PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ON
DEPENDENCE OF ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING HOLLOW PRISM

NAME: ANSUMAN MOHANTY

CLASS: Xll , SECTION: D

ROLL NO.: 12608285

AISSCE 2019-20
BEFo
MOTHER'S PUBLIC SCHOOL,
UNIT-I, BBSR -751009,
ODISHA
M OTHER'S SCHOOL"
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ANSUMANMOHANTYof class-Xll,
section-D of MOTHER'S PUBLIC SCHOOL, Bhubaneswar with
roll number 126082.87) has satisfactorily completed the
project in PHYSICS on 'DEPENDENCE OF ANGLE OF
DEVIATION ON ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING HOLLOW
PRISM' in partial fulfillment of requirement of AISSCE as
prescribed by CBSE in the session 2019-20.

This work was carried out by him under our supervision and
guidance.

Principal's Signatu e

Teacher's Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Jasodhara
I would like to sincerely thank out' physics Caculty Dc.
Senapati, Mr. Jay Ballav Roy, Mr. Deepak Sinha,
their
Mt.Priyabrata Mohanty and Mr. Panchanan Jena Corspending
precious titue with us and enhancing our knowledge regarding this
project. Their help is unforgettable as this project is built on the
concepts they have taught us. I would also like to thank the laboratory
assistant of physics department, Mr. Tarun.

My heartfelt thanks to my parents and other family members who

have constantly motivated and supported me in this project work.

This project would be incomplete without thanking my peers who

always lent a helping hand and showed true spirit of unity and
friendship.

ANSUMAN MOHANTY
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CONTENTS
Sl. No. Topic Page No.
1. Aim of the experiment 1

2. Apparatus required 2

3. Theory 3-6
4. Procedure 7-9
5. Ray diagrams 10-13
6. Observations 14

7. Graphs 15-18
8. Calculations 19

9. Results 20

10. Precautions 21

11. Sources of error 21

 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation

on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one

by one with different transparent fluids

1
 APPARATUS REQUIRED

Drawing board

White sheets of paper

Hollow prism

Different liquids (water, kerosene oil, spirit etc.)

Drawing pins

pencil

Half metre scale

Thump pins

Graph papers

Protractor

2
 THEORY
Refraction of light through a prism

The diagram shows section ABC of a prism taken by a vertical plane,

perpendicular to the edge. BC is the base of the prism and AB and AC
are its 2 refracting surfaces.

RQ is the incident ray.

QS is the refracted ray.

ST is the emergent ray.

LRQN = i = angle of incidence

Z-SQN3= rt angle of refraction inside prism

LQSN3 = angle of incidence inside prism

LTSN2 = e = angle of emergence

LBAC = A angle of prism

LSFK D—angle of deviation

In AQFS, LKFS = LFQS + LFSQ

...(1)

In AQS y, %+ r2+ LQN3S 1800 ...(2)

The quadrilateralAQN3Sis a cyclic quadrilateral. So,

A + LQN3S 1800

From (2) and (3), A rl +

Eq. (1) becomes D i+e-A

Angle of Minimum Deviation

(a) Definition: The minimum value of angle of deviation is called

angle of minimum deviation. It is represented by the symbol D

(b) Explanation: For some angle of deviation (D), there are 2 values
of angle of incidence. One value equals 'i' and other value equals 'e'.

As angle i is increased from a small value, e decreasesfrom large

value and angle of deviation decreases. When angle of deviation is
minimum (Dm),then, i and e become equal. The refracted ray QS goes

parallel to base BC. Since i e, we have h.

sin i sin e
sin rl sin r2
Hence, at minimum deviation, when (say), we have

5
Also, at minimum deviation,D= and i = e.

From the relation A+ D = i + e, we have

A+Dm=i+i
sin i sin(A+Dm)/2
From Snell's law n = , we have n =
sin rl sin A/2
This relation is useful for determination of n for prism material.

Vomum
dcvtabonange

White Light Angle of

Minimum Deviation

6
 PROCEDURE
1. A white sheet of paper is fixed on the drawing board with the
help of drawing pins.

2. A straight line XX' is drawn parallel to the length of the paper

nearly in the middle of the paper.

3. Points q, Q, q, . are marked on the straight line XX' at

suitable distances of about 5cm.

4. Normals NIQp N2Q2,N3Q„ . . are drawn on points Q], Q, Q3

are drawn as shown in diagram.

5. Straight lines RIQI, R2Q2,R3Q3, are drawn making angles of

0
350, 40 , . 600 (values of the angles are written on the paper)
respectively with the normals.
6. 1 corner of the prism is marked as A and it is taken as the edge
of the prism for all the observations.

7. The prism is put with its refracting surface AB in the line XX'
and point QI in the middle of AB.

8. The boundary of the prism is marked.

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9. 2 otÄicepins PI and P: are fixed vertically on the line R,Q,. The

distance betss•en the pins should be 10 mm or more.

10. nie inages of points P, and P2 arc looked at through face

ACV

Your left eye is closed and right eye is brought open in line

ith the 2 images.

12 2 more office pins P3 and P4 are fixed vertically 10 mm
apart such that pins P3 and P4 and images of PI and P2 are seen by

the open right eye in I straight line.

13. Pins P3 and P4 are removed and their pricks are encircled on

the paper.

14. Steps 7 to 13 are repeated with points Q, q, . . for i 0

40 ,
0
. 60 .

To measure D in different cases

15. Straight lines are drawn through points P3 and P4 (pin

pricks) to obtain emergent rays SIT I, SO 2, S3T ,

8
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16. S2T2, ... are produced inward in the boundary of

the prism to meet produced incident rays RIQI, R2Q2,R3Qg,... at

points m, F2,n,
17. Angles KIFISI, K2F2S2,K3Fgsg,. . are measured. Angle of

deviation DI, 1)2, ... are given by them.

IS. Values of these angles are written on the paper.

To measure A

19. Angle BAC in the boundary of the prism is measured. This

gives angle A.
20. Your observations are recorded as given ahead.

350 400
450

Fig. Refraction through prism at different angles.

RAY DIAGRAMS
 OBSERVATIONS
Angle of hollow prism A = 60

Observation Table

Angle of
Angle of Angle of Angle of
Angle of deviation
deviation deviation deviation
incidence LD for
No. LD for LD for LD for
turpentine
water vinegar coconut oil
oil
350

400 330

450

500

550

600

14
 GRAPHS
I. Water
 CALCULATIONS
1. Water
From the graph,

water

-x t08 m/' 2.2 + x 10

water 32-

2. Vinegar
From the graph,
- qg.so 0.68
vinegar
vinegar
eacO-t

3. Coconut oil
From the graph, D 33
coconut oil

coconut oil
coconut

4. Turpentine oil
From the graph, D
sin
turpentine oil

turpentine oil 2.05 X 10

19
 RESULTS
l. The i-D graph indicates that as the angle of incidence (i) increases, the
angle of deviation (D) first decreases, attains a minimum value (D ) and
then starts increasing for further increase in angle of incidence.
2. The angle of minimum deviation for

a) water,
b) Vinegar, 0

c) Coconutoil, D = 33 0
d) Turpentine oil, D =
3. The refractive indices of

a) Water,n = 1-32
b) Vinegar, n — 86
c) Coconut oil, n = L q UI

d) Turpentine oil, n

4. Speedof light in
a) Water,v = 2.24 m/s
b) Vinegar,v = 2-2 m/s
c) Coconutoil, v = 2.08 10 m/s
d) Turpentineoil, v = 2 m/s.

20
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PRECAUTIONS
0
I. The angle of incidence should lie between 350 to 60 .
2. The pins should be fixed vertically.

3. The distance between the 2 pins should no be less

than 10 mm.

4. Arrow heads should be marked to represent the

incident and emergent rays.

5. The same angle of prism should be used for all the

observations.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Pin pricks may be thick.

2. Measurement of angles may be wrong.

21