ub tun ctivy, 1€ Genomes: Siu ; Tia.- ~ chuomcsongy “ chapleit id wet of, efveemosons andthe = A of ds organi a se on cols aca ul 7 i ye acidicnoliiue _ DNA as (jen Ie MATERIAL a ee Fagpricn qurrimh - “xpedaunt of. ransfounalon Laer Stryilococeus Puumonae has 2 Ustraios 5.04 Smo ae Bh nd. rough, (owirulend) Jascauist inuumooth strain. there uA uae — em whiten aaa tune ne ae i () Mouse + Dnfucted Ave R= “sbrain ae — : (i). Mouse + Onjected dive S- train 2— Mouse, oledde (til) Mouse. + Qnfectad Jot dled. ——- Daath eres es _ 8 Abra at ae fas ts tt hive, R= gtfain, —___— arse reins 218 i i Atal ‘a md be somastnonsfouning mdliaial ee Rite S strain. ___IbenicaTION_OF DA. AS"THE TRANSFORMING, MATERIAL Be > Tdranrning Jc saa confianad oy Mfocliod and. ——— Me Coly = sean ee (0 Lin Colla + Syctinct of S-atrain + DNAS —> Role (Le R= Calls + CDi of S strain + Protease, > ¢. Atrain__ (i. Live R= Cols + Gpbradeof- = abialn +RNAL —> $ -shotn-HERSHEY CHASE EXPERIMENT Ta Th panties | — Te pat Bactorte abetted with phage J DNA (Ni ela grou i * wut t Sree. col ey CY Ub with ep Jab ule | ' | \ : 4 it a Sau \ I inkeationy y i - Gaisilugt <— Blend. the ouve Te x -ro AB elt SL colicell & radian” “ORM - TR P oye. 2 Ty povutele._, labelled {Se a with $35 4 zi \ protun \~ Es laedtia qnowm tn iva anper tact wit AS medium : SF lobed T,- 20 rein, et lend tilt, Centrifugy Snpusion” 4p usponall Colt ray & cols AT, basteriophage. diffrackion, > Qn dh expostmunt, te protein coat. o vinwa waa Labeled votth, ce DNA with’ Pos DNA doun'k contain Aulphun and Protein docin] shone phospho « =i sao the. basal st >] Su the [estast op ests i rob atoll. E vhence Labelling “et ei — ‘ sheawy vane. haul hight we = + obubi- ) > a 7 tata thas not entured in the backed t tat. +. the sant lt Coat: aie bacteria. te Lays) he Ac | j while the. alee whieh wi. PNAC anterted. finite ft. ———-——~ y 4 DNA Replication — s - 4 4 -elltuiving cells Jor: cana t f eth. patent cell Ft opltcole net gi aaa 1 pat degen DNA es | Sumit = Consuuvative model. ia upon —- Gased. on xcompleme ena Chaps” | that both. the ee amt uspoxclt ond dingrt MESELSON AND. STAHL EXPERIMENT = oe = » eg | ~ mm aghe) | Gpnorait. DNA of, i: | (Nn 34N 4) — NM qnowm E.Colt a cols oa pee PON gun iui) aN. y.> ms lo eeREPLICATION eo site. of the DNAs, (MoLecULAR MECHANISM OF DNA Q. DNA vuptteatior always stant vat va. pect called ‘origin. of vuplitation” ox Ori Stes 1jp_3! diuction. # ©) The PNA replication always occ in 5. QO. how wh austngle Ort-site inyprokaryses which dnowt. vowrallon py Ont Stes stn dhe incon, DNA- of tukonuades ©, Upon. inttaston., dao weplicatter. von wand. thay mow. ‘ than crlgin in oppose. cinectow Tha ai jo ditilional. ee Hin fina {9 Tororsomerases = 94 ini on aa DNA uti f Yu tev th te ge 4 thi md while thew vousmany Qh point ot whith suplieabien occuts Lh vcolud Replication Feat. IL Be This naan, Unwind ths Tio Sek 9 nue ssas pnoing eosis (558,) ~ A wshronds that vars, py IB. °clagomate 4) a POLYMERASE S ~ make. new rand card ol f Parental DNA The most 4 Important enzymes of Jeplisatfory he DNA ua gil pla parental "fasting cm bases. oe tn St» 3! reckfon., i+ &+ i Jonmsuae 1 phosphodater ‘ond between 3! — = hydrox up 4) the. previous} pucleobide with 5/— Phosphali group of te fect tutdteotide = 2 Pt DNA Blymnaue 2D and We sukaupol = 9,8 Y,"S ond 2° ( (2.ypep in —— And Pelyrn snitochoniditiol. DNA). : + 2 Propentes DNA Colymenases (0) AMLDNA ps aes dain strand) dumplolt strand. out. die lin. thai Proce 5 he “4 poses added. per yin, 9 dhs jog activity ist. sonst wu DNA COLI | fits eae ‘al 5-3! omni Bir st exotilcleaie | 3’ 5’ exonuclease. i) Frousivity Procesivi . | Procumivity. > . es bajeik fi Sok jin | 15000 nit).a 7 : ae 1 not initial’ DNA 5). RNA PRIMASE. = As DNA ly on 2 pop Of cpolymrcization. wackivity and. naae®- noun makes Abort provcus nucleotide... Qn E- Cob» ee for DNA RNA agenant: that provides A ye ie aa anda. Onin pyrene fn the DNA by 6). DIVA LIGASE. — Sheen ie { <0 phosphodiester sbond. Jodween f @_DINA REPLICATION. 7 “GaDWA plication proas,snce hoxton Tie Miands-oL NUR. St, | 2 bltionds vane vant = ponallel., while. DNA-teplication can. occur. oni. t I *, ° ES f 5 taicn, .dTand atal coneap HP | called. 04 ing sland white.the other strand whieh us ¢ —paaypntheatced a piece kazaki sepia | itt ae yan age = fon | 5 aa ae |yo ’ a eee ot, ina procech vupicnon wand te | [prov Pind 5. previouly added, rucleotie te z ‘rides feadds the nxt uclnhh — ae 2 2 Pe ese prtnun sac ine J ing sbronid . make} fo can apna i ts ree EL pe = eis PROKARYOTES | eukanvores Dna Gil. | DNA fal.—_| DNA fat. . rik | m | xp 6 ¥ & — > Adds ~ “sa Ben ~ p00. |-__—- 50 wh / rin. rnin. nh /-min- > slav3/eeomse 7325" —| la sins! poe —exomuclaaed > DNAPo We valle RNAP | perand..ond.soll-the RNA cd Okazaki of the lagging amas 5 3 exonuclease — a activity = = ws io =) ‘Now. DNA pa , nme fn. pane RNA primus ao | >The gaps nt aaa Pragimante wrest deg ! __DNA, sear _sat plate strand Jun G 3's £2 DNA Polynuase tyr ——— Templali Strand, Okazaki Fragmantk of Jagaing sttond * Primo an svemoved coy DNA fol. 4 and. yp Haced. buy dNTPs and the gans Ou. sialedulay DNA Ligast« _ Fine STRUCTURE OF THE GENE = a ee ae ee ee ETOP # _Gene - A Sequmunt of DNA dhat corn the votolo oh oun "i ion 5 a shaban ; a n't ea nrc NON-CODING GENES. ~The gunk thal co Jon iRNAWERI Be nie RNA te Ps —# INTERGENIC REGIONS = wictieaerba that a oat eey clascmute | dukes awe Jonaen ae ' a ey ol Genomes dnd howe, int. while. prokoayatai have gable 9 te rage gubeeqenic Teqtbns.. : 7 : (ene reqiom, . 5 ? : 3/ CoS z GT a 3 <—_____ Dna 5/ Se +, Gole(a.prokanystt) Jaas 1 Civeulaa chnemoiomsbuskihos 4500 «jug erat awe 16 chromosomes with. 6500 white duuman shane 46.chummesamus with ont 20 - 25000.qenu ( Lc 2% of qonome. us gene) ora oe | > Gpnes dhoweo.promoter eaton fn.the. upitisam, whith ex preston: of gene to RI iption, utaxtt onda. bouninalor neqion, | shee. ptton. tops. no Se ye eee Fema ater? = 4 At BIE wigs oes ea > Split Gaus = So aa itp an cong (cor). : __npn= coating venjona {intron}. while piokanpolic.gsnes.o.re intron Lem. ee a= oo Now coding : oe i . aa 3prin de 0 My in prokanyhia ¢ te sich Oey? ip comecssv SY with pout > ve. Custos w nse Oke Dperons = Gyre | ; ‘ > r FROM Gene To PROTEIN (CENTRAL DOGMA)- DNA ——? RNA? Protein. = 7 prokanyot, truss ds ni dpi ruscluus, themefore ths. Aoumnasion ol | JMRNA fem DNA (transcrip Hon) ts irmrnadiatily follow yy mane | ff de protein ( transtakfon) » t Tan eukaryot, thu nuacbide qj DNA thab coma be i et protetn, coh fost 0 Je RNA (UA ung fas i wpb transcription In. mucleds f, mRNA wh dransported J 3 —t ep focbranstatien ji oliypeptids.choin of ommine aids in, : + protein. —— = 2Rave ‘ ayor 4b } “rarscxiption (viruses) Qian pna/< ibed i a sae aap { ibe in os ree gout angliy eval mRNA copies aga josration tonal dav cp sans indice ® TRANSCRIETION = = | The prows of Conn ersion, ty jingu tifa ie Dyn RNA. = anes — 2 * aly ed 0 pada coment base_tn now RNA Teri a-Si rand, Tnutiand ch DNA auchichls not-used— in Lagehireleew idunticol. Uo-the RNA vcquance except thatin RNA | ‘vib. prosené tnstead of ST! ond tthe nucleoticles of RNA ie udtbonucleotidas . B e 4 4 = 6 1G 60.G.A1G, 2! 2 Tac age TAC 3 he eet La.gu itr py op nucleotide. ee Ob which. bai fon. stants called +1 site. peaRNA Pe Folymuase ul the enayme Baku Asponutbla.g ronscri Pilon A single RNA polymerase Ayrsfesices ol RNA ; PEARNA, rRNA and MRNA Winrar (tn i Bur thre axe, hue dif unt: RNA ®lyrnarases tn. bk RNA Folymranase. ie = 1 RNA RNA. Polymetose: ID MRNA RNA Polymerare. “Il + tRNA. 7 RNA Fo ae ita Comet re Re Pan ta laste, 2B, B*) ond” o ( st } RNA. Pol % a 9 a ae an, lp a 2 BB" ui walled Solo > The = actor of RNA Polymerase volLows the en: ts bind, : Re Ae promoter a agony thegenag ih fn change iy, > | RNA. dupnthuss auatins within vo. Uinnwsaption. bubble fr ushbh 3, | {lio aoe i pny apc syporstid te ick! | — aval epiaepalig with, sae RNA. re > stg foul. dissociates afte 10-20 NTPs axe added ant a éNowscent RNA- figs ees 4th, RNA Folymaxau, eukayslet nexdeotis. pro obeta : pst pond ged ae te Post TRANSCRIPTIONAL, MODIFICATIONS 11 IN =UKARYOTES — —— Gost Sronseniptional, ‘nodif eakons oe requtred a ed. fr wukanycli a4 ——— im The DNA fs Prot frac wh gly Lemaire ond : = - a eee | (w dukanyobte gus vom split ints exons.and, tatrons . dhe pecunsoe mRNA found tr eukonyctisvone calle hab RNAot hnRNA. a pameerers E ). pptng. - A Emmitt Guonosine vs added. a tie. 5end of te ARIA Joncoue — een ee es ee inteanipont of fv pm cet ~—@) oy stacton =A poly A al ad undef mea at kK 10 ee translocation. Hi:’ | ak f intron aft | rumoval oF "at t found valine, WENA od Gxon ~@ntron ~~ Gxon Tetra el fora /* | Fast-tranatiptional. Moat, | GENETIC. CODE aaa Rao “Codon + eee tess pall tn tt 7 a ee Ouynis i > thew. ann 64 codons | such, 6 1coclons Ow adNl 9 va dle wt band codon, . i . , svn: Malthasi, Otb-oa and. Rhprana estalitched. the prop tid | yratac cod fn 1963, cola of qui Ode 1 qpiise Codt is unambtoucus that i ant duighly sped. MON. Coches moni, Ore anvineg aud. a“ primey. Ons. ornine anid wan ube coded by more than ont Lode tage Bagdad Loci soy in codons, spytins. codecs by hour codons white ruthionine sand Arayptephian aw coded. by vit codon. juts cod di, none overlong « fochubose of mRNA ui pat “ only one codon «| sna tn 5’ 3" diy (© Siettenalty ~ Cotorasons UT Al, netic. codons wound. £0 > {. the quebe Mlle a, @. y unui codes care wrivrae gouewe in all ov gan @ TRANSLATION hep YOCLSS O| Tha process of decoding the vce gua fst fos chain. of amine vacids- Transp RNA (RIVA) $= 42NA ‘adam tho wadobon 24.B ey wad the codon, of m1. RNA_as iin pn - Annie oid yt a ee | -R. Holley sported. the La EARINA ore 70 D910 aot tn 3 Tepe model vttite tswosag RIVA (yA ug RNA aus) OCR Which tRN, a : : ane j oe eee fie ; * Amine Acid + ATP —> Amine acyl AMP + PPi ( aa d ANP + tRNA —> Amine “RNA AMP. At z = ne (changed. tANA)- pe ie Acceptor Arn J ___[trbare pi | LP payWobble Base fairing *- Thue vat 61 ecodons white only 21-54 $RNAS sou | fruide dhe cell. Thé means ont tRNA won me faan ore codons. chi ui pes becouse cost dhaste vi -Wwob orsene codon. 4 ine ec 7] fue third base of RNA J that does vot Oh waksen Crick bp, | by x t= Anaicodon.(ARNA) 3 UG. = Codon(mRNA)> 52 ACU_3’— Cot mde , 50s Subunit ww io =| Bs wRNA +30s Qhittation Complex of yg te te ae a 24> GDP + py a EF =Twn. cobon, vey sindng GPT _- nS _Displaces GPP. 2 Promotes dx— matched unity chip. cxcounocy dtp those of $RNA- ounkicodon.« —__ z 2) "Ribosomes nave 5 ates — —s P= _fopbidyl = RNA: + ein tole. pe ving Pe attached. alate : . ee Los 4A Falcovomsa Losay, © peptide bond, fon between. ae wuttndcle intoming Omine-autd, 2 ge conten out translocotton, — extended, p - tRNA so RP pagene ins wo. pp. chain aki seqpsrsio\ E FEGULATION OF GENE Ex PRESSION Ogarivrs One consisting of dhandaed ond uf nds.o [i Gets nk VLE, “x preed. wot any ors dime. Sh expla of ©. jarboulon Gent i Jovnnd, on, whan the produc of these gores ou Teedeo. th white Jb vs tuuned off when. not sip. Brae abt ih ff ¥ 2 a yards Tiarscnipht and Sranulotion, pods uquires. dnt beh of canta nang 5 BE sxprtessiin.of pores io ig eataete nol ved, Crppannive wos, uae. ond con ubiice the, ee mp teal peace eka waliatins ae Provan Fines a? otain “Franitatton. Fut potgnr - Coudain oh oo bd. ci a pot anal , fee Pr, . of stunt on ath eprom got in wierpone sa val usions fn uthe, enw ronment us Er TS whith exprenionaf red - ° _Opuwn - 0 even vis a.rclusli oF sono whic i : ee t cac few mae see pa = @ Th rinuoite rodthi aa _-expresston.o| jt ae = pore e ra + | ostive Conbiol Mechantims ~ = enact 0 the. cpu : ther pint Ba rrquuitocl I ee 4 one of nen! 3 oe sanpemaciel fati He ao —— gai + Conbiuol Mechaniiwns — = Ss pout f the {gene neessony To Shut? Eh sha itn oe pe rewion tn t Ve ve centro aT = 2 Ryvisso = gana px producti Oe ali Pre ne exprudon. inv = ve conDhol my stem » = a oyliners » MO ( Custer - A cluster const of vo sing promot i i meMA® spesesae ALAN whith ui called. potyesst? yon hanttanionof polye! ois rome san MRNA of 4 aiff or se ntbs eh agqanl iy oboon mM ) sha at te prooseduhe operory nuodat based ulftde scutes of dhe lactose operon. fa a age ede foc operon contains ua. yvuomolek (P), an n opauaton (0) and, 3 pablo doe Y and. tae ke encoi eH rf sida itn puna galactosidase cleaves on mpi 4 wes roca Ynduatbte opercow + este ett date oui praent ow a tt shuls of rans. ts oper dh ps. Lab pans mesic vent a theaeacana i ep Ra barucrip vow “fo Gpose premnt 4 __pNA & Rapoesned ale 3’ -DEELTEwalled. ynubations- > hus hui changes HO tue & ate nasndon, + Mutations sank mostly ects! ant ‘c udlisovdns pions oak ys go Al a) + Mutations duod.to dhe - | w thot Vi t Mutations wore shaumful 10s ul vas supe oe ark uy ond wip plas may be sporfanLos anang Se J coy ube sncced. so oe dike yy | age pe vuplicationsct it \ ee | Wght, X ~roys ond. Y= en che A f Lag (# tanto Autphanst) a ts GENE - pguTATIONS — IEEE Genome, - thRoMOSOME AND “AND ] t. # GENOME MUTATIDNS — : | te ma ao ean egies ia chunenaserns 20 wand. cose s \t Ce See eta: Sgn “Nowy —+ —— of —4 odd no. of yuol ‘dadthe Jaiplotde wanes! ls Fi a b j yon of Pease tact chromosome aura re | qu oven ruumber. of poluyelerds vox usually weitand, Snow’ 8 pooblams in chapmosome ypatring vt maior. ae 5 pyuuploids ~ he vabnouat number of chav eso hate og O Monsscnniz + Oxqanism. with ontchaameson _ joumal dip loth we. TS spd = AS.eabon 3 : sacle ; you ™ [rene gi upA ase co aka eta vas 7 I Sawenaton ~ A oy, = ' 00° 008 Weinert eg t ‘Palgmint vs semoved, rotated. though | £+g¢ "he same location . 1 Atcy i j ; » | une one. 2 * 4 ' 7 fa \wutor based von trwolvument of Centromes-; fanmeein ae cantromane Bh Oubsids the inveuton. t es 4 cnkromew us involved. in thvenion « | I 4 ACBD + Teanulecation, = 4 Htagmant of Chxomosomeal connec Ye, ; =e Piciquotos Translocation, ~ 2k frwolves cthe viecfprocal, xchange, chtornouome pranks sbenneen nor-~shomolagous evomosomes vewult {n. wea snangomen tr. on ae eS = GENE MUTATIONS : po 7 Theta umoll uutemnations in va. gine. ward. vate called, ‘gene, _rruskosiony’ > use changes fwolue sochange tnsavingle raclnt of gene. j 0 Addition -_& aly eG 28 AT, Go ce A jt CAT LAT — Ge. pee_ wotieale st aa = | — raamage it DNA dike chery. ye dated fe treoponnsic = | ee et me Sg hates ants - Lo. Maclizasion of ean by highly sancti catbemitads it - 04 buylating agi te ntrsoented on reaine AT Tic s - Or ous of purine. bos dus 19 Local, pHchange.— ea _-—— Jon double strand buok. dae TD p—-——{iat | Bin foti ofp E2915 ae enan peer — Muchas} DNA Repair ee es : A) Philo venctivaton = tie tiv) 4 | ~— 7, We yi controlled. iL is Ola ai, eee : iA wu & be ee ASe ‘ eee 3 Acotagang ; 5 3 co UV Light 52 i ea s tuxcision 0 juan). | Ss aaghs pees 02 = nd posing) ENE MaDTATIONS jp Side Anau a ipaathi i Hasmophitin A a 8 * Sete shaped, POC with vuducrd. 0, caring » O founed.. letting Lodon WI and TE ai nok. 9 Xywdaume, er "bp Uvaligheta = Diem, bpd puuen ah cuneate, 2 Med. due 15 ons. DNIA 08 see y (PEDIGREE fsa —— 71 rae af saat ten tance / J by tony of 8 genet 1. | 2 Sebi slg fos ENOME 9 GANISATION — ong a i ee ee 2. 7 Tha Jul componen) Lomplument of DNA fru sqeorsond. | Ee as sumo fasta ue k W Viral Gari exp resi Viruses ume dhe rost 2 ee 7 nna on > | The genome 0 ne ius must genera “ye t qunomek or infection: > Be Nuclete A , > Viruses dadave ony Siv0 cn ons DNA de Protoins make det coat (capsid) whilenpine Ph se RNA/ ds RNA: a Sha gnc of viruses vane VU vou wena fogs es ond. 1 bacterin th Gu be & 40 es >, ay have neghigible. intergone J at i i +f inal tha gone. — = Mao ong AP with inboom. — ete laa — Nucleon. + Organetax DNA aes ec _chiomovomes. | marae ans DNA an tua many such. thomson, - _ (8, ARIA NM ELLIS ELAS, ficgte tne i vak madeup of rupttative i facet spc uh) O19e— - : ue eee + iy quqarles like. mitochondnta, fn Davacmaacubes 2 ala. Stora = hak OY Genes. _ fhu-DNA da tyoutioun & contaty ed. he. on pte fection of onty Shou, ceganttte. 4 ow ae of switouhondual DNA vantages ms toni SB a exqomem. Sie. DNA dog's samt o Lot -__— éyorwomathih = =the pont. ht “the, coll whichis wt hy ode onstibls 2 %e 0 ae Sovolwed. fr -roxweniption «