Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 140 (2020) 110174

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Chaos, Solitons and Fractals

Nonlinear Science, and Nonequilibrium and Complex Phenomena
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chaos

An efficient spectral collocation method for the dynamic simulation of

the fractional epidemiological model of the Ebola virus
H.M. Srivastava a,b,c, Khaled M. Saad d,e,∗, M.M. Khader f,g
a
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3R4, Canada
b
Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taiwan, Taichung 40402, Republic of China
c
Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Azerbaijan University, 71 Jeyhun Hajibeyli Street, AZ1007 Baku, Azerbaijan
d
Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
e
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
f
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
g
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This article investigates a family of approximate solutions for the fractional model (in the Liouville-Caputo
Received 26 March 2020 sense) of the Ebola virus via an accurate numerical procedure (Chebyshev spectral collocation method).
Revised 3 July 2020
We reduce the proposed epidemiological model to a system of algebraic equations with the help of the
Accepted 27 July 2020
properties of the Chebyshev polynomials of the third kind. Some theorems about the convergence anal-
Available online 6 August 2020
ysis and the existence-uniqueness solution are stated. Finally, some numerical simulations are presented
MSC: for different values of the fractional-order and the other parameters involved in the coefficients. We also
34A08 note that we can apply the proposed method to solve other models.
35A22
41A30
Crown Copyright © 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
65N22

Keywords:
Fractional derivatives
Ebola virus
Epidemiological model
Corona virus
Chebyshev polynomials of the third-kind
Chebyshev spectral collocation method
Newton-Raphson method

1. Introduction, definitions and preliminaries mission of its impulses, and so on (see [2,11] and [30]). This has led
to the modeling of many real-world issues including (for example)
Fractional calculus has kept attracting the interest of many au- the aforementioned ones. Most (if not all) of these mathematical
thors (see, for example, [5] and [6]). Some authors have observed models that arise from many real-life problems are proposed and
that finding new fractional derivatives with different singular or studied on the basis of biological experiences or statistical analy-
non-singular kernels is essential to meet the need for model- sis. It is through some of these models that the interested scientist
ing more real-world problems in different fields, such as biology, can studied and verify the behavior of these models in isolation in
physics, engineering and others (see [14] and [39]). a modern laboratory-type biology experiment (see [3,8,20,24] and
Recently, the focus of many researchers is directed toward the [31]).
modeling and analysis of various problems in bio-mathematical One of the advantages of mathematical modeling of various bi-
sciences. This branch of science represents many and distinct data ological phenomena is that the mathematical model is represented
about the biological phenomena such as the Ebola virus, the Bac- as a mathematical function in time and the involved parameters.
terial cell and its distribution, Viruses, Nerve system and the trans- Hence, in this case, we can find the exact solutions to the model
and also the parameters that affect this model can be controlled
appropriately (see [17–20]).
∗
Corresponding author. We begin by introducing the following definition which will be
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (H.M. Srivastava), needed in our fractional-order epidemiological model of the Ebola
[email protected] (K.M. Saad), [email protected] (M.M. Khader). virus.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110174
0960-0779/Crown Copyright © 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 H.M. Srivastava, K.M. Saad and M.M. Khader / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 140 (2020) 110174

Definition 1. The Liouville-Caputo derivative operator Dν of help of some fixed-point theorems and by using the Liouville-
fractional-order ν is defined in the following form (see [23] and Caputo fractional derivative. In addition, they showed the unique-
[28]; see also the recent survey-cum-expository review article ness of the solution of this system under some specified initial
[35]): conditions. Combined solutions for S(t), I(t), R(t) and D(t) can be
 found in [10] and [13].
1 t
ϕ (k ) ( τ )
Dν ϕ (t ) = dτ The Chebyshev polynomials are a well-known family of orthog-
(k − ν ) 0 (t − τ )ν −k+1 onal polynomials on the interval [−1, 1] that have many applica-
  tions. They are widely used because of their good properties in the
ν > 0; k − 1 < ν  k; k ∈ N := {1, 2, 3, · · · }; t > 0 . approximation of functions. So the main aim of this study is to
implement the Chebyshev spectral collocation method (CSCM) in
Here, in this article, we present a numerical study to solve
order to solve the EVD model given by (1) to (4) and to show that
the following fractional-order epidemiological model of the Ebola
CSCM greatly simplifies this model to a non-linear system of alge-
virus [9]:
braic equations which becomes solvable by using any of the read-
Dν S(t ) = −α S(t ) I (t ) + β R(t ) − γ N, S(0 ) = s˜0 , (1) ily available numerical methods and techniques. In order to achieve
this aim, we will use some advantages of the CSCM for solving this
Dν I (t ) = α S(t ) I (t ) − I (t ) − δ I (t ), I (0 ) = i˜0 , (2) class of models in which the Chebyshev coefficients for the solu-
tion can exist very easily after using the numerical programs. For
Dν R(t ) = δ I (t ) − β R(t ), R(0 ) = r˜0 , (3) this reason, this method is much faster than the other methods.
Also, this method provides a numerical technique with high accu-
Dν D(t ) = I (t ) + γ N, D(0 ) = d˜0 , (4) racy, exponential rates of convergence and easy to use in finite and
infinite domains for different problems (see [21,32] and [33]).
where ν ∈ (0, 1]. In the above system, the main variables and co-
The main structure of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, the
efficients are defined in the following table.
numerical scheme and its convergence analysis are presented. In
Symbol definition Symbol definition Section 3, the implementation the proposed method and numer-
ical simulation are given. In Section 4, the numerical results and
S (t ) The susceptible α The rate of infection
population with the disease discussion are introduced. Finally, in Section 5, the conclusion is
presented.
I (t ) The infected β The rate of
population susceptibility

R(t ) The recovery γ The rate of natural 2. Numerical scheme and its convergence analysis
population death

D (t ) The population died in The rate of death from The classical orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials of the third
the region the disease kind and of degree n, which are orthogonal on [−1, 1], can be
N The total population in δ The rate of recovery
derived from the following formula (see, for example, [25] and
the region from the disease [34]):
  
(3 ) cos n + 1
ϕ  
The Ebola virus disease (EVD) was discovered in the Democratic Pn (x ) = 1 2
 x = cos(ϕ ); 0  ϕ  π .
Republic of the Congo near the Ebola River (Africa) for the first cos 2
ϕ
time in 1976. It is a fatal disease with a rare outbreak (see, for de-
In this section, we will use these functions on [0, ], so we can
tails, [30]). The EDV infects people from time to time and causes
construct the so-called shifted Chebyshev polynomials by using the
disease outbreaks in some African countries due to the impact of
linear transform x = (2/ h̄ )t − 1. This type of functions is denoted
the Ebola virus disease on humans and primates (such as monkeys,
and defined as follows:
gorillas and chimpanzees). It is difficult for many biologists to de-
 
termine the exact origin of the virus. However, by its comparison T̄n (t ) = Pn(3) (2/ h̄ )t − 1 ,
with and similarity to the nature and behavior of the Ebola virus
with other viruses, it has been found that it is mostly transmit- where
ted from animals. Bats or non-human primates are believed to be
T̄0 (t ) = 1 and T̄1 (t ) = (4/ h̄ )t − 3.
the origin and source of the Ebola virus (see, for example, [4] and
[26]). The transmission and infection of monkeys from animals that One of the most useful formulas involving T̄n (t ) is the analytic
carry the virus and from monkeys it is then transmitted to humans form given by (Khader [15], Khader and Babatin [16]):
and non-human primates. Generally speaking, the Ebola virus can
infect humans in one of the following ways: Direct contact with 
n
(2n + 1 )(2n − k + 1 )
T̄n (t ) = (−1 )k 22n−2k t n−k , (n = 2, 3, 4, · · · ).
humans, blood, body fluids, animal tissues, and through direct con- h̄n−k (k + 1 ) (2n − 2k + 2 )
k=0
tact with body fluids of a sick person or a person who died from
the Ebola virus disease. As the current onslaught of the Corona The function (t) ∈ L2 [0, ] can be approximated as a finite sum
virus, which is referred to as COVID-19 (see, for details, [1,27] and of {T̄0 (t ), T̄1 (t ), · · · } as follows:
[29]), the Ebola virus is transmitted to other patients or the virus

m
can pass through broken skin or mucous membranes in the eyes, m (t ) = a T̄ (t ). (5)
nose and mouth when a person comes into contact with infected =0
body fluids (or contaminated objects), but the Ebola virus is also
transmitted through sexual contact with someone who has the Theorem 1. Khader and Saad [22]
virus or who has recovered from it (see [7]; see also the recently- Suppose that the function (t) is so constrained that  (t) ∈ L2 [0,

published works [36] and [37] for the fractional-order modeling of ] and | (t )|  ξ , where ξ is a constant. Then the series (5) of the
other diseases). shifted Chebyshev expansion is uniformly convergent and:
In a recent investigation, Dokuyucu and Dutta [9] demonstrated ξ
the existence of the solution for the EVD model (1)–(4) with the |a | < 2
, ( ∈ 1, 2, . . . ). (6)
 H.M. Srivastava, K.M. Saad and M.M. Khader / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 140 (2020) 110174 3

Fig. 1. Graph of the comparison between the approximate solutions (9) and the numerical solutions at m = 21, ν = 1, α = 0.001, β = 0.002, γ = 0.01, = 0.006, δ = 0.004
and N = 10. (Solid color: Approximate solutions; Dashed color: Numerical solutions). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred
to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 2. Graph of the absolute error function of (9) with m = 21, ν = 1, α = 0.001, β = 0.002, γ = 0.01, = 0.006, δ = 0.004 and N = 100.

Theorem 2. Khader and Saad [22] Suppose that (t) ∈ Cm [0, 1]. Theorem 3. ([12,38]) Suppose that the function (t) is approximated
Then the error in approximating the function (t) by m (t) by us- in the form (5). Then Dν ( m (t)) can be defined by:
ing the formula (5) can be bounded by: ν
  m i−

Dν m (t ) = ai ϒi,(νk) t i−k−ν and

℘m+1 π (m+1 ) i=ν k=0
 (t ) − m (t )  and ℘ = maxt∈[0,1] (t )
(m + 1 )! 2
(−1 )k 22i−2k (2n + 1 ) (2i − k )!(i − k )!
(7) ϒi,(νk) = . (8)
h̄n−k (k! ) (2i − 2k + 2 ) (i − k + 1 − ν )

3. Implementation the proposed method and numerical

( = max{t0 , t − t0 } ).
simulation

In this section, we also give an approximate formula for We will now implement the Chebyshev spectral colloca-
Dν m (t) through the following theorem. tion method to solve numerically the EVD model in (1)–(4) as
4 H.M. Srivastava, K.M. Saad and M.M. Khader / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 140 (2020) 110174

Fig. 3. Graph of the residual error function (23)–(26) with m = 21, α = 0.01, β = 0.008, γ = 0.01, = 0.006, δ = 0.004 and N = 10 with ν = 0.8 and h̄ = 1.

Fig. 4. Graph of the absolute error function of (9) and (17) with m = 21, α = 0.01, β = 0.008, γ = 0.01, = 0.006, δ = 0.004 and N = 10 with ν = 0.8 and h̄ = 5.

follows:  k−1
m 


m 
m ik ϒk,(ν ) t k− −ν
Sm (t ) = sk T̄k (t ), Im (t ) = ik T̄k (t ), k=1 =0
k=0 k=0
    

m 
m 
m

m 
m = α sk T̄k (t ) ik T̄k (t ) − ( + δ) ik T̄k (t ) , (11)
Rm (t ) = rk T̄k (t ) and Dm (t ) = dk T̄k (t ). (9) k=0 k=0 k=0
k=0 k=0

By using Eqs. (1)–(4), (9) and the formula (8), we obtain:    

 k−1
m  
m 
m
( ν ) k − −ν
 k−1
m  rk ϒk, t =δ ik T̄k (t ) −β rk T̄k (t ) , (12)
sk ϒk,(ν ) t k− −ν k=1 =0 k=0 k=0
k=1 =0
    

m 
m 
m  
= −α sk T̄k (t ) ik T̄k (t ) +β rk T̄k (t ) − γ N,  k−1
m 
( ν ) k − −ν

m

k=0 k=0 k=0

dk ϒk, t = ik T̄k (t ) + γ N. (13)
k=1 =0 k=0
(10)
 H.M. Srivastava, K.M. Saad and M.M. Khader / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 140 (2020) 110174 5

Fig. 5. Graph of the approximate solutions (9) with ν = 0.6, 0.8, 0.9 for the values α = 0.01, β = 0.02, γ = 0.01, = 0.6, δ = 0, m = 21, N = 10 0 0.

These last Eqs. (10)–(13) will be collocated at m nodes t p , p = unknowns: sk , ik , rk , dk (k = 0, 1, · · · , m ) by using the Newton-
0, 1, . . . , m − 1 as follows: Raphson iteration method (NIM).
  
 k−1
m  
m 
m
( ν ) k − −ν 4. Numerical results and discussion
sk ϒk, t p = −α sk T̄k (t p ) ik T̄k (t p )
k=1 =0 k=0 k=0
  In this section, we solve the EVD model numerically by im-

m
plementing the given method and demonstrate our solution by
+β rk T̄k (t p ) − γ N, (14) means of Figures 1–6. We consider Eqs. (1) to (4) with differ-
k=0 ent values of ν , m, α , β , γ , δ , , N, and , as well as s˜0 , i˜0 , r˜0
   and d˜0 .
 k−1
m  
m 
m
( ν ) k − −ν In Fig. 1, we compare the approximate solutions (9) and
ik ϒk, t p = α sk T̄k (t p ) ik T̄k (t p ) the numerical solution based on the finite difference method
k=1 =0 k=0 k=0 by using the program Mathematica for the specific value ν = 1.
 

m The other parameters are taken as α = 0.001, β = 0.002, γ =
− ( + δ) ik T̄k (t p ) , (15) 0.01, = 0.006, δ = 0.004, h̄ = 20, and N = 10. The initial
k=0 values, S(0 ) = 70, I (0 ) = 2, R(0 ) = 0 and D(0 ) = 0, are used
here.
    In Fig. 2, we show the absolute error between the approxi-
 k−1
m  
m 
m
( ν ) k − −ν
rk ϒk, t p =δ ik T̄k (t p ) −β rk T̄k (t p ) , mate solutions (9) and the numerical solution for the same pa-
k=1 =0 k=0 k=0
rameters as in Fig. 1, but for N = 100. From these two figures
(Figs. 1 and (2), we can observe that the approximate solutions
(16)
are very much in agreement with the corresponding numerical so-
  lutions. The comparisons are made with the integer-order deriva-
 k−1
m  
m tive. In fact, we also show satisfaction with the effective and accu-
( ν ) k − −ν
dk ϒk, t p = ik T̄k (t p ) + γ N. (17) racy of the results involving derivative of non-integer order. Since
k=1 =0 k=0 most of the models do not have the exact solutions and also
In addition, the associated initial conditions can be expressed by most of the similar programs are usually not capable of gener-
substituting from Eq. (9) therein. We are thus led to the following ating numerical solutions, so we need to verify the accuracy of
four equations: the results by using some procedure. We can check the accu-
racy of the results by defining the residual error function (REf ) as

m 
m
follows:
(−1 )k (2k + 1 ) sk = s˜0 , (−1 )k (2k + 1 ) ik = i˜0 ,
k=0 k=0 REf (S, I, R, t ) = Dν S(t ) + α S(t ) I (t ) − β R(t ) + γ N, (19)

m 
m
(−1 )k (2k + 1 ) rk = r˜0 and (−1 )k (2k + 1 ) dk = d˜0 . (18) REf (S, I, t ) = Dν I (t ) − α S(t ) I (t ) + I (t ) + δ I (t ), (20)
k=0 k=0

Finally, Eqs. (14)–(17), together with the four equations in (18), REf (I, R, t ) = Dν R(t ) − δ I (t ) + β R(t ), (21)
give rise to a non-linear system of 4(m + 1 ) algebraic equations.
This system of algebraic equations will be solved for the following REf (I, D, t ) = Dν D(t ) − I (t ) − γ N. (22)
6 H.M. Srivastava, K.M. Saad and M.M. Khader / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 140 (2020) 110174

Fig. 6. Graph of the approximate solutions (9) with ν = 0.6, 0.8, 0.9 for the values α = 0.5, β = 0.002, γ = 0.01, = 0.006, δ = 0, m = 21, and N = 10 0 0.

Now, in view of the CSCM, the REf is given by: D(0 ) = 0. Thus, from these Figs. 5 and 6, we note that the behavior
of the approximate solutions is dependent strongly on the values
REf (S, I, R, t ) of ν and the other chosen parameters.

m 
m 
m 
m
Finally, from all the figures which we present in this paper,
= Dν sk T̄k (t ) + α sk T̄k (t ) ik T̄k (t ) − β rk T̄k (t ) + γ N,
k=0 k=0 k=0 k=0
we can confirm the efficiency of the proposed algorithm and its
computationally favorable use for numerical treatment of the given
(23)
model. We can also observe that all of the theoretical studies,
REf (S, I, t ) which are concerned with the convergence analysis, are accom-
plished. In addition, the main and important note is that the be-

m 
m 
m 
m
= Dν ik T̄k (t ) − α sk T̄k (t ) ik T̄k (t ) + ( + δ ) ik T̄k (t ), havior of the numerical solutions is in excellent agreement with
k=0 k=0 k=0 k=0 the real meaning of the model and satisfies the same behavior of
(24) the components of the system S(t), I(t), R(t), D(t) via the increasing
or decreasing numbers of each of these variables.

m 
m 
m
REf (I, R, t ) = Dν rk T̄k (t )(t ) − δ ik T̄k (t ) + β rk T̄k (t ),
5. Conclusion
k=0 k=0 k=0
(25) In our present investigation, we have proposed and applied a

m 
m
numerical method in order to successfully convert the fractional
REf (I, D, t ) = Dν dk T̄k (t ) − ik T̄k (t ) − γ N. (26) epidemiological model of the Ebola virus into a non-linear sys-
k=0 k=0
tem of algebraic equations. The idea is to find expansions of the
For computing the REf , we set m = 21, α = 0.01, β = 0.008, γ = solutions by using the Chebyshev functions of the third kind. We
0.01, = 0.006, δ = 0.004 and N = 10, ν = 0.8; with h̄ = 1 in then have made use of one of the known numerical methods, the
Fig. 3 and h̄ = 5 in Fig. 4. The initial conditions in these two figures Newton-Raphson method, for solving the resulting non-linear alge-
are taken to be S(0 ) = 10, I (0 ) = 15, R(0 ) = 0, and D(0 ) = 0. From braic system. The accuracy of the approximate solutions was ver-
the previous two figures (Figs. 3 and 4, we find that the results ob- ified for our usage of the proposed method by closely comparing
tained in the fractional-order case indicate the accuracy and valid- the approximate solutions with the numerical solutions resulting
ity of the results presented in this work. In this way, we can verify by using the computer program package Mathematica. In the case
the accuracy of the solutions in the case of a fractional order in of the classical Ebola system (that is, in the case when ν = 1), as
which there is no exact solution. well as in the case of its fractional-order model, the residual er-
Next, in Figs. 5 and 6, the behavior of the approximate so- ror function is calculated. In all of the cases, we have found a re-
lutions are studied with various specific values of the parame- markably good agreement. Finally, the behavior of the fractional
ters as well as for different values of fractional-order. In Fig. 5, epidemiological Ebola system was illustrated by assigning differ-
we take ν = 0.6, 0.8, 0.9 for the values m = 21, α = 0.01, β = ent values to the order of the fractional derivative as well as for
0.02, γ = 0.01, = 0.6, δ = 0, h̄ = 4; and N = 10 0 0 with initial different values of the other parameters involved. Several numeri-
values given by S(0 ) = 10 0 0, I (0 ) = 15, R(0 ) = 0 and D(0 ) = 0. cal simulations and illustrative graphical demonstrations have also
While in Fig. 6, we put ν = 0.6, 0.8, 0.9 for the values m = 21, α = been presented in this investigation. The applied techniques in this
0.5, β = 0.002, γ = 0.01, = 0.006, δ = 0, h̄ = 20; and N = 10 0 0 article show that their effect and power can be extended to other
with the initial values given by S(0 ) = 70, I (0 ) = 2, R(0 ) = 0 and fractional-order models and the non-linear evolutions equations.
 H.M. Srivastava, K.M. Saad and M.M. Khader / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 140 (2020) 110174 7

Declaration of Competing Interest [18] Khader MM, Adel M. Introducing the windowed fourier frames technique for
obtaining the approximate solution of coupled system of differential equations.
J Pseudo-Differ Oper Appl 2019;10:241–56.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. [19] Khader MM, Adel M. Chebyshev wavelet procedure for solving FLDEs. Acta
Appl Math 2018;158(1):1–10.
[20] Khader MM, Saad KM. Numerical treatment for studying the blood ethanol
concentration systems with different forms of fractional derivatives. Internat
CRediT authorship contribution statement J Modern Phys C 2020;31(3):1–13.
[21] Khader MM, Saad KM. A numerical study using chebyshev collocation method
H.M. Srivastava: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - re- for a problem of biological invasion: fractional fisher equation. Internat J
Biomath 2018;11(8):1–15.
view & editing. Khaled M. Saad: Writing - original draft, Conceptu- [22] Khader MM, Saad KM. A numerical approach for solving the problem of bio-
alization, Methodology, Software. M.M. Khader: Writing - original logical invasion (fractional fisher equation) using chebyshev spectral colloca-
draft, Conceptualization, Methodology, Software. tion method. Chaos Solitons Fract 2018;110:169–77.
[23] Kilbas AA, Srivastava HM, Trujillo JJ. Theory and applications of fractional dif-
ferential equations. North-Holland mathematical studies, vol 204. Amsterdam,
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