NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)

CHAPTER 1 – HYDROSTATICS
(SECTION II)
1. A triangular bulkhead is 7 m wide at the top and has a vertical depth of 8 m. Calculate the load on
the bulkhead and the position of centre of pressure if the bulkhead is flooded with sea water on only
side:
(i) to the top edge, (ii) with 4 m head to the top edge.

2. A watertight bulkhead is 8 m high and is supported by vertical stiffeners 700 mm apart, connected
at the tank top by brackets having 10 rivets 20 mm diameter. The bulkhead is flooded to its top edge
with sea water. Determine:
(i) Shearing force at top of stiffeners,
(ii) Shear stress in the rivets,
(iii) Position of zero shear.

3. A double bottom tank containing seawater is 6 m long, 12 m wide and 1 m deep. The inlet pipe from
the pump has its centre 75 mm above the outer bottom. The pump has a pressure of 70 kN/m² and is
left running indefinitely. Calculate the load on the tank top:
(i) If there is no outlet.
(ii) If the overflow pipe extends 5 m above the tank top.

4. The breadth of the upper edge of a deep tank bulkhead is 12 metres. The vertical heights of the
bulkhead at equidistant intervals across it are 0, 3, 5, 6, 5, 3 and 0 metres respectively. Find the depth
of the centre of pressure below the waterline when the tank is filled to a head of 2 metres above the
top of the tank.

5. A rectangular watertight bulkhead 9 m high and 14.5 m wide has sea water on both sides, the height
of water on one side four times that on the other side. The resultant centre of pressure is 7 m from the
top of the bulkhead. Calculate:
(i) the depth of water, (ii) the resultant load on the bulkhead.

6. The end bulkhead of the wing tank of an oil tanker has the following widths at 3 m intervals
commencing at the deck: 6.0, 6.0, 5.3, 3.6 and 0.6 m. Calculate the load on the bulkhead and the
position of the centre of pressure if the tank is full of oil relative density 0.8.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
CHAPTER 2 - DISPLACEMENT, TPC,
COEFFICIENT OF FORMS
(SECTION I)
Q1. A. Considering the vessel as a compound beam define bending moment & shearing force; which is
the point of Maximum Bending Moment?
B. Sketch and describe Hatch coaming of a large bulk carrier.

(SECTION II)
1. What is Prismatic Co-efficient (Cp)? Derive the formula Cp= 𝑪𝒃/𝑪m, where 𝑪𝒃 = Co-efficient of
fineness and 𝑪𝒎 = midship section area co-efficient.
2. Explain how wave profile affects the shear force and bending moment curves.
3. Define coefficient of fineness of water plane area, block coefficient and midship coefficient.

(SECTION II)
1. A box barge 45 m long and 15 m wide floats at a level keel draught of 2 m in sea water, the load
being uniformly distributed over the full length. Two masses, each of 30 tonne, are loaded at 10 m
from each end and 50 tonne is evenly distributed between them. Sketch the shear force diagram and
give the maximum shear force.

2. The following data are available from the hydrostatic curves of a vessel.
Draught (m) KB (m) KM (m) I (m4)
4.9 2.49 10.73 6525
5.2 2.61 10.79 6886
Calculate the TPC at a draught of 5.05 m.

3. A ship has a constant cross-section in the form of a triangle which floats apex down in sea water.
The ship is 85 m long, 12 m wide at the deck and has a depth from keel to deck of 9 m. Draw the
displacement curve using 1.25 m intervals of draught from the keel to the 7.5 m waterline. From this
curve obtain the displacement in fresh water at a draught of 6.50 m.

4. The length of a ship is 7.6 times the breadth, while the breadth is 2.85 times the draught. The block
coefficient is 0.69, prismatic coefficient 0.735, water plane area coefficient 0.81 and the wetted surface
area 7000 m2. The wetted surface area S is given by Denny's formula.
𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟕 𝑳𝒅 + 𝛁 / 𝒅
Calculate: (i) displacement in tonne (ii) area of immersed midship section (iii) water plane area.

5. A box-shaped vessel is 20 m long and 10 m wide. The weight of the vessel is uniformly distributed
throughout the length and the draught is 2.5 m. The vessel contains ten evenly spaced double bottom
tanks, each having a depth of 1m.
Draw the shear force diagrams:
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
(i) With No.1 and No.10 tanks filled;
(ii) With No.3 and No.8 tanks filled;
(iii) With No.5 and No.6 tanks filled.
Which ballast condition is to be preferred from the point of view of strength?

6. The length of a ship is 18 times the draught, while the breadth is 2.1 times the draught. At the load
water plane, the water plane area co-efficient is 0.83 and the difference between the TPC in sea water
and the TPC in fresh water is 0.7. Determine the length of the ship and the TPC in fresh water.

7. The ½ breadths of water plane of a ship of 120 m length and 15 m breadth are given below:
Station 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Half-breadth 1.6 2.8 5.5 6.4 7.3 6.2 4.2 2.0 0
Calculate (i) Water plane area (ii) TPC in salt water (iii) CW (iv) LCF from Mid-ship.

8. (i) Construct a graph from the following information:

Mean draft (m) 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
TPC (tons) 8.0 8.5 9.2 10.0
(ii) From this graph find the TPC's at draft of 3.2 m; and 4.3 m.
(iii) If the ship is floating at a mean draft of 4 m and then loads 50 tons of cargo, 10 tons of fresh water
and 25 tons of bunkers, whilst 45 tons of ballast are discharged, find the final mean draft.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
CHAPTER 3 - CALCULATION OF AREA,
VOLUME, FIRST AND SECOND MOMENTS
(SECTION II)
1. A forward deep tank 12 m long extends from a longitudinal bulkhead to the ship’s side. The widths
of the tank surface measured from the longitudinal bulkhead at regular intervals are 10, 9, 7, 4 and 1
m. Calculate the second moment of area of the tank surface about a longitudinal axis passing through
its centroid.

2. The immersed cross-sectional area of a ship 120 m long, commencing from aft are 2, 40, 79, 100,
103, 104, 104, 103, 97, 58 and 0 m² calculate :
(i) Displacement;
(ii) Longitudinal position of the centre of buoyancy.

3. The ½ ordinates of a water plane at 15 m intervals, commencing from aft, are 1, 7, 10.5, 11, 11, 10.5,
8, 4 and 0 m. Calculate:
(a) TPC;
(b) Distance of the centre of flotation from midship.
(c) Second moment of area of the water plane about a transverse axis through the centre of flotation.

4. A vessel, when floating at a draught of 3.6 m has a displacement of 8172 tonne, KB 1.91 m and LCB
0.15 m aft of midship. From the following information, calculate the displacement, KB and position of
the LCB for the vessel when floating at a draught of 1.2 m.
Draught TPC LCF FROM MIDSHIPS
1.2 23.0 1.37 F
2.4 24.2 0.76 A
3.6 25.0 0.92 A

5. The half breadths of the load waterplane of a ship 150 m long commencing from aft, are 0.3, 3.8, 6.0,
7.7, 8.3, 9.0, 8.4, 7.8, 6.9, 4.7 and 0 m respectively. Calculate: (a) area of waterplane (b) distance of
centroid from amidships (c) second moment of area about a transverse axis through centroid.

6. A ship 100 m long floats at a draught of 6 m and in this condition the immersed cross-sectional
areas and water plane areas are as given below. The equivalent base area (Ab) is required because of
the fineness of the bottom shell.
Section AP 1 2 3 4 5 FP
Immersed cross
12 30 65 80 70 50 0
section area (m2)

Draught (m) 0 0.6 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.8 6.0

Waterplane area
Ab 560 720 880 940 1000 1030
(m2)
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
Calculate EACH of the following:
(i) The equivalent base area value Ab;
(ii) The longitudinal position of the centre of buoyancy from midships;
(iii) The vertical position of the centre of buoyancy above the base.

7. A ship 75 m long has semi ordinates at the load water plane commencing from forward as follows:
0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 0 metres respectively. The spacing between the first three semi-
ordinates and the last three semi-ordinates is half of that between the other semi-ordinates. Find the
position of the Centre of Floatation relative to amidships.

8. A ship of length 120 m displaces 11750 tonne when floating in sea water of density 1025 kg/m3.
The centre of gravity is 2 m above the centre of buoyancy and the waterplane is defined by the
following equidistant half-ordinates given in table below:
Station AP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 FP
Half-breadth (m) 3.3 6.8 7.6 8.1 8.1 8.0 6.6 2.8 0
Calculate EACH of the following:
(i) The area of the waterplane;
(ii) The position of the centroid of the waterplane from midships;
(iii) The second moment of area of the waterplane about a transverse axis through the centroid;
(iv) The moment to change trim one centimetre (MCT1cm).
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
CHAPTER 4 - CENTRE OF GRAVITY
(SECTION II)
1. Define longitudinal centre of gravity (LCG) and longitudinal centre of buoyancy (LCB).

(SECTION II)
1. When a mass of 25 tonnes is shifted 15 m transversely across the deck of a ship of 8,000 tonnes
displacement, it causes a deflection of 20 cm in a plumb line 4 m long. If the KM=7 m, calculate the KG.

2. A ship of 4000 tonne displacement has a mass of 50 tonne on board, on the centre line of the tank
top. A derrick, whose head is 18 m above the CG of the mass, is used to lift it. Find the shift in the ship's
centre of gravity from its original position when the mass is
(i) lifted just clear of the tank top
(ii) raised to the derrick head
(iii) placed on the deck 12 m above the tank top.

3. An oil tanker of 17000 tonne displacement has its centre of gravity 1 m aft of midship and has 250
tonne of oil fuel in its forward deep tank 75 m from midship. This fuel is transferred to the after oil
fuel bunker whose centre is 50 m from midship. 200 tonne of fuel from the after bunker is now
burned. Calculate the new position of the centre of gravity:
(i) after the oil has been transferred
(ii) after the oil has been used.

4. A pontoon has a constant cross-section as shown in fig. given below the metacentre height is 2.5 m.
Find the height of the centre of gravity above the keel.

5. A ship of displacement 10,010 tones has a container of 10 t at KG = 7.5 m. The container is shifted
transversely. A pendulum of length 7.5 m defects through 13.5 m. GM of ship = 0.76 m, KM = 6.7 m.
Find the distance through which the container is shifted. Also find the new KG if the container is
removed.

6. A ship of 11200 tonne displacement has a double bottom tank containing oil, whose centre of
gravity is 16.5 m forward and 6.6 m below the centre of gravity of the ship. When the oil is used the
ship’s centre of gravity moves 380 mm. Calculate - (i) The mass of oil used; (ii) The angle which the
centre of gravity moves relative to the horizontal.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
7. A vessel of 8000 tonne displacement has 75 tonnes of cargo on the deck. It is lifted by a derrick whose
head is 10.5 m above the centre of gravity of the cargo and placed in the lower hold 9 m below the deck and
14m forward of its original position. Calculate the shift in the vessel's centre of gravity from its original
position when the cargo is:
(i) just clear of the deck,
(ii) at the derrick head,
(iii) in its final position.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
CHAPTER 5 - STABILITY OF SHIPS
(SECTION I)
Q1. Explain how the period of roll varies with –
A. The amplitude of roll;
B. The radius of gyration;
C. The initial metacentric height;
D. The location of masses in the ship.

Q2. With respect to trim and stability, describe the following –

A. Effects on centre of gravity of slack tanks;
B. Effect on stability of ice formation on superstructure;
C. Effects of wind and waves on ship’s stability;
D. Effect of water absorption by deck cargo and retention of water on deck.

Q3. A. What is significance of the area under the curve of statical stability or the GZ curve? Explain
using a neat diagram, how this curve is used to assess the stability of the ship against a heeling arm.
B. In a grain carrier, how the shifting of grain affects the curve of statical stability. With a neat diagram
explain the existing minimum criteria for stability of grain carrying ships.

Q4. With reference to Ship stability:

A. With the help of a neat sketch explain the relevant features of a G-Z curve.
B. What are the effects of the below mentioned conditions on the G-Z curve?
(i) Increased freeboard, (ii) Increased beam, and (iii) Increased GM.

Q5. Describe the effect of the following on the ship’s stability;

A. Ice formation on superstructures
B. Effects of wind and waves
C. Changes that takes place during the ships voyage
D. Bilging of a compartment
E. While water is being pumped out from the dry dock.

Q6. Explain what is meant by "Dynamical Stability". Explain how the area under the GZ curve
represents dynamical stability for a ship.

Q7. A. What is the function of rate of turn indicator in ship handling?

B. What is meant by directional stability of the vessel?
C. Comment on the directional stability of twin-screw passenger carrier compared to single screw
VLCC.

Q8. With reference to Container Ships:

A. Describe the problem of Parametric Roll;
B. Explain how this problem is suitably addressed in the design and operation of the vessel.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
C. Describe possible methods for improving the stability of these vessels.

Q9. While taking over a new ship in shipyard, as a second engineer officer elaborate your
inspections/checks and significance of following:
A. Governing factors for having optimum stability in both the static and dynamic categories.
B. Intact stability criteria that the new ship must fulfil.
C. Effect of Draft on Righting Arm.
D. Cross Curves of stability.
E. Free communication effect (stability changes that occur when an off-centre compartment is in free
communication with the sea).

Q10. If a ship is seriously damaged under water in way of a large fuel oil side bunker tank what is the
immediate effect and what may ultimately happen? What features in the ship would enhance safety?

Q11. A. Explain how to distinguish between list and loll and describe how to return the ship to the
upright in each case.
B. Explain the term angle of loll and state what, if any dangers it poses to a vessel.

(SECTION II)
1. Explain the effect on GM during the filing of a double – bottom tank.
2. Explain how increase of draught and of displacement influence rolling.
3. Describe how the distribution of mass within the ship affects the rolling period.
4. With reference to dynamical stability, describe the effect of an increase in wind pressure when a
vessel is at its maximum angle of roll to windward.
5. Explain how to distinguish between list and loll and describe how to return the ship to the upright
in each case.
6. Describe how the force on the ship’s bottom and the GM vary when grounding takes place.
7. Describe measures which may be taken to improve the stability or trim of a damaged ship.
8. Explain the term volumetric heeling moments.
9. Define centre of buoyancy and show with the aid of sketches how a vessel which is Stable will
return to the upright after being heeled by an external force.
10. Explain the term Angle of loll and state the dangers it poses to a vessel. What action to be taken to
correct angle of loll.
11. Explain the concept of Dynamical stability.
12. Why is an inclining experiment carried out? Write short account of the method adopted.
13. Explain the use of KN curves.
14. Describe stability requirement for dry-docking.
15. With respect to Inclining Experiments on board vessels, sketch and describe briefly the inclining
experiment and explain how the results are used.
16. List the precautions necessary before an inclining experiment is carried out.
17. Describe the ways in which an unstable ship can be made stable.
18. Describe the process of correcting a negative GM.
19. Explain how the distribution of masses affects rolling and pitching.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
20. Why is it important in a tender ship to keep the double bottom tanks pressed up?
21. What is ‘form stability’ & ‘weight stability’?

(SECTION II)
1. A ship of 10,000 tonnes displacement has GM = 0.5 metres. The period of roll in still water is 20
seconds. Find the new period of roll if a mass of 50 tonnes is discharged from a position 14 metres
above the centre of gravity.

2. The righting moments of a ship at angles of heel of 0, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° are 0, 1690, 5430, 9360
and 9140 k/Nm respectively. Calculate the dynamical stability at 60°.

3. A box-barge 30 m long and 9 m beam floats at a draught of 3 m. The centre of gravity lies on the
centreline and KG is 3.50 m. A mass of 10 tonne, which is already on board, is now moved 6m across
the ship.
(i) Estimate the angle to which the vessel will heel, using the formula
GZ = sin θ (GM + 1/2 BM tan2 θ)
(ii) Compare the above result with the angle of heel obtained by the metacentric formula.

4. A ship of 5000 tonne displacement has three rectangular double bottom tanks A: 12 m long and 16
m wide; Tank B: 14 m long and 15 m wide; C 14 m long and 16 m wide. Calculate the free surface
effect for any one tank and state in which order the tanks should be filled when making use of them
for stability correction.

5. A ship of 5000 tonne displacement has a double bottom tank 12 m long. The ½ breadths of the top
of the tank are 5, 4 and 2 m respectively. The tank has a watertight centreline division. Calculate the
free surface effect if the tank is partially full of fresh water on one side only.

6. A ship 160 m long and 8700 tonne displacement floats at a waterline with
Station AP ½ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7½ FP
½
0 2.4 5.0 7.3 7.9 8.0 8.0 7.7 5.5 2.8 0m
ordinate
While floating at this waterline, the ship develops a list of 10° due to instability. Calculate the negative
metacentric height when the vessel is upright in this condition.

7. An inclining experiment was carried out on a ship of 8000 tonne displacement. The inclining ballast
was moved transversely through 12 m and the deflections of a pendulum 5.5m long, measured from
the centreline, were as follows:
3 tonne port to starboard 64 mm S
3 tonne port to starboard 116 mm S
Ballast restored 3 mm S
3 tonne starboard to port 54 mm P
3 tonne starboard to port 113 mm P
Calculate the metacentric height of the vessel.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
8. A ship of 8000 tonne displacement floats upright in seawater. KG = 7.6 m and GM = 0.5 m. A tank,
KG is 0.6 m above the keel and 3.5 m from the centre line, contains 100 tonne of water ballast.
Neglecting the free surface effect, calculate the angle which the ship will heel, when the ballast water
is pumped out.

9. A ship of 9,900 tonnes displacement has KM = 7.3 m and KG = 6.4 m she has yet to load two 50
tonne lifts with her own gear and the first lift is to be placed on deck on the inshore side (KG 9 m and
centre of gravity 6 m out from the centre line). When the derrick plumbs the quay its head is 15 m
above the keel an 12 m out from the centre line. Calculate the maximum list during operation.

10. A ship of 8,000 tonnes displacement takes the ground on a sand bank on a falling tide at an even
keel draft of 5.2 meters. KG 4.0 meters. The predicted depth of water over the sand bank at the
following low water is 3.2 meters. Calculate the GM at this time assuming that the KM will then be 5.0
meters and that mean TPC is 15 tonne.

11. A box shaped vessel 65 m × 12 m × 8 m has KG 4 m and is floating in self water upright on an even
keel at 4 m draft F and A. Calculate the moments of statically stability at (i) 5° and (ii) 25° heel.

12. A box shaped vessel is 80 m long, 12 m wide and floats at a draught of 4 m. A full width midships
compartment 15 m long is bilged and this results in the draught increasing to 4.5 m. Calculate EACH of
the following:
(a) The permeability of the compartment;
(b) The change in metacentric height due to bilging.

13. A double bottom tank is 23 m long. The half breadths of the top of the tank are 5.5, 4.6, 4.3, 3.7 and
3.0 m respectively. When the ship displaces 5350 tonnes, the loss in metacentric height due to free
surface is 0.2 m. Calculate the density of the liquid in the tank.

14. A box shaped vessel has length 100 m and breadth 12 m and floats at a range of drafts from 1m to
10m. Produce curves of KB1, BM and KM.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
CHAPTER 6 - TRIM
(SECTION II)
1. Explain the effect of bilging a centreline compartment located away from amidships.
2. Explain why the bilging of empty double-bottom or deep tanks below the waterline leads to an increase in
GM.
3. What do you understand by reserve buoyancy? What will happen if the lost buoyancy is greater than the
reserve buoyancy?
4. Explain how trim occurs and explain the effect of trim on tank soundings

(SECTION II)
1. A ship 120m long has a light displacement of 4000 tonne and LCG in this condition 2.5 m aft of midship. The
following items are then added:
Cargo 10000 tonne LCG 3.0 m forward of midship
Fuel 1500 tonne LCG 2.0 m aft of midship
Water 400 tonne LCG 8.0 m aft of midship
Stores 100 tonne LCG 10.0 m forward of midship
Using the following hydrostatic data, calculate the fine draughts:
Displacement LCB from LCF from
MCTI cm
Draught (t) midship (m) midship (m)
8.50 16650 183 1.94 F 1.20 A
8.00 15350 175 2.10 F 0.60 F

2. A ship 130 m long displaces 14000 tonne when floating at draughts of 7.5 m forward and 8.10 m aft. GML –
125 m, TPC – 18, LCF – 3 m aft of midship. Calculate the final draughts when a mass of 180 tonne lying 40 m aft
of midship is removed from the ship.

3. A ship 120 m long displaces 8000 tonne, GML is 102 m, TPC 17.5 and LCF 2 m aft of midship. It arrives in port
with draughts of 6.3 m forward and 6.6 m aft. During the voyage the following changes in loading have taken
place:
Fuel used 200 tonne 18m forward of midship
Water used 100 tonne 3m aft of midship
Stores used 10 tonne 9m aft of midship
Ballast added 300 tonne 24m forward of midship
Calculate the original draughts.

4. A box shaped vessel of length 100 metres and breadth 18 metres, floats in salt water on an even keel at 7.5
metres draft. KG = 4 metres. The ship has a continuous centre line bulkhead which is watertight. Find the list if
a compartment amidships, which is 15 metres long and is empty, is bilged on one side.

5. A ship of 8000 tonne displacement, 110 m long, floats in sea water of 1.024 t/m3 at draughts of 6 m forward
and 6.3 m aft. The TPC is 16, LCB 0.6 m aft of midship, LCF 3 m aft of midship and MCT1cm 65 tonne m, the
vessel now moves into fresh water of 1.000 t/m3. Calculate the distance a mass of 50 tonne must be moved to
bring the vessel to an even keel and determine the final draught.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
6. An oil tanker 160 m long and 22 m beam floats at a draught of 9 m in seawater. Cw is 0.865. The
midship section is in the form of a rectangle with 1.2 m radius at the bilges. A midship tank 10.5 m
long has twin longitudinal bulkheads and contains oil of 1.4 m3/t to a depth of 11.5 m. The tank is
holed to the sea for the whole of its transverse section. Find the new draught.

7. A ship of 14000 tonne displacement is 125 m long and floats at draughts of 7.9 m forward and 8.5 m
aft. The TPC is 19, GML 120 m and LCF 3 m forward of midship. It is required to bring the vessel to an
even keel draught of 8.5m. Calculate the mass which should be added and the distance of the centre of
the mass from midship.

8. A ship 85 m long displaces 8100 tonne when floating in seawater at draughts of 5.25 m forward and
5.55 m aft. TPC 9.0, GML 96 m, LCF 2 m aft of midships. It is decided to introduce water ballast to
completely submerge the propeller and a draught aft of 5.85 m is required. A ballast tank 33 m aft of
midships is available. Find the least amount of water required and the final draught forward.

9. A ship of 22000 tonne displacement is 160 m long and MCTI cm 280 tonne m, waterplane area 3060
m2 centre of buoyancy 1 m aft of midships and centre of flotation 4 m aft of midships. It floats in water
of 1.007 t/m3 at draughts of 8.15 m forward and 8.75 m aft. Calculate the new draughts if the vessel
moves into sea water of 1.026 t/m2 and the metacentric height of the vessel.

10. A box shaped barge of uniform construction is 80 m long, 12 m beam and has a light displacement
of 888 tonne. The barge is loaded to a draught of 7 m in sea water of density 1025 kg/m3 with cargo
evenly distributed over two end compartment of equal length. The empty midship compartment
extending to the full width and depth of the barge is bilged and the draught increases to 10 m.
Determine: (a) the length of the midship compartment (b) the longitudinal still water bending
moment at midship: (i) in the loaded intact condition, (ii) in the new bilged condition.

11. A ship 90 m long displaces 5200 tonne and floats at draughts of 4.95 m forward and 5.35 m aft
when in sea water of 1023 kg/m3. The water plane area is 1100 m2, GML 95 m, LCB 0.6 m forward of
midship and LCF 2.2 m aft of midship. Calculate the new draughts when the vessel moves into fresh
water of 1002 kg/m3.

12. A ship 120 m long floats has draughts of 5.50 m forward and 5.80 m aft; MCT1 cm 80 tonne m, TPC
13, LCF 2.5 m forward of midship. Calculate the new draughts when a mass of 110 tonne is added 24
m aft of midship.

13. A box shaped vessel, 50 metres long × 10 metres wide, floats in salt water on an even keel at a
draft of 4 metres. A centre line longitudinal watertight bulkhead extends from end to end and for the
full depth of the vessel. A compartment amidships on the starboard side is 15 metres long and
contains cargo with permeability 30%. Calculate the list if this compartment is bilged. KG = 3 metres.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
CHAPTER 7 - RESISTANCE
(SECTION I)
Q1. Describe the relationship between frictional resistance and
(i) Ship’s speed;
(ii) The wetted area;
(iii) Surface roughness;
(iv) The length of the vessel.

Q2. Write short notes on resistance encountered by a sailing ship in water. What structural changes
are in place to minimize them?

(SECTION II)
1. What factors influence the frictional resistance of a ship and what formula is used to calculate the
resistance?
2. Describe the relationship between frictional resistance and (i) Ship’s speed; (ii) The wetted area;
(iii) Surface roughness; (iv) The length of the vessel.
3. List the components of residuary resistance.
4. Explain what is meant by: i. Wave making resistance; ii. Frictional resistance; iii. Eddy-making
Resistance.
5. What is meant by the Admiralty Coefficient and the Fuel Coefficient?
6. Derive the Admiralty Coefficient formula and show how this may be modified to suit a fast ship.
7. What is the effect on fuel consumption per unit time, if the ship’s speed is outside its operation
range?

(SECTION II)
1. A ship 120 m long displaces 10500 tonne and has a wetted surface area of 3000 m2. At 15 knots the
shaft power is 4100 kW, propulsive coefficient 0.6 and 55% of the thrust is available to overcome
frictional resistance; calculate the shaft power required for a similar ship 140 m long at the
corresponding speed. f = 0.42 and n = 1.825.

2. The fuel consumption of a ship at 17 knots is 47 tonne/day. The speed is reduced and the
consumption is reduced to 22 tonne/day. At the lower speed, however, the consumption per unit
power is 13.2% greater than at 17 knots. Find the reduced speed and the percentage saving on a
voyage of 3000 nautical miles.

3. A ship of 14900 tonne displacement has a shaft power of 4460 kW at 14.55 knots. The shaft power
is reduced to 4120 kW and the fuel consumption at the same displacement is 541 kg/h. Calculate the
fuel coefficient for the ship.

4. The wetted surface area of a container ship is 5946 m2, when travelling at its service speed, the
effective power required is 11250 kW with frictional resistance 74% of the total resistance and
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
specific fuel consumption of 0.22 kg/kW-h. To conserve fuel, the ship speed is reduced by 10%, the
daily fuel consumption is then found to be 83.0 tonne, and Frictional coefficient in sea water is 1.432.
Speed in m/s with index (n) 1.825. Propulsive coefficient may be assumed constant at 0.6.
Determine:
(i) The service speed of the ship,
(ii) The percentage increase in specific fuel consumption when running at reduced speed.

5. When a ship is 800 nautical miles from port its speed is reduced by 20%, thereby reducing the daily
fuel consumption by 42 tonne and arriving in port with 50 tonne on board. If the fuel consumption in
t/h is given by the expression (0.136+0.001 V3) where V is the speed in knots, estimate:
(i) The reduced consumption per day;
(ii) The amount of fuel on board when the speed was reduced
(iii) The percentage decrease in consumption for the latter part of the voyage;
(iv) The percentage increases in time for this latter period.

6. A 6 m model of a ship has a wetted surface area of 7 m2 and when towed in fresh water at 3 knots
has a total resistance of 35 N. Calculate the effective power of the ship, 120 m long, at its
corresponding speed. n = 1.825: f from formula SCF = 1.15

7. A ship of 6000 tonne displacement has a wetted surface area of 2500 m2 and a speed of 15 knots.
(i) Calculate the corresponding speed and wetted surface area of as similar ship of 2000 tonne
displacement.
(ii) If the ship resistance is of the form R = 0.45 S V1.83 N; find the resistance of the 6000 tonne ship.

8. The daily fuel consumption of a ship at 17 knots is 42 tonne. Calculate the speed of the ship if the
consumption is reduced to 28 tonne per day, and the specific consumption at the reduced speed is
18% more than at 17 knots.

9. The speed of a ship is increased to 18% above normal for 7.5 hours, and then reduced to 9% below
normal for 10 hours. The speed is then reduced for the remainder of the day so that the consumption
for the day is the normal amount. Find the percentage difference between the distance travelled in
that day and the normal distance travelled per day.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
CHAPTER 8 - PROPELLERS
(SECTION I)
Q1. A. Explain how a propeller blade may be eroded due to cavitation, describing the progressive
nature of the damage.
B. Outline the design features that may be considered to minimise cavitation.
C. State FOUR detrimental effects of propeller cavitation.

Q2. With respect to propellers:

A. With simple sketches explain how to measure the pitch of propeller.
B. How does cavitation take place? How can this effect be reduced?
C. Compare the advantages and disadvantages between a built and a solid propeller.

(SECTION II)
1. Explain what is meant by singing of propeller.
2. With reference to fixed pitch propellers, explain Propeller Slip and Propeller Thrust.
3. Describe how thrust power is determined.
4. What is meant by Quasi Propulsive Coefficient?
5. Explain what is meant by left and right-handed propellers, and also explain the rotation of
propellers in a twin-screw ship.
6. With respect to Ship Propulsion, explain the various efficiencies associated with propeller and
shafting arrangement.
7. Describe the effect of cavitation on (i) The thrust and torque (ii) The propeller blades.
8. Describe the fundamental principle of a propeller.
9. Describe the effect of cavitation on the propeller blades.
10. Define hull efficiency and propeller efficiency.

(SECTION II)
1. The following data are available for a twin-screw vessel:
V (knots) 15 16 17 18
epn (kW) 3000 3750 4700 5650
QPC 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.71
Calculate the service speed if the breaker power for each engine is 350 kW. The transmission is 3%
and the allowances for weather and appendages 30%.

2. A propeller 4.6 m diameter has a pitch of 4.3 m and boss diameter of 0.75. The real slip is 28% at 95
rev/min. Calculate the speed of advance, thrust and thrust power.

3. A ship of 15000 tonne displacement has an Admiralty Coefficient, based on shaft power, of 420. The
mechanical efficiency of the machinery is 83%, shaft losses 6%, propeller efficiency 65% and QPC
0.71. At a particular speed the thrust power is 2550 kW.
Calculate: (i) Indicated power, (ii) Effective power, (iii) Ship speed.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
4. A propeller has a pitch ratio of 0.95. When turning at 120 rev/min the real slip is 30%, the wake
fraction 0.28 and the ship speed 16 knots. The thrust is found to be 400 kN, the torque 270 kN-m and
the QPC 0.67. Calculate:
(i) The propeller diameter;
(ii) The shaft power;
(iii) The propeller efficiency;
(iv) The thrust deduction factor.

5. A propeller 6m diameter has a pitch ratio of 0.9, BAR 0.48 and, when turning at 110 rev/min, has a
real slip of 25% and wake faction 10.30. If the propeller delivers a thrust of 300 kN and the propeller
efficiency is 0.65. Calculate – (i) Blade area; (ii) Ship speed; (iii) Thrust power; (iv) Shaft power; (v)
Torque.

6. A ship of 355190 tonne displacement is 325 m long, 56 m wide and floats in sea water of density
1025 kg/m3 at a draught of 22.4 m. The propeller has a diameter of 7.4 m, a pitch ratio of 0.85, and
when rotating at 1.5 rev/s the real slip is 48.88% and the fuel consumption is 165 tonne per day.
The Taylor wake fraction Wt = 0.5 Cb - 0.05. Calculate:
(a) The speed in knots.
(b) The reduced speed at which the ship should travel if the fuel consumption in a voyage is to be
halved.
(c) The length of the voyage if the extra time on passage is six days when travelling at the reduced
speed.
(d) The amount of fuel required on-board before commencing on the voyage at the reduced speed.

7. When a propeller of 4.8 m pitch turns at 110 rpm, the apparent slip is found to be - S % and the real
slip is + 1.5 S %. If the wake speed is 25 % of the ship speed, calculate the ship speed, apparent slip
and the real slip.

8. A ship of length 140 m, breadth of 18.5 m, draught of 8.1 m and a displacement of 17,025 tonnes in
sea water, has a face pitch ratio of 0.673. Diameter of the Propeller is 4.8 m. The results of the speed
trial show that true slip may be regarded as constant over a range of 9 to 13 knots and is 30%, Wt =
0.5 Cb - 0.05. If fuel used is 20 t/day at 13 knots and fuel consumption/day varies as cube of speed of
ship, determine the fuel consumption, when propeller runs at 110 rpm.

9. A ship 150 m in length, 24 m breadth, displaces 25000 tonne when floating at a draught of 9 m in
sea water of density 1025 kg/m³. The ship’s propeller has a diameter of 5.8 m, a pitch ratio of 0.9 and
a blade area ratio of 0.45. With the propeller operating at 2 rev/sec, the following results were
recorded: Apparent slip ratio = 0.06; Thrust power = 3800 kW; Propeller efficiency = 64% &
The Taylor wake fraction is given by: Wt = 0.5 Cb - 0.05 Calculate EACH of the following for the above
condition:
(a) The ship’s speed.
(b) The real slip ratio.
(c) The thrust per unit area of blade surface.
(d) The torque delivered to the propeller.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
10. The following information relates to a model propeller of 400 mm pitch:
Rev/Min 400 450 500 550 600
Thrust N 175 260 365 480 610
Torque Nm 16.8 22.4 28.2 34.3 40.5
(i) Plot curves of thrust and torque against rev/min
(ii) When the speed of advance of the model is 150 m/min and slip 0.20, calculate the efficiency.

11. The shaft power of a ship is 3000 kW, the ship’s speed V is 13.2 knots. Propeller rps is 1.27.
Propeller pitch is 5.5 m and the speed of advance is 11 Knots. Find:
(i) Real Slip, (ii) Wake fraction, (iii) Propeller thrust, when its efficiency, η = 70%.

12. A ship travelling at 15.5 knots has a propeller of 5.5 m pitch turning at 95 rev/min. The thrust of
the propeller is 380 kN and the delivered power 3540 kW. If the real slip is 20% and the thrust
deduction factor is 0.198, calculate the Quasi Propulsive Coefficient (QPC) and the wake fraction.

13. The following data applies to a ship operating on a particular voyage with a propeller of 6 m
diameter having a pitch ratio of 0.95:
Propeller speed = 1.8 revs/s, Real slip = 34%, Apparent slip = 7%, Shaft power = 10000 kW, Specific
fuel consumption = 0.22 kg/kW-hr. Calculate EACH of the following:
(a) The ship speed in knots;
(b) The Taylor wake fraction;
(c) The reduced speed at which the ship should travel in order to reduce the voyage consumption;
(d) The voyage distance if the voyage takes 3 days longer at the reduced speed;
(e) The amount of fuel required for the voyage at the reduced speed.

14. A ship 120 m long displaces 12000 tonne. The following data are available from trial results:
V (knots) 10 11 12 13 14 15
SP (kw) 880 1155 1520 2010 2670 3600
(a) Draw the curve of admiralty coefficients on a base of speed
(b) Estimate the shaft power required for a similar ship 140m long at 14 knots.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
CHAPTER 9 - RUDDER THEORY
(SECTION I)
1. With reference to rudder carrier bearings fitted to Merchant Ships:
A. Sketch a bearing designed to transfer the full weight of the rudder to ships structure.
B. Describe the consequence if the rudder carrier bearing surfaces become heavily scored.
C. Describe the consequence of and the action to be taken, if the carrier shatters.

2. Show by means of a sketch how transverse force is generated by turning a rudder. How is this force
converted to turning moment? Can similar transverse force be generated by a transverse thruster?
Where should this be located for maximum turning effect?

3. A plane of the rudder of a vessel requires extensive welding repairs and as a Chief Engineer you are
requested to supervise –
A. Suggest a suitable type of welding process;
B. State with reasons FOUR common welding defects that can occur there;
C. State what tests may be carried out before returning the rudder to service.

4. A. Explain how a force normal to the rudder is produced when the rudder is turned to a helm angle.
B. Define the term centre of effort as applied to a rudder.
C. Describe how the position of centre of effort changes as helm angle increases.
D. Explain the term balanced, describing the benefits of fitting a balanced rudder.
E. Describe, with the aid of a sketch, how an angle of heel is produced due to the force on the rudder.

5. With reference to ship’s rudder state:-

A. How can a breached hollow rudder add to fuel costs?
B. Why excessive pintle clearance should not be tolerated?
C. Why fitted bolts are used in connecting upper and lower stocks?

(SECTION II)
1. Explain why the rudder angle does not normally exceeds 35°.
2. List the variables which affect the force on Rudder.

(SECTION II)
1. A ship of 12000 tonne displacement has a rudder 15 m2 in area, whose centre is 5 m below the
waterline. The metacentric height of the ship is 0.3 m and the centre of buoyancy is 3.3 m below the
waterline. When travelling at 20 knots the rudder is turned through 30°. Find the initial angle of heel if
the force Fr perpendicular to the plane of the rudder is given by: Fa = 577 A v2 sin 𝛼 N, allow 20% for
the race effect.

2. A ship 150 m long and 8.5 m draught has a rudder whose area is one sixtieth of the middle-line
plane and diameter of stock 320 mm. Calculate the maximum speed at which the vessel may travel if
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
THEORY (SECTION I, II) & NUMERICAL (SECTION II)
the maximum allowable stress is 70 MN/m² the centre of stock 0.9 m from the centre of effort and the
maximum rudder angle is 35°.

3. A ship turns is a circle of radius 100 meters at a speed of 15 knots. The GM is 2/3 meters and BG is 1
meter. If g = 981 cm/sec2 and 1 knot is equal to 1.8532 km/hour, find the heel due to turning.