SOURCE A There are few figures in history as controversial as Robert Clive.

Some people described him

as a soldier of initiative, courage and determination. Other people saw him as reckless and unprincipled,
a rebel expelled from several schools for bad behaviour. They said his victories at Arcot, Calcutta and
Plassey were all the result of lucky gambles that put his men in unnecessary danger. It was also said that
Clive used tactics that were sly and against the accepted codes of battle. Clive was also described as
cruel, lacking in morality and greedy for personal wealth. Adapted from an article in a British newspaper
published in June 1988

1(a) According to Source A what were the personal characteristics of

Robert Clive?
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Level 1: Relevant statement(s) identified from the source 1–3
(One mark for each relevant statement identified from the source, two marks
for a developed statement from the source)
e.g.
• A brave/courageous soldier;
• A man of initiative [1], leadership [1], determined [1];
• Reckless [1], unprincipled [1];
• Badly behaved;
• Gambled/took risks in battle;
• Put his men's life in danger;
• Devious [1], sly in battle [1];
• Cruel;
• Immoral;
• Greedy.
1(b) What can we learn from Source B about the treatment of Indian
hostages during the Mysore Wars?
5
Level 3 Inference(s) supported by detail from the source and/or
contextual knowledge 4–5
(Four marks for one supported valid inference, five marks for two or more
supported valid inferences)
e.g.
• This looks like a ceremony with well-dressed people who are stood in
their places welcoming the hostages, indicating respect to them and
deference and care of them;
• The painting shows Lord Cornwallis who is shaking/holding the hand of
one of the hostages he is greeting;
• This looks like a formal/public event of great importance or significance;
• The painting shows Lord Cornwallis receiving Tipu Sultan’s sons as
hostages to ensure that Tipu Sultan pays according to the terms of the
Treaty;
• This painting is intended to portray Cornwallis as gentle/humane/
benevolent by the way he is treating the hostages so it could be used
as propaganda. We do not know if all hostages were treated with such
respect, nor whether this scene shows exactly what took place.
Presumably the young princes would have been frightened.
1(c) Explain why the East India Company was interested in the
subcontinent in the years before 1750.
7
Level 3: Explains reason(s) 5–7
(Five marks for one explanation, six marks for two explanations, seven
marks for three explanations)
e.g.
• The British wanted to establish their influence in the subcontinent and to
oust the Dutch and Portuguese;
• The British wanted to establish a strategic port in the subcontinent that
would protect its trading interests there and in the Far East;
• Reports of immense wealth in the subcontinent meant the British
wanted to establish a trading base there as they saw a profitable future.
SOURCE A
In May 1876, Benjamin Disraeli, the Conservative Prime Minister, made Queen Victoria Empress of
India. He said this would link the monarchy more closely with India and would underline Britain’s
position as a world power. The Queen was pleased with this arrangement and saw India as a jewel in the
crown of her empire, a place full of vibrant colours, gems, fruits and spices. As such Queen Victoria
viewed India as a land to be governed by British order and justice so that protection could be given to the
Indian people against war, rebellion, famine and illiteracy.
Adapted from a history website
SOURCE B
An image portraying a legend about Tipu Sultan, ruler of Mysore (artist unknown)

1(a) According to Source A, why was Queen Victoria made Empress of

India?
Target: AO4
• to ‘link the monarchy more closely with India’
• to ‘underline Britain’s position as a world power’
• she ‘saw India as a jewel in the crown of her empire’
• she saw India as ‘a place full of vibrant colours, gems, fruits and spices’
(at least one item to be identified)
• ‘Queen Victoria viewed India as a land to be governed by British order
and justice’
• to protect ‘the Indian people against war, rebellion, famine and illiteracy’
(at least one item to be identified)
One mark for each relevant statement correctly identified from the source.
Note: candidates may paraphrase but content must be derived from the bullet
point statements above.3
1(b) What can we learn from Source B about Tipu Sultan, ruler of Mysore?
Surface feature
• Tipu Sultan is well dressed/groomed/he has a moustache
• his face shows no expression of fear
• he has a sword
• he is fighting a tiger
5
1(b) • there is blood
• it is taking place outdoors/in the countryside
• he is opening the tiger’s mouth
• they are standing up to each other
Valid inference
• Tipu Sultan looks brave/courageous
• he looks like a warrior/ready for war
• he looks strong/powerful
• its looks like he was important
• he looks confident
• he looks wealthy
• he looks a proud man
Contextual knowledge
• Tipu Sultan was known as the ‘Tiger/Sultan/Lion of Mysore’
• there were legends about Tipu Sultan killing a tiger with his bare hands
• he had a reputation of being able to dominate/control tigers
• regarded as a fearless warrior/enemy
• he may have kept tigers as pets
• his palace was decorated with tiger accessories and skins were used as
soft furnishings
Other relevant responses should also be credited.
1(c) Explain the impact of railways on the lives of Indian people in the
nineteenth century.
• railways transformed India
• railways extended trade in India
• food could be transported around India
• troops could be transported around India
• people could travel by train
• better communication between cities
• railways made travel easier
• more people could travel
• goods could be carried
• trains were noisy and smoky/accidents happened/people lost farmland
• railways consolidated British control in India
Other relevant responses should also be credited.
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1(d) To what extent were the different aims of Indian groups in 1857 the main
reason why the War of Independence was short-lived? Explain your
answer.

Indicative content
May agree that the different aims of Indian groups in 1857 was the main
reason for the War of Independence being short lived:
• different Indian groups found it difficult to put aside their differences
• there was disunity/absence of a common aim amongst Indian groups/the
aims of Indian groups were sometimes unclear
• some Indian groups wanted to restore their old rulers and customs
• some princes were fearful of losing British support
Counter-arguments might include:
• some Indian groups did not have a battle plan or strategy
• some Indian groups had limited leadership and experience in battle
• the British army was experienced in battles
• British troops were well trained and disciplined
• British troops had modern weapons
• the British army were experienced strategists/administrators/negotiators/
leaders
Other relevant responses should also be credited.
10

SOURCE A
During Aurangzeb’s reign he developed good relationships with foreign traders and made generous
donations to several Hindu temples. He introduced restrictions on personal behaviour, for example he
banned outdoor singing and dancing and made a declaration on the length of beards. Aurangzeb also
increased taxes to pay for expensive wars and used large amounts of money to pay for luxurious
buildings. According to some historians a number of these policies contributed to the increasing
instability of the Mughal Empire by the time of Aurangzeb’s death.
An article on Aurangzeb adapted from History Today, 1984
A painting of the Mughal Emperor and his court returning from the Great Mosque at Delhi
by Edwin Weeks, c.1918
1(a) According to Source A, which policies do some historians claim
contributed to the increasing instability of the Mughal Empire by the
time of Aurangzeb’s death?
Target: AO4
• Aurangzeb introduced ‘restrictions on personal behaviour’ [1]
• he banned ‘outdoor singing’ [1], ‘dancing’ [1]
• he ‘made a declaration on the length of beards’ [1]
• he ‘increased taxes’ [1] ‘to pay for many expensive wars’ [1]
• he ‘used large amounts of money’ [1] ‘to pay for luxurious buildings’ [1]

Indicative content
Surface feature
• there are soldiers and elephants in the painting
• there are some people being carried by the elephants
• there are soldiers on horseback
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• the soldiers are wearing armour
• the soldiers have weapons
• some people are bowing
• some people are begging
• the procession is passing a large building/mosque
Valid inference
• the Mughals had a strong army
• the Emperor is being protected
• the Mughals openly displayed their power/control/status
• many people were in awe of the Emperor/loyal to him
Contextual knowledge
• Mughal rule was closely linked with Islam
• the Mughal army was large and loyal to the Emperor
• there were attempts to attack the Mughal Empire from people from
within and outside it
1(c) Explain why the Hindu community objected to the Jizya tax.
Target: AO1, AO2
Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1.
Indicative content
• the charge was levied on able-bodied non-Muslim adult men
• only non-Muslim men who chose to join the Mughal army were
exempted from the charge
• it created an incentive amongst non-Muslims to convert to Islam to
avoid the charge
• the jizya charge was sometimes more than the zakat charge paid by
Muslim men
• some of the charge was used for the Deccan Wars
• some of the charge was used to support Islamic religious activities
• some of the charge was used for funding the royal court
Other relevant responses should also be credited.
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1(d) ‘The Marathan rebellions were the main reason for the decline of the
Mughal Empire after the death of Aurangzeb.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer.