FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

EXPERIMENT NO & TITLE BENDING TEST

COURSE TITLE & CODE MMK20203

NAME MUHAMMAD DARWISH ‘IRFAN BIN AZRULNIZAM

MATRIC NUMBER 221320996

PROGRAMME UR6521003 GROUP GROUP 6

DATE OF EXPERIMENT 2 JANUARY 2024 SESSION/SEMESTER 23/24 SEM 1

LECTURER MUHAMMAD SAIFULDIN BIN ABDUL MANAN

TEACHING ENGINEER WAN SHAHRIZAL BIN WAN NADHARI

ASSISTANT ENGINEER MR. MAZLAN BIN MOHD MUHSIN

LAB USE
LAB STAMP
DATE RECEIVED

COLLECTOR SIGNATURE

NOTES

LECTURER’S COMMENT:
ITEM GRADED

MARKS:

EXPERIMENT NO & TITLE

NAME

COLLECTOR NAME

COLLECTOR SIGNATURE DATE RECEIVED

NOTES : Kindly sign and return this part to student during report submition. Student having responsible to keep this part for future references.
 MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

Table of Contents

No. Contents Pages

1 1.0 OBJECTIVES 2

2 2.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY 2-4

3 3.0 EQUIPMENT & MATERIALS 4-5

4 4.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 5-6

5 5.0 ANALYSIS 6

6 6.0 RESULTS 6-11

7 7.0 DISCUSSION 12-13

8 8.0 CONCLUSION 13

9 9.0 REFERENCES 14

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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

LAB 4

BENDING TEST

1.0 OBJECTIVES

1.1 To construct stress-strain diagram based on three points bending test using
Universal Testing Machine.
1.2 To understand the concept of stress-strain diagram and mechanical properties
for a specific material
1.3 To analyze and compare the stress-strain diagram of two different types of
materials.

2.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY

The bending test is a ductility test that is employed to evaluate the ability of metallic
materials to undergo plastic deformation in bending. The test consists of submitting a
test piece of round, square, rectangular, or polygonal cross-section to plastic
deformation by bending, without changing the direction of loading, until a specified angle
of bend is reached. For a better understanding of the bending stress-deflection curve,
it is necessary to define a few basic terms that are associated with the bending stress-
deflection plot.

M  E
= = (1)
I y R

where;
M – the moment at the neutral axis
y – the perpendicular distance to the neutral axis
I – the area moment of inertia about the neutral axis
σ – the normal stress in the member, which occurs at a point on the cross-sectional area
farthest away from the neutral axis
R – the radius of curvature
E – Young’s Modulus

Plate Specimen

b
h

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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

Fig. 1 A simply supported beam subjected to three points loading

Consider a beam AB, simply supported at both ends as shown in Fig.1 subjected to mid-
span concentrated load. Under this condition of loading, the upper fibers (or above its
neutral axis) of the beam, it is said to be subjected to compressive stress or strain and
on the other hand, it is subjected to tensile stress or strain for the bottom fibers of the
beam (or below its neutral axis). At a distance x, from the left end A, bending
moment,M, of the beam may be written generally as;

M = (P 2).x (2)

When, x = L , bending moment M, will be at its maximum i.e M = Mmax. Therefore;

2

M max = P 2( )(L 2)= PL 4 (3)

The bending stress along the beam may be determined from the general formula
of bending theory. Therefore, with M is given by Equation (1);

M .y (P / 2)(x).h
= = (4)
I I

Equation (4), may be used to determine bending stress at any point along the beam.

Now, if we substitute x = L , and M = Mmax., then Equation (4) will produce the
2
Maximum Bending Stress in the beam as follows;

M .y (P )(L )(h ) PLh

= max
= 2 2 2 = (5)
I I 8I

Where, I = moment of inertia of the beam cross-section given by;

bh3
I= (6)
12

By substituting Equation (6) in Equation (5), we will obtain the general equation
of Maximum Bending Stress or Bending stress at mid-span for the beam when subjected
to concentrated load P. The stress can be rewritten as;

(7)
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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

The calculation of the bending strain, ε is as follows:

6Dh
= (8)
L2

Fig. 2 Three-Point Bending Test

3.0 EQUIPMENT & MATERIALS

Equipment : Universal Testing Machine

Fig 3. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

Materials : Specimens-Flat Bar (Mild Steel & Aluminum)

b = Width
h = Thickness

Fig 4. Standard Specimen

4.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

4.1 Set-Up Procedure

4.1.1 Make sure that the primary power supply capacity is properly connected.
4.1.2 Make sure that the power supply cable is properly connected to
theconnector.
(Note that most of the accessories such as the recorder and
data processor need a single-phase power supply. Provide a power supply
for such equipment separately, in addition to the power supply for the
testing machine).
4.1.3 Turn ON the power supply circuit breaker of the testing machine.
4.1.4 Turn ON the power switch.
4.1.5 If the emergency stop switch on the main frame is locked, turn this switch to
unlock it. When the emergency stop switch is locked, power cannot be
supplied to the servo amplifier.
4.1.6 Calibrate the force amplifier.
4.1.7 Mounting the bending test jig.

Note
To stabilize the measurement system of the testing machine, take a warm-up time of
appox. 15 minutes after turning ON the power.

4.2 Test Procedure

4.2.1 You will be given two specimens with different types i.e mild steel and
aluminum. For each specimen, measure the width and thickness using a
vernier caliper.
4.2.2 Draw, with a pencil or marker, two lines on the straight section of the
specimen so that the lines are 100mm apart.
4.2.3 The testing machine has already been set up and calibrated by assistant
engineer. Place the specimen on the supports.

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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

4.2.4 Open the Method File from Shidmadzu software and click Bending Test.
The Bending Test file will be displayed on the screen.
4.2.5 Set the Position and Force to be zero in the system.
4.2.6 Start the test by pressing the “START” button.
4.2.7 Obtain the data from the data acquisition software machine. Make sure
you got the correct data, which are load and displacement data.
4.2.8 Repeat with another specimen at section 4.2.4.

4.3 Shut-Down Procedure

4.3.1 Turn OFF the power switch.

4.3.2 Turn OFF the power supply circuit breaker.
4.3.3 Turn OFF the circuit breaker of the primary power supply (at the user’s
site).
4.3.4 Remove the bending test equipment.

5.0 ANALYSIS
5.1. Complete Table 1 for the original dimensions and the final dimensions of mild
steel and aluminum specimens.
5.2. Construct a stress-strain curve from the load-displacement curve
i. First, complete your load-displacement curve data in Table 2. For
each point, compute also the stress and strain (engineering
values). Use percent (%) strain as the unit for strain and MPa as
the unit for stress. It is expected you have the proper knowledge
to compute it by using spreadsheet software. Use Eq. 7 (stress)
and Eq. 8 (strain) to compute engineering stress and strain.
ii. Next, construct the load-displacement curves by utilizing the given
spreadsheet and name it as Fig. 1. The load is on the y-axis and
displacement is on the x-axis. The unit of load and displacement
are kN and mm, respectively.
iii. Construct the stress vs. strain for mild steel and aluminum (Fig. 2).
The stress is on the y-axis while the strain is on x-axis.
5.3. Based on graph of stress vs. strain for both specimens (Fig. 2) calculate their
mechanical properties as required for Table 3.

6.0 RESULTS

TABLE 1

Material Name Mild Steel Aluminum

Width, b (mm) 24.10 24.88
Thickness, h (mm) 3.03 2.98

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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

TABLE 2 (a) Test data for Mild Steel specimen

Load Displacement Stress Strain

No
( kN ) ( mm ) ( MPa ) (%)

1 - 0.00032 0 -0.21984 0
2 - 0.0004 0.092844 -0.2748 0.016712
3 0.350634 0.852844 242.4856 0.153512
4 0.73278 2.908833 506.7631 0.52359
5 0.752886 3.819521 520.6681 0.687514
6 0.814279 6.820844 563.1251 1.227752
7 0.88203 12.35284 609.9789 2.223512
8 0.903646 18.10616 624.9282 3.259108
9 0.901977 19.66617 623.774 3.53991
10 0.879089 24.93285 607.9454 4.487914
11 0.874837 25.39418 605.0049 4.570951
12 0.873208 25.69016 603.8783 4.624228
13 0.869632 26.07416 601.4051 4.693348
14 0.864863 26.5062 598.1074 4.771116
15 0.863195 26.69924 596.9532 4.805863

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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

TABLE 2 (b) Test data for Mild Aluminum specimen

Load Displacement Stress Strain

No
( kN ) ( mm ) ( MPa ) (%)

1 - 0.0019 0.00125 -0.80932 0.000224

2 - 0.00068 0.110188 -0.45861 0.019702
3 0.001152 0.119521 0.782339 0.02089
4 0.015577 0.13549 10.57507 0.024226
5 0.025074 0.25949 17.02262 0.046397
6 0.268817 6.018177 182.5009 1.07605
7 0.270526 6.340844 183.6609 1.133743
8 0.2714 6.626167 184.2544 1.184759
9 0.271599 6.66749 184.3893 1.192147
10 0.271797 6.718146 184.5242 1.201205
11 0.271996 6.764854 184.6591 1.209556
12 0.280778 11.90749 190.621 2.129059
13 0.277003 17.5715 188.0582 3.141784
14 0.268539 21.75285 182.3121 3.88941
15 0.26834 21.90723 182.1772 3.917012

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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

Fig. 1(a) Force vs. Displacement curve (Mild Steel)

Fig. 1(b) Force vs. Displacement curve (Aluminum)

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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

Stress vs. Strain (Mild Steel)

700

600

500
Stress (MPa)

400

300

200

100

0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-100
Strain (%)

Fig. 2(a) Stress vs. Strain (Mild Steel)

Stress vs. Strain (Aluminum)

250

200

150
Stress (MPa)

100

50

0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-50
Strain (%)

Fig. 2(b) Stress vs. Strain (Aluminum)

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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

TABLE 3 Mechanical Properties

Material Name Mild Steel Aluminum

Young’s Modulus (GPa) 193.3 56.22
Elastic limit (MPa) 477.99 142.79
Yield Stress (MPa) 494.47 150.42
Ultimate Stress (MPa) 624.93 190.62
Max Bending Moment (Nm) 22.59 7.02
Max Deflection (mm) 18.11 11.91

Comparison of Stress vs. Strain for Mild steel and

Aluminium
700
600
500
Stress (MPa)

400
Stress vs. Strain (Mild
300 Steel)
200 Stress vs. Strain
(Aluminum)
100
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-100
Strain (%)

Fig. 3 Comparison of Stress vs. Strain for Mild steel and Aluminum

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 MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

7.0 DISCUSSION

7.1 Briefly summarize the key results of experiment (Table 1, Fig. 1 & 2).

Both the mild steel and the aluminum specimens in this experiment have support at the ends. At the
specimen's midpoint, an increasing force is applied, resulting in a continuous transverse displacement
and curvature of the sample material. The test is carried out until the material is bent as much as
possible and the high tensile and tensile forces cause it to break. Simultaneous recording of the
center point displacement and the force acting on the material are made. Tensile and bending tests
were performed on the specimens.

From table 1, an experiment comparing the bending behavior of Mild Steel and Aluminum specimens,
the material properties were characterized using a vernier caliper to measure width and thickness. We
get width, b (mm) and thickness, h (mm) for these two materials, mild steel and aluminum. The width,
b for mild steel and aluminum is the same which is 24.1 mm so is the thickness, h which is the same
value which is 3 mm. From figure 1(a), we can see that the maximum force (kN) for mild steel
(0.8850892 kN) is higher than aluminum (0.4649657 kN) in table 1(b). For maximum displacement
(mm), both are the same which is up to 53 mm. Next for the trend of both tables it shows the
logarithmic trend affected by the raw data.

7.2 Briefly summarize the comparison of the two types of material (Table 3 & Fig. 3).

Iron and carbon make up the composition of mild steel, with carbon making up little more than 0.3% of
the total. Harder and generally stronger than aluminum. Aluminum is lighter than mild steel.
Furthermore, mild steel is prone to rust and corrosion, particularly in areas that are humid or acidic.
When compared to aluminum, it is generally simpler to machine. more easily welded than aluminum.

While pure Aluminum is the base, which is often alloyed with elements such as copper, magnesium,
silicon or zinc. In terms of strength, Aluminum is not as strong as steel but has a high strength-to-
weight ratio. Aluminum is lighter than steel, making it better in applications that require weight
reduction. Aluminum is also naturally corrosion resistant due to the formation of a protective oxide
layer. Aluminum can also be more challenging to machines due to its tendency to stick to cutting tools
and requires specialized techniques and equipment to weld due to its high thermal conductivity.

From table 3, the Young's Modulus for mild steel is 1.5369 GPa while for aluminum it is 0.7061 GPa
which shows that mild steel has a higher Young's Modulus. For yield strength (MPa), mild steel is
462.5586 MPa while aluminum is 292.6192 MPa. Next, the yield stress for mild steel (MPa) is
520.8121 MPa while aluminum is 309.5998 MPa. The ultimate stress (MPa) for mild steel is 717.322
MPa and 367.1646 MPa for aluminum. Also, the maximum bending moment for mild steel is 26.9095
Nm and 13.7756 Nm for aluminum. Last. The maximum deflection for mild steel is 0.2595 mm and
aluminum are 0.2890 mm. From the data calculated from table 3, we can assume that mild steel has
a higher bending point compared to aluminum. It has also been shown in figure 3 where the trend of
the graph for mild steel is higher than aluminum.

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 MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

7.3 Explain the significance of your findings.

The significance of our findings, we can conclude that mild steel has a higher bending point compared
to aluminum because we can see the comparison in figure 3. It has also been proven in table 3 where
the value of Young's modulus, Elastic limit, Yield stress, Ultimate stress, Maximum bending moment
and Maximum Deflection for mild steel is higher than aluminum. We can conclude that aluminum will
reach the plastic region faster and will also bend faster than mild steel. Although the width and
thickness for both materials are the same, the maximum bending point for the two materials has a big
difference as we can see in table 3 and the figure. The higher Modulus of Mild Steel shows its
exceptional rigidity, making it a reliable choice for applications that require high rigidity and structural
integrity, such as in construction. Mild Steel's superior yield stress, yield stress and ultimate stress
emphasize its strength and durability, making it ideal for scenarios where the material must withstand
large loads without permanent deformation or failure.

8.0 CONCLUSION

8.1 Conclude the achievements of the experiment objectives.

In conclusion, the main objectives for this experiment have been achieved as we are able to construct
the stress-strain diagram based on three point bending test using Universal Testing Machine, we also
understand the concept of stress-strain diagram and mechanical properties for a specific material.
Next, we can examine and contrast two distinct material types of stress-strain diagrams. Since the
experiment was completed successfully, we discovered that mild steel has a higher bending point
than aluminum, as shown in figure 3. Table 3 further supports this claim, showing that mild steel has
higher values of Young's modulus, elastic limit, yield stress, ultimate stress, maximum bending
moment, and maximum deflection than aluminum. It is evident that aluminum will bend and reach the
plastic region more quickly than mild steel. Table 3 illustrates how the maximum bending point of the
two materials differs significantly even though their width and thickness are the same, the maximum
bending point for those two materials have a huge difference as we can see in table 3 and figure 3.

8.2 Highlight key results of bending test results.

The bending test yielded significant insights into the mechanical properties of the material under
examination. With a maximum bending stress that far exceeded initial expectations, the material
demonstrated exceptional flexibility and resilience. Its ductility was demonstrated by the stress-strain
curve, which showed a clear linear region followed by a slow transition into plastic deformation. The
ultimate bending strength demonstrated the material's resilience and possible uses in load-bearing
structures, surpassing industry standards. A cohesive failure pattern was also discovered by the
fracture surface analysis, indicating that the material has strong intermolecular bonds. These findings
highlight the material's remarkable mechanical properties and make it an attractive option for a range
of engineering uses that call for high bending strengths.

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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

9.0 REFERENCES

1. Example of introduction and discussion:

https://www.studocu.com/row/document/the-american-university-in-cairo/strength-and-testing-of-
materials/bending-test-lab-report/4392136

2. Flexural or Bending Test Lab Report:

https://www.scribd.com/doc/145757294/Flexural-or-Bending-Test-Lab-Report

3. Example of discussion:

https://www.educationalstuffs.in/strength-of-materials-bend-test/

https://shubbakom.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/04-bending-test.pdf

4. Example of conclusion and data:

https://www.green-mechanic.com/2017/02/bending-stresses-in-beam-%20lab-report.html

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