bin Jauge

vasks prioctple ol electsl

n the
A Shaln gauge
de pendence he Coducts's
on the
Conductance and its
Conductuy ?5 stre Lched w:th ?9
gCamehy heneveY a ?S

elasttcity it docent break but

He
the ltmitr ttt
gets naYOueY and longes
iS a pass:ie tsan sducey th Conerl
A Straln gruge
displace ment tato He
he chanye of sesistanee
mechanil
Asealn Jauye Sensos f a thin afer- ke devie that
matrils to meaSue
Can be altached to a Vanety of
a ppled Shain.
Gauge Tackig StSran
oasn dinctisn Electsc wires
(lead)

Solder pads
Resssue foil
shasa
A shiain gauye s a Ressto used to mensure stan on an object.
hen an extern fce îs applie d on an objett, due to which
there is a detnaton ocCury inte sape of the Dbject.
-This deomtion tte shape both copresfve 6 tensile
hape iSis both
Called sralo.
 resistance Theeare
This 7s
keCaanln ybe
PIpostren4logehundegog AeCleront ahch The

Fo
and mattia
appliions. reg:se
matsd aVailable bye
fo
to R
diometer
the straln
strain
bl:c
age
Senfed to fell
in
The a Jaufe
Shallapplied
in cam ohich 7e is
by This
preffion Vanetymounttd
a the tane (Fig
sash.
Sfsatn Canfe
Gaohent
gage mgnihde ot )
cue gauge of on are
a strngaye
shapeg a
in
As to he backing
aohig wos heats this is y
esistaneChaye Afoil
effecih
So attached and Common
tone
change mate.
princpbrtdge.
fnitt chorger h
f
 Jergtin
h. thay Shows Jange
e wheatstone shen diagrn
iSweatstone
diagrans
Crauit
The elol no
gageie no
Unit
where tofoce bridge. strain a
Jaugedefecton.bridge is
Al: DR= R= charge R
s
Change Change romin facr and This gauge Shous Io
is
in
appred
of the
Conditn.
Unstsred inguge rcsS balanced ckt if
in shrain restnce to Conrecfed
xeristane fan f the is
specinnen TeItance e
Specimen an
in oltmetey
o Pi2
per gae Condi
antdhe ton the strainof so
lergh. i5 the designed fnlo Cn
Chaye
unit gage, ckeHhis
defret shraih
Rthat
 characeris of sah gage '
met'c fo:ls shaio
edhese gaye wrth backa
a)

tmitaducta Srain
b) gage Cno baci/
Adhese

moleculety De pos:ted tin

mehlie straln gaye
bonded

Lnfultin
Dfuged Semicorducto
molecuky stran gage
dy

Fecture s -
made up ot met foil
Susfae Area
High d:SSpation Capactty
High tempesahre nange
Ressstance
Gauge Cument 3oA
 Aontages?
Excellent Stran e produ cbl;y
louw Creep
Los Hyser sis
Superias mechanico stallity
lorjer :fe
fabicated economi(ally mas scale

used to meehan il
AppitonS i-) strain gauge s
engineesing devdlopment
measure the stess de veloped by
) 2t is used to
dierent machiney
aisraft to meaSure kage and
3) Tt is used
COnponcnt testny.
Shuchural domge af

Gageg and meb Qagese

Direne blw Semionduchx
Semiconduchs met Gaug
Con pajate
point
Veny kgk CompaTately Small
Gaugefaas Very Snal karye except toil gay
PoDY very gocd.
Lineartby Excetlent
PoDY
Temp. çtkl:ty
Elastt strain sarge Hrgh louw
Fatgue lrfe High Sous
protection Aron Strong Not g1equired
Essental due to phat
Sens; tivr of
Semíconducty
 are
and " b) a)tyres.
Tuo Cryshlr gaugeg
Theseare Backing <Cncorductos
filament
0:0Smm
abaut Sectonal
The breakig-Theresponse to
etoTesponseNegatve added Sead
l·Smm tenslpositive
gage a)

area to
aohich
to O r fm Stoan
lmm is tens:le
shalnn-tyre
creasef.de p-
p part clement leadCope
the stresr Produced N-tyPe Gauge
yre, Certain Cetbain
in torn Shan. whse whe gauge-
of tom
Jengh of Amount b)
thick
chara cnount
amattns Tesistanlenesistane teristis. These
S:licon
bonded
Surfare
and single ef p-bpe -he gaugy
and str
2'met Jaye. Bh
ls de speciat
inccase creaSes thgee of
Tect
O:2fmmangular
ay te is axe
getanum posled)
the in foil ypefsnct did
io io imprities Strah
coide of
rog gye bondd
gaye, so
hure,
tempera of
200 attach kr
meaurenentr.
Jaye
sbain
So
ship to
metatto 7m, eading nelbtien CompaTed
l0o to
width.
of of o.4to inchange difteult
arge loading
Comparison bard neliable iihig crain
og bype
fol
ahighRrequeny and cter shrain. bnken
from xense.
Chara hrgh
the fatigue
lengh to obtan
enstie
tn in Sensste veexpens;
ere
undey
with for ealy
spate.in
fuctr
Sensitvety and non-linear
hay be orCuire
under Inin
pactef Snall
to
deffcult Sutable
gaugeresis.
hyfte
Sous
Disadvontyeli
ver
is more loge
voloutrt
ife Com oCcupies
iS
has object equlnlent
high
High Tt pt
not Can
Very more Very is
tt Hhe
 Toque stdualRe
Com?reion measurement
Vibsaton straun
Semicanduch Bending
Senconduch
Meayerement meafurement
measurement
shess
and
Semjconde and
Gcduore deflecton
Silicnter fr mealuyCMent:
sonten
ype
stn Semicondt hy
Bondea
faye meafurenent
Shan

aufe Batkag
mattnd Gold
wie
TeTmin.
Sernilondcoy
 eststnce
engt
bothand its
skress Pie%
Conducho pieele
effectbne
Sengeh wakigPresure used stayin stante
hudind
Jong: a
area elen reSisthe mekl
creasede bctypeqaugesi
analysis Jawge Sbrain
Ceasesfn
of Elaptic whenChange
1t
is
Jaugy gauges change! on
Conduct o4
Cross lood R=
dimen
Sions are
matria Valthuefn
diametere of
- cetts, ased elecbric
scctpn ’ A
seconday stralned.
< ay aclaunt
decrcases. toque PRetoelectsc staf ectton
Cros-
AYea nests
Tenfion tansculeas Stretched os
fncreale Jauge of hve
tsansduce meler Condue of
Hhe transduceo
strer effect.
fowkig
res¢tvity tr
ate xdia
comp
factresSed
h
l phreynexriment Change
Positely
dimensiong on of
stra tpe the .
Also
 L
D

Resstance R
D5 D AD
Rd

change in the value of esistanee of shraned

Conducts is more than the increase TeSistance
due to dimen sion changes.
2 AL’ change Dength
diamete
AR TenS tance
sresr
: Area
dR + dP
ds A2 dS A

- J JA
R ds A

PRT unit Perunt

per unit
Per en?t change in
Change in Change io reistiviy
change in Jergth areo
reis tance
A= D
D. D
= D.
LA e) D D
 de -2dD
R ds D DS

Poisson's Ratio bater shrain

Long:huind shain.

D
+

ds

AR AL
R

ratio of per untt Change in

Gauge facts
to per UNit Change Jengta
Yesstance

Strals E

AR

Gauge facta
Resistance ckarfe
due to pietoele4
L effect
Gee Ae - Re9istance change Rep?s tanee
due to change of Choge de
ergth to change in
arla
leraon ) Staujratyh ) 3) poisson'Katso
eoperfmentd
onstnucHonappliatton 6) Vaccum4)
Strain
Diffused Bonded Sputer fonded Bonded Nichrome,
mofnaniumNit2cket
’
ducex. Shran
gogeg
tre,ofshresr are mefd
fhrain
Semiduchy
con pos;tedde demetal met constarftum micro
neta
porife4 shrain
gauyg
wire fhaln
Onay mostty o-s to
Jauyy
shaunFoil
torque, is shrain
Jange hin 00- Pepei?oe9isti e
torgue ued thin Jayes
o4 Soo Neglecea
etect i
tor
shras
Gaye met
macknes
pressure, metal
tuo Jaye
Strain
film
and myao lm
flow
Stuchre shran
and typer
gauye
of
 a
incucthean
A ha Wear-eSis
tant pro cidetrthye
torue used moton
nteret into Conot gg
By atveSCSnor
typiw
parameterf
ínvelverIt LnducteThequal
.i
etven
y an 1angebrbad duttion
food,
extra alost
3. ete. înto tions
in
e
Lnducie
SensoYS CnCondi industieg,
these
Snductneasurement
ve voltageTotation
Dianrear a any
mechanital Contact
honSenscs.
-whenCannot
baisthe CeraniC are
nagnetie o-f
Senfos ConuettinPhyiythe c POceSer
enui
sevcI
ronementtSensoos,
. and can e Senfors The
appli e
manda imagine
nare Core sifti(on pf of of are arc
Cuent
Coalirg Calion. cngneering, tposst
ory ion
So
automation
dip Used with
moton change of many whe , automatiop
thace
partrpf lace max'umthat
e that Some
ment moni automotive, they of 35
physy to tr, Varety
desgns of
ndustres
oHtnig
and
parametr Dt it k
. electenicsin used,
Speed indurtnce. canndot metallic
thigg
aubomate itha
then
that be r
Can be plastics
,farce Srsar
held. uSing
& (16)
 path
plux Air
Gag
d purny;l:y
tic lengtth electane gien
by
magne by
by R gien R
pesineab:lity
atahe
MA gien
fa +R is is
coil Armahre 2d
of Re nelucfene 2R
eluctene
propesty is Rcore
tun euctance tance
eluc
Core
n
pRíCorJue=
iereab:khy the Rcoge gap
Ktckres,t asaare
Core i air
'b:liy Reluetunce to
hg=absolute cpproses he The
e The
 Theje 3- ) The
on, obotcs, APpl
These ctions changeiAereh
nductase-nce elso
used Signl
ElemeotSensing conditong sel tfance
,
ee!, sensoI ia ciruuit a a and
înai, totmt -nductance
Sensoos o magnetonotive
are mf
ct, Proxi nt y aero
are Inducti e = peluctunce
Spale ex eluctan fxx
and AC Jeluc
tane
ued ten is
svely ce of gn toce
,ete. R selutance
balt. to Senfg Senghx As, he elaton
note ured - by
notCe ox Sensor drC
voltage ship
Switehee. in Varieg
eroue magneieflux a
na
Induptry
,mlitary
metls with magne
tic
ike
 I3 l2 10 6 used4.
and 7. contolliy
Coil
These
used used in
in These used
Thefe machinig
used in
generalion in in
tn
Productien. Sensos uSed
ia the
ulaered in te
the
hnetal
autoafed
ndufhiy hmotion
uled in
braffic are aenble tomedica
0f Produckibo
detecss. used
pulse. of
an
eyeand o teld
imit J cedureyPro trachig the
oansfome
&Coil. of
object.
detectiy
autometive
body
swrtching
nohic MRI
ing motton (mognetic
,speed the the
mani
pos:tion
Seasch
deteiern, A
cas
 -’ ’ a
miniu othey
atto
t Stngkutty
hineariy
Senskvty'the ingtment î1 ispreos ideat he
magashde
Am
tection
Sens;tivty
fact Stns:tv:y detectable tor Sineanity
ted une Aity
Slope tof
he Dnd
fnsement input Shraight to
Stnsk o the lirear:tly
input parametindditirtut g
/aolp Char
cuutye. sstivitySen Constantthes
of viby
gelres inpat ine Shaws of
applícd
Sign the
=
magnihude Ao moye Foè The Stnsol;
of chd a
high Dnput characterttiu the aa
parametey curTvhe impastant Qineay outp
degree theto of Senscs entire aibrion
autt sensihiu. is
ofinrument (ompare inshument
is parametty
Sencctvy Sitghneto deBet Mange he
oinearly Cune
CTatewil
the and
a
 otearlto ’ Hhis ineandSinear ertby
foe charaachulctShaserisius Propaton Litnheto
fa Tt
is gap but
a
Chtre linea de is. the Here The
cal:b?sration risfnecally Pneed
paramelti
Sensi trially oy Thi Jde is Jinear
a
inelutdivigty. noje infhruent amount of
ange Iinearly line Ac iS ine. opt
Praete
lmtposuot andab:lity also fitte
of
the and to Aineariby
propaten inearly. t of
he
Censitvity
Conttant is Snput Called
idealited
shaight
Aire.reprodue Deonmarie displgaopcement stisbe
inshument The
to Ainearintdictep despl
blw atment
the linearky
pae
Com ty the
the
input. eno how ach
Cue nput
laye
 ft ued miniabure | Tempeiabire
High3- cyindt2- |: Sensox paper whichCanknouon electronic
ike devite
an
amplifiey Compact
and plThese
aces
Capacikve
Analg
diminf; fucntyei of of
within machine
Contet
or , qui
ohi
dch , Aiqui d
cylindrishapteht type atye
last, Capacihue
(olb apacitNe
Senor; be
trgbt Coapacitive
Caunting oil, glas, tetdde
ec Capa
cte Solids
spacer, Capacite Sensos
Sensasi
Pant,
wateY Cah be
Sensos senfoo atapaive clot thal
Smali
Senfos To . by is
Sensos , asensoo withant
are and
placedCan be
pDvdethe Sensos tectedde wsed
manly etc..
Ctc. Cucod. The
heads ajacitr any bo
aVailable There
there
Cajpae:tus by
a
Cxkrn)
reed an
altnts
Soltd mPhyi detec
thein Senso
are
on:twed to
detectrr are
excllent in conlat tuyetshe
most a
hator
is
 Capacitie sensos - Com pen
cylirdnie is arfey a
2
cylindric- Capacite Senso
Sensa which lange from
type
to the Senla mainly corn pri ses an
This
06-s - M| Mi2 - M3o hssig diame terS,
distance, ange of
odjust-ble Sentiny optons
non- Ayh mountihg
and ugh Capacile SensÝs are
H tepefatre
High Tenperatoc; Cxposed to extene
Sensoy head
used ahere the ckell evok eien io
drect
temjperatres. hese Sersos Can tempesatures to detec
Contact thragh hot mateids
to the
leelt & butk Jadr even
Iiguids temraurg
Cycnstances
meft
sensos -
Analeg Capactie Sinply wakr :ke
capacitie senso :t ncludeg diffreat
andcg
The Capacitie{ Sentas alhoglt
utiled.
typi how it
berefts based on
 Ke sensY V Inductve Sensar -

Capacitie Senso Tnducive Sensas

Capacihve Sensos deleet obiectt Znductive Senfot detect
eleceie feld oljectt by usng a magnettc
by usiny an
Pie ld. to
Ln gdey to detect an
2 n Idey to detect an object trgh object thragh an
ohjet
the Caacive senser, the inductue sensr, the
GonductHle
doesn't heed to be Object mugt be Corduttie

Senso are used to detect bott This Sensor ?5 used to

3. Thege &non. Conductive naterid. detect met obje ctt. n.
metols
af Capacithe ensas iS
u- The wking changes within an the change of inductance
neasureg priociple.
property knaan as
it
electriay
Capacitarce tofay Lnductie Sensa ae
Stnga ae available tempantuc avoil-ble in thre typey
Capactve Cyclncic,high
s
ninigtue,
ypey miniatue, Eleceese
mogne tie and
and andog Cafpacity.
oq gt hoy a hghoy saithiy
6 Tt hay a loutr Santelhg
Very Jood accusay.
rot god de to the
4 ACeuay is tiger
posttblkty of false ange of on
he detectao
The detecton sane of a capacitle inductie Sensos
& 2 tosomm mm.
orm o-& to lo0
Elecho static tronsducer
A trontiduter ont:s bing of a tixed clectrode
movokle
inovalde electrode, charged clecto ffat ally in
Stat a
Polartty motion
: of the movele electnde changes
Capacitce blw the elechrodes and thert by h
the applied Voltege Churge
change n propaton to the
amplihde af the electrodey hhoon

Vo

Pig Electro stette transducer

Cons:s ting f a seistance R and apa atar
Cisett
AA Ciyait
Siouso idally' allo V to send a Sinusoi d
C Vary Snsotda! atpu
ufreat i fo llous in it and hence, a
Xesistane R?s pbtatned. face and ngd
Vo across
Voltrge which iS Sutfrienty.
plate P There is bias
lasge
 ess sensoX using Uaste onstr -

Ball

to
-aurte crystal
Resoor

-alechrode
Electrde
Tyst relontry hy he
aTut qleort?
oad Sensa auith AT- changer by the
the frequeny sees cone
Kt theJCSonant
senl:icy high Ycsponse,
Chatadterishic
whck achiery high Sinnple sruc hure.
ecferas forte by a
mesurtment nange the temperatue
haya n
and wide superir featae aplicd to a y
stabiliy. hen streg! manting
and trezutnuy hragh its
quartt beam
viarati fndamenl hode of flexur
flexurally a en by
heam ha
the freguen
Sonance

in abence ot srey and

fregueny
Gikn by

hzks (f)
 where S- streff
Y- Yong 's moduluy
l: beam lergth
t beam th:cénesr

on Stants.

UltraSonic Seno An wha Sonic Sensor 3S an elethantc

that measures He
the destance ofa target obect
deuice Sand wares and
ulbrasontc Convests the
by emtty sgnl. ulhasoni
electica
xeleceed Sound into an
audibe Sond (i:e
he Speed of
barcl fagter than hear). ulttafonic Sensos have
humans can
the Sound that e (sansmitter and the cceiver
Components
tuo maln
time it taker
measures the
tsawnsmittey to ite Con tact with
Senso be
he
Sand bu he Calolationg is D-%Txc
the by this
cf tamula fa
xeceiver -he
dis tance,
nhere D i tle tme
e
Ti
tle specd of Sand.
Cis

Crttey

Detectr |ob stoed

Reflected Saund wales