than the manual method. The hardware components of a
computer
CHAPTER 4 SOURCE DOCUMENTS
include the monitor, mouse, input and output devices.

Chapter objectives
By the end of the chapter, you should be able to:

• understand and use the original source documents.

• state the contents of each of the source documents.
• explain the type of discounts offered by some businesses.
• explain the importance of each type of discounts.

Introduction
Source document is a legal document that contains the details of a business transaction. In business, it
is very important to use the source documents as they indicates a contract of purchase and sell between
two or more parties. Examples of source documents include the invoice, receipt, debit note, credit note,
cheques, voucher and statement of account. Also learners shall learn about the books of prime entry
in which the source document information is firstly recorded in the books of accounts. There are two
types of discounts that are offered by some businesses to encourage trade and the types of discounts
are trade and cash discounts.

Key words
Source document – is a legal document that contains details of a business transaction.
Trade discount – is an allowance that is given by a trader to another trader and is calculated on the
gross invoice price.
Cash discount – is an allowance given to a customer and is calculated based on the net invoice price.

4.1 Source documents

The following are the major source documents which are mostly used in the business world.

Source documents Subsidiary books/Books of prime entry

1 Receipt/Till slips Cash book
2 Cheques Cash book
3 Bank statements Cash book
4 Sales invoice Sales Journal/Sales day book
5 Credit notes Returns inwards Journal
6 Debit notes Returns outwards Journal
7 Purchases invoice Purchases Journal/Purchases day book
8 Deposit slips Cash book

13
4.1.5 Statement of account

The statement summarises all the transactions that took place over a certain period of time, for example,
transactions that took place in one month.

The statement of account is mostly used to remind the customer on the outstanding amount at the end
of the month. Also the statement of account is used by the customer to check records or query before
payment is made. The statement of account shows the following:

• Amount due at the end of the month or year.

• Names of both the supplier and the buyer.
• Addresses of both the supplier and the buyer.
• Amount paid during the month or year.
• Balance brought forward to the new month or year.
• Date of issue.
• The rate of interest charged on the outstanding balance.
• Installment due date.

CITY OF MUTARE STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT

Water service statement Account Number 020-64412 910 Mutare

1073 3766 00

DOKA N Last receipt date

Account date

STD 3766 CHIKANGA II 24/01/22 01/01/22

MUTARE
DATE REF DETAILS READING DATE 28/12/22 AMOUNT $
01/01/22 1 B/D BALANCE 3 579.60
01/01/22 34 WATER (NEW) 6360 – 6330 = 30 M3 1 646.86
01/01/22 6 SUPP CHRGS – CHIK 826.50
01/01/22 16 FIRE CHARGE 124.11
01/01/22 37 STREET LIGHTING 62.05
01/10/22 27 SPECIAL ROADS CHARGE 124.11
01/01/22 12 REFUSE 426.30
01/01/22 13 EDUCATION LEVY 62.05
31/01/22 2.5% INTEREST RAISED 7.42
CREDIT 90+ 60 30 CURRENT Pay before on Amount due

00 748.37 386.10 2 100 3 624.53 31/01/22 6 859.00

17
 CHAPTER
reminded
5 SUBSIDIARY BOOKS
to know the characteristics of all the source documents for examination purposes.

Chapter objectives
By the end of the chapter, you should be able to:

• name the subsidiary books.

• describe the use of the subsidiary books.
• label the columns of the subsidiary books.
• classify transactions.
• explain the entries in the subsidiary books.
• define trade and cash discounts.
• calculate the trade and cash discounts.
• explain the purposes of a petty cash book.
• record the transactions in the appropriate books.

Introduction
Transactions are firstly recorded in the subsidiary books and these books are written from the source
documents within the same period. Subsidiary books are also known as books of prime entry or books
of original entry. The cash book is the only subsidiary book which is prepared based on double entry
whilst other subsidiary books are prepared without applying the concept of double entry. There are two
types of transactions that are the cash and credit transactions. Cash transactions are recorded in the
cash book whilst credit and other transactions are recorded in other books of prime entry.

Key words
Cash book – is a book of prime entry that is used to record all cash and bank transactions.
Trade discount – is an allowance or a deduction that is given by a trader to another trader based on
the gross invoice price.
Cash discount – is an allowance or a deduction that is given to a customer after making payment
based on net invoice price.

5.1 Subsidiary books

(i)  ash book – the cash book is used to record cash transactions which include receipts and payments.
C
The source document for transactions made on cash is the receipt, voucher, bank statement,
cheque counterfoil, deposit slips and withdrawal slips.
(ii) Sales day book or sales journal – this book of prime entry is used to record transactions of goods
sold on credit. The source document for goods sold on credit is the sales invoice.

19
Purchase ledger
Mercy A/C Page 1
Date Details Folio Amount Date Details Folio Amount
2020 $ 2020 $
May 31 Balance c/d 2 000 May 1 Purchases PSI 2 000
June 1 Balance b/d 2 000

Luke A/C Page 2

Date Details Folio Amount Date Details Folio Amount
$ $
May 31 Balance c/d 7 000 May 1 Purchases PJI 7 000
June 1 Balance b/d 7 000

Grand foods A/C Page 3

Date Details Folio Amount Date Details Folio Amount
$ $
May 31 Balance c/d 14 000 May 9 Purchases PJI 5 000
26 Purchases PJI 9 000
14 000 14 000
June 1 Balance b/d 14 000

Lions limited A/C Page 4

Date Details Folio Amount Date Details Folio Amount
$ $
May 31 Balance c/d 10 000 May 14 Purchases PJI 10 000
June 1 Balance b/d 10 000

General ledger
Date Details Folio Amount Date Details Folio Amount
$ $
May 31 Trade 33 000 May 31 Balance c/d 33 000
receivable
June 1 Balance b/d 33 000

5.5 Returns outwards journal

• Used to record unsatisfactory goods returned to suppliers.
• The source document is the debit note.

28
 Example 5.7
Using facts from the previous example on returned unsatisfactory goods to the
following suppliers
May 9. Returned goods to grand foods worth $2 000 with credit note number 264R.
16. R
 eturned unsatisfactory goods to lions limited worth $4 000 with credit note number
F427401L.
29. Returned goods to grand foods worth $1 000 credit note 3330.
Prepare

(a) Returns outwards journal.

(b) Purchases ledger.
(c) General ledger.

Purchases returns journal Page 1

Date Details Folio Credit note Amount $
May 9 Grand foods PLI 264R 2 000
16 Lions limited PL3 F4274011R 4 000
29 Grand foods PL4 3330 1 000
31 Post the totals to the general ledger 7 000

Lions limited A/C

Date Details Folio Amount Date Details Folio Amount
May 16 Returns out 4 000 May 14 Purchases PJL 10 000
31 Balance c/d 6 000
10 000 10 000

Grand foods A/C

Date Details Folio Amount Date Details Folio Amount
May 9 Returns outwards 2 000 May 9 Purchases PJL 5 000
29 Return out 1 000 26 purchases PJI 9 000
31 Balance c/d 11 000
14 000 14 000
June 1 Balance b/d 11 000

29
 CHAPTER 6 LEDGER

Chapter objectives
By the end of the chapter, you should be able to:

• classify transactions before posting to the ledger.

• label different columns of the ledger.
• post entries from subsidiary books to the ledger showing folio numbers.
• balance the ledger accounts.
• interpret the ledger accounts.

Introduction
The ledger is the book of accounts. Transactions are recorded in the books of accounts basing on the
double entry system which states that a business should debit the receiver and credit the giver. All the
transactions should be recorded first in the books of prime entry, then later transferred to the ledger.
The ledger has two sides which is the debit side and the credit side. The receiving account is recorded
on the debit side of an account whilst the giving account is recorded on the credit side.

Key words
Ledger – comprises of accounts that are prepared basing on the concept of double entry which states
that for every debit entry there must be a corresponding credit entry.

Trade discount – given to a trader by another trader basing on the gross invoice price.
Trial balance – a list of balances extracted from the ledger books of accounts.

6.1 Division of the ledger

(a) General ledger contains real accounts that include assets and liabilities accounts.
(b) Sales/trade receivables ledger which contains personal accounts of credit customers.
(c) The purchases/trade payables ledger contains personal accounts of credit suppliers.

The following is the format of the ledger.

6.2 Ledger
Name of account
Date Details Folio Amount Date Details Folio Amount
$ $

31
 CAPITAL AND REVENUE
CHAPTER 10 EXPENDITURE

Chapter objectives
By the end of the chapter, you should be able to:

• define capital and revenue expenditure.

• distinguish capital expenditure from revenue expenditure.
• classify cost into revenue and capital expenditure.
• show revenue and capital expenditure appropriately in the financial statements.
• state the effects of incorrect of incorrect classification of revenue and capital expenditure on
profit, non-current assets and working capital.

Introduction
In this chapter, you will learn the differences between capital and revenue expenditure. You will also
learn how to classify cost into revenue and capital expenditure. The reasons of classifying costs into
revenue and capital expenditure will also be discussed in this chapter.

10.1 Capital expenditure

Capital expenditure refers to the cost incurred in buying non-current assets or add the value on non-
current assets in an organisation. Capital expenditure includes:

• Cost of buying non-current assets

• Cost of bringing the non-current asset into the business, that is, carriage inwards.
• Legal costs of buying non-current assets.
• Cost of site preparation.

10.2 Revenue expenditure

Revenue expenditure refers to the cost incurred on day to day running of a business. It includes:

• Purchase of inventories.
• Administration costs.
• Repairs to non-current assets.
• Electricity and fuel expenses.

Differences between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure

Capital expenditure Revenue expenditure

Cost recorded in the statement of financial position. Cost recorded in the income statement.
Usually large amount of money. Usually small amounts of money.

75
 BANK RECONCILIATION
CHAPTER
12 STATEMENTS

Chapter objectives
By the end of the chapter, you should be able to:

• identify the causes of differences between cash book and bank balances.
• prepare an updated cash book.
• identify errors in the cash book and the bank statement.
• prepare bank reconciliation statement.

12.1 Introduction
It is very rare that the bank statement balance at any given date be the same as the cash book balance,
since these two are prepared by different businesses. In this chapter, you will learn about the causes
of differences between the cash book and the bank statement balances, prepare an updated cash book,
errors in the cash book and bank statement and preparing the bank reconciliation statement.

12.2 Bank reconciliation

To reconcile is to harmonise, so bank reconciliation can be defined as the process of bringing the cash
book balance and the bank statement to an agreement. It is very rare for these two balances to be the
same at any given time because the two are prepared by different businesses. The bank statement is
provided by the bank on behalf of the business where the cash book is prepared by the business on
behalf of the bank.

12.3 Causes of differences between the cash book and the bank statement
Differences between the two records usually occur because of timing differences and businesses not
recording some items in the cash book. Some of the main causes include the following:

1.  npresented cheques – refers to the cheques that have been paid by the business (entered on the
U
credit side of the cash book) but has not yet been presented to the bank for payment.
2. Uncredited deposits – refers to the cash and cheques that have been paid into the bank (entered
on the debit side of the cash book) but do not appear on the bank statement.
Note that, usually number 1 and 2 occurs because of timing differences.
3. Bank interest and charges – the bank will debit business account without notifying them and
this will not be shown in the business cash book.
4. Dishonoured cheques – these are cheques rejected by the bank when making payment because
of different reasons which include insuffient funds or the cheque is stale.
5. Credit transfers – some customers will settle their accounts directly through the bank without
notifying the business. The business will see this after getting the bank statement.

85
 CHAPTER 13 ACCOUNTING RATIOS

Chapter objectives
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

• define a ratio.
• list different types of ratios and give their formula.
• give the importance of ratios.
• calculate profitability and liquidity ratios.
• apply profitability and liquidity ratios to arrive at missing figures.

Introduction
In this chapter, you will learn about profitability ratios which include mark-up, margin, net profit and
liquidity ratios which include current ratio, quick ratio, and rate of inventory turnover. You will also
learn about how to apply profitability and liquidity ratios to arrive at missing figures.

13.1 Accounting ratios

A ratio is a figure expressed in terms of another. There are many classes of ratios but in this unit we
are going to look at profitability and liquidity ratios.

Importance of accounting ratios

• Allows business to analyse and interpret financial statements.

• Allows business to calculate missing figures in the event of incomplete records.
• Allows firms to compare its performance with other firms.
• It shows a trend of business performance.
• Ratios highlight relationships which cannot be shown by financial statements.

13.2 Profitability ratios

• Mark up.
• Margin.
• Net profit percentage.

Mark up

This ratio expresses gross profit as a percentage of cost of sales. It is calculated as follows:
Gross profit
Mark up = Cost of sales × 100

93
 Sales = cost of sales + gross profit
= $50 000 + $10 000
= $60 000

Net profit percentage of sales

This ratio expresses net profit as a percentage of sales. It can be calculated using the following formula:
Net profit for the year
Net profit percentage = Turnover
# 100

13.3 Liquidity ratios

Liquidity refers to how easily current assets can be converted into cash. The most illiquid current
assert is inventory, that is why it is subtracted in the calculation of acid test or quick ratio.

Inventory turnover

It is calculated by dividing cost of sales with average inventory. The following formula can be used to
calculate inventory turnover.
Cost of sales
Inventory turnover = Average inventory

Average inventory is calculated by adding opening and closing inventory and divide by 2 as follows:
Opening inventory + Closing inventory
Average inventory= 2

Inventory turnover measures the number of times inventory is turned over within a period. A high
inventory turnover means the business is performing well in terms of selling its inventory.

Example 13.3

Opening inventory 4 000

Sales 60 000
Purchases 52 000
Closing inventory 6 000
Required to calculate inventory turnover
Cost of sales = (4 000 + 52 000 – 6 000)
= 50 000
Average inventory = 4 000 +2 6 000

= 5 000

Therefore inventory turnover = 50 000

5 000
= 10 times

95
Current ratio
Measures the ability of a business to pay its short term debts before they are due. It is calculated as
follows:
Current assets
Current ratio = Current liabilities
Acid test ratio/quick ratio
It also measures the ability of a business to meet its short term debts. Now the difference is that
inventory is removed in the calculation as it is difficult to convert into cash. The following formula can
be used to calculate acid test ratio:
Current assets – Inventory
Acid test ratio = Current liabilities
Trade receivables collection period
Measures the period taken by our trade receivables to pay what they owe to the business. It is calculated
as follows:
Trade receivables #
credit sales 365 days

Trade payables payment period

Measures the period of time a business takes to pay its trade payables. It is calculated as follows:
Trade payables
Credit purchases 365 days
#

Working capital
It is the difference between current assets and current liabilities. It can be calculated using the following
formula:

Working capital = Current assets – Current liabilities

Example 13.4

The following information was taken from the books of Tadiwanashe:

$
Inventory on 1 January, 2018 8 500
Sales 195 000
Returns inwards 15 000
Margin is 13 of turnover. Net profit turnover is 20% of turnover. The rate of inventory turnover is
10 times. Required to calculate for the year ended 31 December 2018 showing all your workings.
(i) Turnover.
(ii) Gross profit.
(iii) Cost of sales.
(iv) Net profit.
(v) Expenses for running the business charged to the income statement.
(vi) Closing inventory.

96
Solution
(i) Turnover = Sales – Sales returns
= $195 000 – $15 000
= $180 000.
(ii) Margin = Gross profit/Turnover
3 = (GP/$180 000)
1

3GP = 180 000

Gross profit = $60 000.
(iii) Cost of sales = Turnover – Gross profit
= $180 000 – 60 000
= $120 000.
(iv) Net profit = 20% × 180 000
= $36 000.
(v) Expenses of running business = Gross profit – Net profit
= 60 000 – 36 000
= $24 000.
Closing inventory
(vi) Cost of sales Average inventory = 10 times
120 000
[(8 500 + x) 2] = 10 times
120 000 = 42 500 + 5x
77 500 = 5x
x = $15 500.
Therefore closing inventory is $15 500

Example 13.5

Bee provided you with the following information for the year ended 31 December,
2018

$
Sales 100 000
Cost of sales 30 000
Purchases 20 000
Expenses 10 000
Inventory 4 500
Trade receivables 4 000
Bank (Cr) 6 500
Expenses accrued 500
Income accrued 5 000

97
Required to calculate the following:

(a) Working capital.

(b) Margin.
(c) Current ratio
(d) Acid test/Quick ratio.
(e) Net profit as a percentage of sales.

Solution
(a) Working capital = Current assets – Current liabilities
(4 500 + 4 000 + 5 000) – (500 + 6 500)
= $6 500.

(b) Gross profit = Sales – Cost of sales

= 100 000 – 30 000
= 70 000
70 000 × 100
Therefore margin is 100 000
= 70%.

(c) Current Ratio = Current asset/Current liabilities

= 13 500
7 000
= 1.9:1.

(d) Acid test ratio = (Current assets – Inventory)/Current liabilities

= 13 500 – 4 500
6 500
= 1.4:1.

(e) Net profit = Gross profit – Expenses

70 000 – 10 500
= 59 500.
59 500
Therefore net profit percentage = 100 000 × 100
= 59.5%.

Example 13.6
Karen made a gross profit of 13 on the net sales of $75 000 during the year ended 31 December, 2020.
The net profit was 15% of net sales. The rate of inventory turnover was 10 times and the opening
inventory was $6 000.

98
 CHAPTER 14 INCOMPLETE RECORDS

Chapter objectives
By the end of the chapter, you should be able to:

• define terms used such as capital, credit sales, credit purchases and drawings.
• calculate opening capital and closing capital using statements of affairs.
• calculate other missing figures such as credit sales, credit purchases and drawings.
• prepare end of year financial statements.

Introduction
Many store keepers fail to use the double entry system when recording their transactions. The main
reason why store keepers fail to keep proper books of accounts is that they lack accounting knowledge
and they don not have money to employ an accounting officer. When the shop owners try to record their
transactions then that may result to incomplete records. In this chapter you will be able to calculate the
missing figures such as capital, sales, purchases, expenses, net profit, drawings and income. Also the
learners shall get enough exposure towards the preparation of financial statements.

Key words
Incomplete records – this is when a business does not maintain proper records of accounting
information.

Single entry accounting – when a business is not maintaining accounting records based on double
entry system.

Statement of affairs – this is a statement of assets and liabilities of a business within a given period.

14.1 How do candidates identify an incomplete records question?

• When the business does not keep proper books of accounts.
• When accounting records are prepared in absence of double entry system.
• When the books are prepared by an inexperienced bookkeeper, that will definitely results in
incomplete records.

14.2 Important calculations

Statement of affairs
This is a statement of assets and liabilities used to ascertain the proprietor’s opening capital and closing
capital for the period. Note that the accounting equation states that:

Assets = Capital + Liabilities

100
 CHAPTER 17 MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS

Chapter objectives
By the end of the chapter, you should be able to:

• define terms used in accounting.

• classify manufacturing costs.
• prepare manufacturing accounts.
• draft statement of financial position.

Introduction
A manufacturing account is prepared by those organisations who produce goods on their own. In
addition to manufacturing account, a manufacturing business prepares the income statements and
statements of financial position. The manufacturing account is prepared so as to calculate how much is
spend by a business to covert raw materials to finished goods. A manufacturing account should show
the prime cost of production and total production cost incurred by a business.
Key words
Direct costs – costs which are directly associated with the goods produced, for example, direct
material, direct labour, royalties, patents, trademarks and license fees.
Indirect costs – costs which do not vary and remain constant regardless of any change in the level of
production. Indirect are also known as production overheads for example factory electricity, factory
insurance, lubricants costs, supervisors wages, indirect materials and other factory costs.
Finished goods – are produced goods ready for sale.
Work in progress – are semi-finished or partly finished goods.
17.1 Types of costs
Direct costs – These are costs which vary with change in the level of output. Direct costs are costs
which are directly attributable to the product that has been produced.
Examples of direct costs are:
1. Direct materials.
2. Direct labour/Wages/Manufacturing wages.
3. Direct expenses, that is, royalties and patents, trademarks and copyrights.
Indirect costs – these are the costs that remain constant regardless of any change in the level of
production. Indirect costs are also known as production overheads. Indirect costs are costs which are
not directly attributable to the product that has been produced.

127
(i)  aw materials consumed = opening inventory of raw materials + purchases of raw materials +
R
carriage of raw materials – closing inventory of raw materials.
(ii) Prime cost = raw materials consumed + direct costs.
(iii) Total production cost = prime cost + production overheads + opening inventory of work in
progress – closing inventory of work in progress.

NB: A manufacturing account is prepared on accruals basis, whether the amount has been paid or
not the cost should be accounted for.

Income statement for the year ended 31 December, 2020 (format)

$ $
Sales/Revenue xxx
Less: Cost of sales
Opening inventory xxx
Add: Total production cost of finished goods xxx
xxx
Less: Closing inventory xxx xxx
Gross profit xxx
Less: Operating expenses xxx
Net profit for the year xxx

Not that: Candidates should understand that the total production cost is part of cost of sales.
Candidates should understand that there are some companies that produce their own
goods for sale and at the same time they outsource some finished goods from other
suppliers. In such a case, a firm can have both purchases and total production cost under
cost of sales.

Worked example 17.1

Eastern brakes the manufacturer of brakes and clutches provides the following information taken
from the business’ financial records for the period ended 30 September, 2019.

$
Inventories: Raw materials 28 000
Work in progress 33 000
Finished goods 27 000
Buildings at cost 100 000
Machinery and equipment at cost 70 000
Delivery vehicles at cost 50 000
Provision for depreciation: Machinery and equipment 12 600
Delivery vehicles 7 000

129
Less: Closing inventory of raw materials 24 000
Raw materials consumed 101 000
Add: Manufacturing wages 15 000
Royalties 16 000
Copyrights 20 000 51 000
Prime cost of production 152 000
Add: Production overheads
Supervisors wages 12 000
Indirect materials 10 000
Factory: Electricity and power 5 000
Rent and rates 19 000
Lubricants oils 1 000
Cleaning expenses 2 000
14
Depreciation of plant and machinery (100 × 70 000) 9 800 58 800
210 800
Add: Opening inventory of work in progress 33 000
243 800
Less: Closing inventory of work in progress (43 800)
Total production cost 200 000

Income statement for the year ended 30 September, 2019

$ $
Sales of finished goods 393 000
Less: Cost of sales
Opening inventory of finished goods 27 000
Add: Total production cost 200 000
227 000
Less: Closing inventory of finished goods 18 000 (209 000)
Gross profit 184 000
Less: Operating expenses
Selling and administration cost 6 000
Office: Insurance 11 000
Electricity and power 9 000
Rent and rates 13 000
Delivery expenses 4 000
Depreciation of delivery vehicles
10 × 43 000)
(100 4 300 (47 300)
Net profit for the year 136 700

131
Additional information for the year ended 31 December, 2015

(i) Inventory was valued at: raw materials $400 000, work in progress $900 000, finished goods
$1 100 000.
(ii) Supervisor’s wages outstanding amounted to $100 000 whilst direct wages prepaid amounted to
$200 000.
(iii) Provision for depreciation of non-current assets was as follows:
Plant and machinery 15% at cost per annum.
Motor vehicles 20% using reducing balance method.

Required: Prepare

(a) Manufacturing account for the year ended 31 December, 2020.

(b) Income statement for the year ended 31 December, 2020.
(c) Statement of financial position as at 31 December, 2020.

Solution
Manufacturing account for the year ended 31 December, 2020
$ $
Opening inventory of raw materials 600
Add: Purchases of raw materials 2 800
Carriage inwards 600
4 000
Less: Returns outwards (800)
3 200
Less: Closing inventory of raw materials (400)
2 800
Add: Direct wages (1 500 – 200) 1 300
Direct expenses: Royalties and patents 2 800 4 100
Prime cost of production 6 900
Add: Production overheads
Supervisors wages (500 + 100) 600
Lubricants costs 400
Lighting and heating 700
Factory power 500
Depreciation of plant & machinery
15
(100 × 12 000) 1 800 4 000
10 900
Add: Opening inventory of work in progress 800
11 700
Less: Closing inventory of work in progress (900)
Total cost of production or goods manufactured 10 800

133
Statement of financial position as at 31 December, 2020
Cost Acc. Dep. N.B.V.
Non current assets $ $ $
Land and buildings 10 000 - 10 000
Plant and machinery 12 000 3 600 8 400
Motor vehicles 8 000 2 880 5 120
30 000 6 480 23 520
Current assets
Inventory: Raw materials 400
Work in progress 900
Finished goods 1 100
Trade receivables 4 000
Prepaid direct expenses 200
Cash at bank 6 900
Cash in hand 2 400 15 900
39 420
Equity and liabilities
Equity
Capital 26 600
Add: Net profit 1 520
28 120
Less: Drawings (900)
27 220
Add: Long term loan from Econet limited 10 000
37 220
Current liabilities
Trade payables 2 100
Supervisors wages owing 100 2 200
39 420

Example 17.3

Leeds manufacturing business that concentrates with the production of rubber and other products
made of rubber. The following are the balances extracted from their ledger books of accounts for the
year ended 31 December, 2017.

135
EXAMINATION PRACTICES

EXAMINATION PRACTICE 1
PAPER 1
TIME: 1 hour 30 minutes
Answer all questions.

1. Which part of a computer that processes accounting data?

A. Keyboard B. Random Access Memory
C. Mouse D. Central processing unit
2. Which of the following is not a computer hardware device?
A. Monitor B. Primary memory C. Mouse D. Keyboard

3. Cash sales are recorded in the

A. cash book. B. purchases journal. C. sales journal. D. sales ledger.
4. Name the source document used when unsatisfactory goods are returned by a customer.
A. Debit note B. Returns inwards journal
C. Credit note D. Voucher
5. Putting extra headlights to the motor vehicle is a
A. operating expense. B. revenue expenditure.
C. capital expenditure. D. loss.
6. A person whom payment is made at the bank is called
A. drawer. B. bank. C. drawee. D. payee.
7. Which of the following does not appear in the statement of financial position?
A. Buildings B. Motor vehicles
C. Rent received owing D. Salaries paid
8. Which of the following best describes working capital?
A. Non-current assets + Current assets B. Current assets – Liabilities
C. Current assets + Liabilities D. Current assets – Inventory
9.  payment received from Washington of $2 000 by cheque was recorded in the cash book but no
A
record was made in his account. To correct the error
A. debit Suspense and credit Washington $2 000.
B. debit Suspense and credit Sales $2 000.
C. debit Washington and credit Suspense $2 000.
D. debit Washington and credit Sales.
10. Insurance paid $1 255 by cheque was recorded in the books as $1 525. Which error is this?
A. Principle B. Original entry
C. Commission D. Transposition

162
EXAMINATION PRACTICES

17. Given: $
Non-current assets 60 000
Current assets 40 000
Capital 70 000
Liabilities amount to
A. $30 000. B. $100 000. C. $40 000. D. $170 000.
18. Which document is used to record goods that have been bought on credit?
A. Voucher B. Invoice C. Credit note D. Debit note
19. A trader provided the following information
Trade receivables ledger account
2019 $ 2019 $
June 1 Balance b/d 400 June 30 Bank 7 000
30 Credit sales 15 200 Returns inwards 700
Dishonoured Discount allowed 300
cheques 900 Bad debts written off 1 100
Interest charged 100 Contra 800
16 600 16 600
What is the account balance?
A. $6 700 Debit B. $6 700 Credit C. $16 600 Debit D. $16 600 Credit
20. The following is the updated cash book of a trader
Updated cash book
2019 $ 2019 $
June 1 Balance b/d 700 June 20 Insurance 600
24 Credit transfer 1 900 25 Zesa 700
27 Mickey 2 100 26 Leona 1 300
30 Balance c/d 2 100

4 700 4 700
The following information was shown in the original cash book
Unpresented cheques $3 000
Bank lodgements $2 700
What is the bank statement balance?
A. $2 100 B. $5 700 C. $4 700 D. $2 400
21. A partner who do not take day to day running of the partnership business is known as
A. active partner. B. dead partner.
C. sleeping partner. D. ordinary partner.

164
 EXAMINATION PRACTICES
Use the following information to answer question 22 and 23.
The following information was taken from the books of the partnership of Junior and Cassie.
Junior and Cassie share profit and losses in the ratio 3:2 respectively.
$
Net profit for the year 20 000
Capitals: Junior 50 000
Cassie 40 000
Current account: Junior 900 DR
Cassie 600 CR
Drawings: Junior 1 000
Cassie 2 000
• Interest on drawings is at 5% and interest on capital is at 10%.
• Cassie gets an annual salary of $1 150.
22. Calculate the share of profit for each partner.
Junior Cassie
$ $
A. $3 000 $2 000
B. $4 000 $3 000
C. $5 000 $4 000
D. $6 000 $4 000
23. If Cassie has been paid $650 by cheque during the year, what is his current account balance
A. $7 000 B. $8 000 C. $10 000 D. $12 000
24. Production wages are
A. production overheads.
B. indirect costs.
C. direct costs.
D. operating expenses.
25. A manufacturer had the following costs:
$
Raw materials consumed 10 000
Direct materials 9 000
Royalties 2 000
Supervisors wages 5 000
How much is the prime cost?
A. $24 000
B. $26 000
C. $21 000
D. $30 000

165
EXAMINATION PRACTICES

26. A trader provided the following information:

Trade receivables 1 July, 2020 $6 000
Trade receivables 31 December, 2020 $9 000
Cheques received during the year $15 000
How much are the sales for the period?
A. $12 000 B. $20 000 C. $18 000 D. $25 000
27. A
 trader bought office machinery at a cost of $10 000 on 30 June, 2018. Provision for depreciation
is provided at the rate of 10% using reducing balance method. The year ends on 31 December
each year. Calculate the provision for depreciation of office machinery on 31 December, 2020.
A. $1 000 B. $900 C. $700 D. $855
The following information should be used to answer question 28 and 29.
A trader bought goods on 19 April, 2020 for $9 000. The trader was given a trade discount of
33⅓ %. He was also given a cash discount of 5% if the goods are paid in full within 25 days
from the date of purchase. On 11 May the trader settled his account in full by cheque.
28. How much is the trade discount?
A. $2 997 B. $4 000 C. $3 000 D. $5 000
29. How much was did the trader pay on the date of payment?
A. $5 700 B. $6 300 C. $8 550 D. $9 000
30. A
 n amount written off in the books of a trader due to the fact that the customer has been declared
bankruptcy is known as
A. trade receivables. B. trade payables. C. bad debts. D. arrears.
31. A
 firm has two departments; the electrical and hardware and the following information has been
provided for the year ended 31 December, 2020.
Electrical $ Hardware $
Sales 25 000 18 000
Purchases 10 000 7 000
Carriage inwards 2 000 3 000
Freight charges 1 000 -
Returns outwards 2 500 1 500
Inventory 1 January, 2020 6 000 4 500
Inventory 31 December, 2020 5 000 5 500
Calculate the combined gross profit
A. $20 000
B. $23 000
C. $22 000
D. $24 000

166
 EXAMINATION PRACTICES
32. A trader provided the following:
Cost of sales $45 000
Opening inventory $9 000
Closing inventory $6 000
Calculate the rate of inventory turnover.
A. 5 times.
B. 6 times.
C. 7.5 times.
D. 3 times.
33. Current assets less closing inventory divided by current liabilities is known as
A. current ratio.
B. acid test ratio.
C. solvent ratio.
D. working capital.
34. The firm issued 100 000 Ordinary shares of $2 each, calculate the value of shares
A. $50 000
B. $200 000
C. $100 000
D. $250 000
35. The company had 12,5% Debentures valued at $120 000, how much is the interest payable?
A. $9 600
B. $10 000
C. $15 000
D. $20 000
36. T
 he company had 100 000, 10% preference shares of $1 each. During the year the preference
shares were given an interim dividend of $3 000, how much is the final dividend?
A. $10 000
B. $$8 000
C. $3 000
D. $7 000
37. A
 type of preference shares which the dividend is skipped due to insufficient profits and made
good in future profitable years is known as
A. cumulative preference shares.
C. non-cumulative preference shares.
B. redeemable preference shares.
D. non-redeemable preference shares.

167
EXAMINATION PRACTICES

38. Which of the following contain liabilities only?

A. Payables, short term loans and insurance prepaid
B. Payables, short term loans and interest earned prepaid
C. Receivables, cash and bank overdraft
D. Payables, bank charges and subscription owing
39. The following information was obtained from a trader
Motor vehicles disposal account
2019 $ 2019 Provision for $
Dec 31 Motor vehicles 50 000 Dec depreciation 18 000
31 Bank 20 000
Profit and Loss 12 000
50 000 50 000
What does the balance of $12 000 profit and loss indicates?
A. Provision for depreciation for the year
B. Net book value of the sold asset
C. Loss made on the sale of the asset
D. Profit made on the sale of the asset
40. A cost that is directly attributable to the goods produced is known as the
A. revenue expenditure.
B. capital expenditure.
C. production overhead.
D. direct cost.

168
 EXAMINATION PRACTICES
EXAMINATION PRACTICE 1
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 hours 30 minutes

Answer all questions.

Use black or blue ball-point pen only.

All calculations must be shown adjacent to the answer.

Calculators may be used.

1. S. Moyo, a sole trader, provided the following trial balance extracted from his ledger books of
accounts for the period ended 31 December, 2015
Trial balance as at 31 December, 2015
Debit $ Credit $
Land and buildings at cost 10 000
Plant and machinery at cost 12 000
Motor vehicles at cost 8 000
Provision for depreciation: Plant and machinery 2 000
Motor vehicles 1 000
Insurance 700
Electricity and water 500
Salaries and wages 1 500
Trade receivables 4 000
Trade payables 2 500
Purchases 2 800
Sales 7 900
Cash at bank 1 900
Cash in hand 2 400
Drawings 900
Carriage inwards 600
Inventory on 1 January, 2015 2 600
Carriage outwards 800
Discount received 1 100
Discount allowed 400
Long term loan from Agribank 10 000
Rent and rates 1 200
General expenses 700
Returns inwards 900
Returns outwards 800
Capital 26 600

51 900 51 900

169
EXAMINATION PRACTICES

Additional information for the year ended 31 December, 2015

(i) Inventory was valued at $2 400.
(ii) Insurance paid in advance amounted to $100.
(iii) Rent owing $300.
(iv) Provision for bad debts was created at the rate of 5% per annum on the trade receivables
figure.
(v)  Provision for depreciation of non-current assets was as follows;
Plant and machinery 10% per annum using straight line method.
Motor vehicles 20% per annum using reducing or diminishing balance method.
Required to prepare:
(a) Income statement for the year ended 31 December, 2015. [14]
(b) Statement of financial position as at 31 December, 2015. [13]
2. (a) The cash book of A. Alma showed a debit balance of $50 300 at the bank on 31 July, 2020.
The following details were made available:

$
Unpresented cheques 11 100
Deposits not credited by the bank 35 400
A standing order for insurance paid by the bank 2 000
A credit transfer received by the bank 5 000
Bank charges on the bank statement 2 900
Balance as per bank statement 25 100
A cheque for $10 000 from a trade receivable was incorrectly entered as $11 000 in the
cash book.
You are required to prepare:
(i) An updated cash book. [7]
(ii) A bank reconciliation statement as at 31 July, 2020. [7]
(b) Determine if whether the cost is a capital or a revenue expenditure
(i) Bought a machine for $5 000.
(ii) Bought a second hand motor vehicle from Japan for $10 000.
(iii) Cost of paying salaries to the administration workers $8 000.
(iv) Cost of building a new administration block at the school for $18 000.
(v) Cost of buying stationery for administration for $1 000.
(vi) Cost of wages to the workers building the administration block for $3 000
(vii) Installation costs of electric cables to the building for $1 000.
3. The following information was extracted from the books of Garikai farming Club:
I January, 2020 31 December, 2020
$ $
Subscriptions in arrears 5 000 4 000
Subscriptions in advance 3 900 4 400

170
 EXAMINATION PRACTICES
Inventory of stationery 1 500 1 300
Electricity owing 400 500
The following transactions were undertaken during the year ending 31 December, 2020
(i) Subscriptions paid by cheque amounted to $12 000
(ii) Subscriptions paid in cash totalled $10 000
(iii) Paid $5 000 for stationery by cheque.
(iv) Paid $4 000 for electricity in cash.
You are required to prepare the:
(a) Subscriptions account. [7]
(b) Stationery account. [4]
(c) Electricity account. [4]
4. The following information was taken from the books of Gym during the month of January 2020
$
Jan 1 Trade receivables balance 5 900 Dr
Trade payables balance 1 300 Cr
Jan 31 Credit sales 50 000
Credit purchases 28 000
Returns outwards 300
Returns inwards 200
Cheques and cash received from trade receivables 39 000
Cheques paid to trade payables 19 000
Customers’ cheque dishonoured 1 500
Discount allowed 900
Discount received 800
Interest charges to customers on overdue account 400
Accounts settled by contra 3 300
Cash refund from suppliers for overpayments 100
Bad debts written off 800
Provision for bad debts 1 610
Debit balances in the purchases ledger 90
Credit balances in the sales ledger 80

Required to prepare
(a) Sales ledger control account. [9]
(b) Purchases ledger control account. [8]

5.  he following information was taken from the books of X limited for the year ended
T
31 December, 2020.
Authorised share capital $
100 000 ordinary shares of $1 each 100 000
50 000, 10% irredeemable preference shares of $0.50 each 25 000

171
EXAMINATION PRACTICES

Issued share capital

$100 000 ordinary shares of $1 each 100 000
$40 000, 10% irredeemable preference shares of $0.50 each 20 000
The following information was made available for the year ended 31 December, 2019
$
Income statement (Profit and loss) 20 000
General reserves 15 000
500, 5% Debentures of $100 each 30 000
Interim ordinary dividends 3 000
Interim preference dividends 2 000

The net trading profit of the company for the year was $17 000 after debenture interest. The
directors of X limited recommended that:
(i) A transfer of $4 000 to the general reserve
(ii) A proposed ordinary dividend $0.10 be paid to the ordinary shareholders.
Required to prepare:
(a) Statement of changes in equity as at 31 December, 2019. [8]
(b) Statement of financial position (extract) as at 31 December, 2019. [7]
(c) Distinguish between ordinary shares and preference shares. [4]

172
EXAMINATION PRACTICES

EXAMINATION PRACTICE 10
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 hours 30 minutes

Answer all questions.

Use black or blue ball-point pen only.
All calculations must be shown adjacent to the answer.
Calculators may be used.

Question 1

1. The treasurer of Taka sports club did not keep full records. The following information is
available on 31 December, 2018.
Cash book

Date Details Amount Date Details Amount

2018 $ 2018 $
Jan 1 Balance b/d 1 050 Purchase of refreshments 190 000
Subscription received: Rent and rates 12 000
Year ended 31 Dec, 2017 1 500 Operating expenses 37 500
Year ended 31 Dec, 2018 32 000 Purchase of equipment 9 000
Year ended 31 Dec, 2019 3 100
Sales of refreshments 250 000 Balance c/d 39 150
287 650 287 650

Additional information
(a) Balances 1 January, 2018 31 December, 2018
$ $
Inventory of refreshments 22 000 7 000
Operating expenses 1 000 (prepaid) 250 (accrued)
Equipment Net book value 32 000 27 000
Subscriptions in advance 1 750 3 100
Subscription in arrears 2 700 900
(b) Subscription not collected for the year ended 31 December are to be considered as
irrecoverable
Required:
(i) To calculate the accumulated fund on 1 January, 2018. [6]
(ii) To repare the refreshment trading account for the year ended 31 December, 2018. [4]
(iii) 
To prepare the income and expenditure account for the year ended 31 December,
2018. [10]

264
 PAPER 2 EXAMINATIONS SOLUTIONS
EXAMINATION SOLUTIONS

EXAM 1: PAPER 2 ANSWERS

1. Income Statement for the year ended 31 December, 2015

$ $
Sales 7 900
Less: Returns inwards (900)
Turnover/Net sales 7 000
Less: Cost of sales
Opening inventory 2 600
Add: Purchases 2 800
Carriage inwards 600
6 000
Less: Returns outwards (800)
Goods available for sale 5 200
Less: closing inventory
Cost of goods sold (2 400) 2 800
Gross profit 4 200
Add: Other incomes
Discount received 1 100
Gross income 5 300
Less: Operating expenses
Insurance (700 – 100)
Electricity and water 600
Salaries and wages 500
Carriage outwards 1 500
Discount allowed 800
Rent and rates (1 200 + 300) 400
General expenses 1 500
5 × 4 000)
Provision for bad debts ( 100 700
Provision for depreciation: 200
10 × 12 000)
Plant and machinery ( 100
20
Motor vehicles 100 × (8 000 – 1 000) 1 200 8 800
Net loss for the year 1 400 3 500

268
 (b) Ratios

EXAMINATION SOLUTIONS
(i) Working capital : (4 500 + 4 000 + 5 000) – (6 500 + 500)
= $6500.
]100 000 – 30 000g
(ii) Margin: 1 000 # 100%

= 70%.
]4 500 + 4 000 + 5 000g
(iii) Current ratio: ] + g
6 500 500
= 1.9:1.
Acid test : (13 500 – 4 500)
(iv) Quick ratio (6 500 + 500)
= 1.3:1.
]70 000 – 10 000g
Net profit as a percentage of sales: 100 000 # 100%
= 60%.

EXAM 7: PAPER 2 ANSWERS

Question 1

1. (a) Profit and loss Appropriation account for the year ended 31 December, 2018

$ $ $
Net profit 2 560
Add interest on drawings: A (5% × 500) 25
B (5% × 300) 15 40
2 600
Less Appropriations
Interest on capital: A (10% × 5000) 500
B (10% × 3000) 300 800
Salary A 1 200 (2 000)
Profit to be shared 600
400
Share of profit A ( 2
3 × 600)
B ( 13 × 600) 200 600

(b) Statement of financial position extract as at 31 December, 2018

$ $ $
Equity and non-current liabilities
Capital A 5 000
B 3 000 8 000
Current
accounts
A B

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 EXAM 9: PAPER 2 ANSWERS
EXAMINATION SOLUTIONS

Question 1

1. (a) Income statement for the year ended 31 December, 2018

Sales 15 500
Sales returns (950)
Turnover 14 550
Less cost of sales
Opening inventory 1 150
Add purchases 7 000
Add carriage inwards 300
7 300
Less Drawings (goods taken for personal use) (125)
Net purchases 7 175
Cost of goods available for resale 8 325
Less closing inventory (1 460)
Cost of sales (6 865)

Gross profit 7 685

Add other incomes
Discount received 560
Decrease in provision for doubtful debts
100 – [(2 300 – 425) × 4%] 25 585
Total income 8 270
Less expenses
Salaries (2 375 + 260) 2 635
Rent and rates 680
Sundry expenses 1 415
Advertising (620 – 30) 590
Depreciation on motor vehicles
(4 200 – 800 × 25%) 850
Depreciation on office equipment (2 600 × 10%) 260
Bad debts 425
Loan interest (1 000 × 5% × 0.5) 25 (6 880)
Net profit 1 390

308