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Mid Term 2021 Solutions

The document contains 8 questions related to principles of communication for a mid semester examination. The questions cover topics like diode detectors, random variables, modulation techniques, Doppler radar, phase synchronization in QAM, probability distributions for mechanical and quartz clocks, and quantization of random variables.

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SEELAM ALEXANDER
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24 views

Mid Term 2021 Solutions

The document contains 8 questions related to principles of communication for a mid semester examination. The questions cover topics like diode detectors, random variables, modulation techniques, Doppler radar, phase synchronization in QAM, probability distributions for mechanical and quartz clocks, and quantization of random variables.

Uploaded by

SEELAM ALEXANDER
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering


Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Mid Semester Examination, Monsoon 2021
EE331: Principles of Communication Thursday, 23rd September 2021
Time Allowed: 120 Minutes Maximum Marks: 100

1) Comment on the validity of the following statements {6 × 2 = 12 Marks}


a) The performance of a diode detector improves if we replace the half wave rectifier with a full
wave rectifier.
Yes, the performance does improve since the envelop is now doubly reinforced.
b) For three events P , Q, and R belonging to an event space F, their joint mutual exclusivity
implies pairwise joint mutual exclusivity.
No, joint independence implies pairwise independence, but the converse is true for exclusivity.
c) A random variable is an arbitrary mapping from the sample space to the event space.
A random variable is a deterministic mapping from the sample space to the real line.
d) In the context of complex Gaussian random variables, circular symmetry implies that the real
and imaginary components are independent and identically distributed.
True, this is by definition.
e) For events A and B if Pr{A ∪ B} = Pr{A} + Pr{B} and Pr{A ∩ B} = Pr{A} Pr{B} then
either A or B is an impossible event.
True
f) If the CDF of a random variable is right continuous but not continuous, then the random
variable can take values from a countable set with a non-zero probability.
True, only right continuity implies that the left hand limit does not exist, indicating the presence
of a step like discontinuity in the function, that implies the existence of a non-zero probability
for a singleton event.
2) Prove the following properties of the Hilbert Transform {2 × 3 = 6 Marks}
Directly from the textbook
a) The Hilbert transform of an even signal is an odd signal, and vice versa.
b) The Hilbert transform of the derivative of a signal is the derivative of the Hilbert transform.
3) Discuss the considerations while choosing the modulation index of an FM signal, and use these to
give a rough recipe for the choice of this parameter.
A larger modulation index covers more side-bands and requires more bandwidth, but actually allows
you to minimize the carrier power. A smaller modulation index is exactly the reverse so we should
choose it to balance the requirement of low carrier power and minimum bandwidth. {6 Marks}
4) A suppressed carrier amplitude modulated signal is generated using a mesage signal m(t) and a
carrier signal c(t) = cos(2πfc t). However, the local oscillator at the receiver (assumed to be perfectly
phase synchronized with the transmitter) produces an even periodic signal p(t). Use these facts to
answer the following questions. {16 Marks}
2

a) Prove that p(t) can be used to recover the message signal. [5]
p(t) is an even periodic signal, so it can be decomposed as a cosine series. Now, once we
P
write p(t) = k=0 P [k] cos(2πkfc t), we can show that p(t)c(t) has a frequency component
around zero, and hence a baseband version of the modulated signal is available, and can be
recovered via low pass filtering.
b) Specify and quantify the loss (in dB) that this system suffers when compared to the case with
p(t) = cos(2πfc t).
20 log10 P1[1] . [6]
c) What happens when p(t) is an odd signal? [5]
In this case, p(t) forms a sine series and no p(t)c(t) has no baseband component, and hence
nothing can be recovered.
5) A Doppler radar is a setup used to measure the speed of a target, mostly a vehicle, using the Doppler
shift in the frequency of a signal reflected by it. The working (for a simplified one dimensional
model of this setup) is roughly described as follows,
A radar transmitter transmits a carrier, signal s(t) = cos(2πfc t) that hits a target moving at a
speed v and is reflected by it. However, the movement of the vehicle (to/ from) the radar causes the
c
frequency of the carrier signal to be shifted by fd = ±fc , with c = 3 × 108 m/s being the speed
v
of light, and the sign indicating the direction of the movement of the vehicle towards/ away from
the radar.
Use this information to answer the following questions. {12 Marks}
a) For a vehicle moving towards the radar, write the time domain expression of the received
waveform. [2]
cos(2π(fc + fd )t)
b) Sketch the spectra of the transmitted and the received signals for a vehicle moving away from
the radar. [3]
c) Describe (approximately 400 words) using a block diagram, a way to approximate the velocity
of the vehicle from the received signal. [7]
I expected a block diagram with an FM demodulator, more specifically a slope detector
describing its working principle, with the center frequency set to the middle of the slope
and the output voltage corresponding to the speed of the vehicle.
6) Quadrature amplitude modulation is used to simultaneously transmit two baseband message signals
over the same carrier signal. The sucessful demodulation of a QAM signal requires accurate phase
synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver. Describe what happens when this phase
synchronization is absent. Why can a Coasta’s receiver, that works so well to solve the same problem
in case of DSB suppressed carrier signals, not be used here. Instead, a carrier signal is reinserted
as a pilot signal. A PLL (phase locked loop) is used to track the phase of this pilot and and adjust
the phase at the receiver. Describe the working of this setup with the help of a block diagram. Can
this setup be used to demodulate an SSB signal? Explain briefly. {3 + 4 + 8 + 3 = 18 Marks}
7) The hands of a mechanical clock sweep through the dial in a continuous motion covering all the
possible points, whereas the hands of a traditional quartz clock are controlled by the oscillations of
3

a electrical oscillator, via a mechanism that pushes the hands one step at a time at the completion
of each oscillation, such that the hand covers the entire circumference of the clock after a fixed
number of oscillations.
Given this information, consider an observer taking a snapshot of the position of the seconds hand
of a clock. Let θ be the angle that the seconds hand forms with the diameter connecting the 12
and 6 markers. Calculate the probability of the angle θ being a rational multiple of π, for both
mechanical and quartz clocks? {10 + 5 = 15 Marks}
Hint: Try constructing the sample space in both the cases.
8) A Gaussian random variable X with zero mean and unit variance is fed to an N -Level quantizer
to generate another random variable Y = g(X) such that,
N
X
g(x) = bi (u(x − ai−1 ) − u(x − ai )) ,
i=1

with u(.) being the unit step function, a0 = −∞ and aN = ∞. Use this information to answer the
following questions {15 Marks}
a) While Y is a function defined over the continuous sample space of X, its singleton elements
have non-zero probabilities. Why or why not is this statement true? [5]
b) Find the CDF and the PDF of Y . [7]
c) Is g(.) an invertible function? Why? [3]

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