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02 Instruments

Dental instruments are tools used in dentistry and come in various types. Rotary cutting instruments include high-speed burs and abrasives that are powered by air turbines or micromotors. Burs are made of materials like tungsten carbide and diamond grit and are used to cut tooth structure. Abrasives like stones and discs are larger cutting tools made of materials like carborundum and are used for grinding. Other instruments include lasers, which are used to cut soft and hard tissues, and sterilization is important to disinfect instruments between patients.

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42 views11 pages

02 Instruments

Dental instruments are tools used in dentistry and come in various types. Rotary cutting instruments include high-speed burs and abrasives that are powered by air turbines or micromotors. Burs are made of materials like tungsten carbide and diamond grit and are used to cut tooth structure. Abrasives like stones and discs are larger cutting tools made of materials like carborundum and are used for grinding. Other instruments include lasers, which are used to cut soft and hard tissues, and sterilization is important to disinfect instruments between patients.

Uploaded by

mariamwassem123
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dental Instruments

DENTAL INSTRUMENTS IN FIXED


PROSTHODONTICS
Definition: A dental instrument is a tool or adevice used for any type of work
at dental field.
Types of Dental Instruments:
I. Hand Cutting Instruments:
These are instruments held by hand; e.g.: probes, excavators, carvers.
II. Rotary Cutting Instruments:
• They are held by a removable shank called “Hand Piece " which can be
without any angle and this called “Straight hand piece " or having an
angle and this is called " Contra angle hand piece".

•
• (high speed contra angle hand piece)
• They are powered either by an turbinated air or by an electric
motor(micromotor).

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Dental Instruments

•
(low speed micromotor)
-Recent digital equipment: intra and extral oral scanners,CAD/CAM machines
and printers.

(intra oral scanner)


-Air turbine speeds:
1) high speed : 40.000 to 100.000
2) Ultra high speed : 100.000 to 500.000.
–Micromotor speed :

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Dental Instruments

3) Conventional / low speed : 3000 to 10.000 RPM ( Revolution Per Minute


)(micromotor).
The low speed range is used for:
1) Initial preparation of groove and pinholes for Fixed Prosthodontics.
2) Finishing and polishing procedures.
3) Teeth cleaning.

The high speed range is used for: Tooth preparation and removing old
restorations. The action is faster with less pressure, vibration and heat
generation.
There are two types of tools used with the rotary instruments at the end of
the hand piece:
A) Dental rotary burs.

B) Dental rotary abrasives: 1) Stones

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Dental Instruments

2) Discs

Rotary cutting instruments consists of three parts


1) Shank 2) Neck (3) Head
1) Shank: is the part that fits into the headpiece and accepts the rotary motion
from the headpiece.
• Types of shanks:
1) long shank used with the straight hand piece
2) short shank latch hooked used with the contra angle hand piece
3) Friction grip used with an air turbine hand piece.

2) Neck: The neck is the intermediate portion of an instrument that connects


the head(cutting part) to the shank.
(3)Head: The head is the working part of instrument, the cutting part or points
of which perform the desired reduction of tooth structure.

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Dental Instruments

There are many characteristics of the head of rotary instruments could be used
for classification:
a) Shape :
i. Bladed instruments
ii. Abrasive instruments
a) Material of construction:
1-Tungsten carbide
2- Carbon steel
3-Diamond ships
4-Sand

The dental rotary instruments are supplied in 2 categories:


1)Mounted type: in which the working point is permanently attached to
the shank. e.g. stones & burs.

2)Demounted type: These are shanks called mandrels which can carry
a variety of interchangeable demounted tools. The mode of attachment

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Dental Instruments

between the mandrel and the working tool is a hole and a screw in lock
system. e.g. wheel stone , sand paper discs & cup shaped stone.

A) Burs:
Dental burs are used for cutting hard tissues - tooth or bone. They
are made of steel, stainless steel, tungsten carbide and diamond grit.
They can also be divided according to the shape into 3 types: round,
inverted cone, and fissure . Fissure burs can be divided according to
shape into cylindrical or tapering. The cutting action of the burs is by
chips or shaving.

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Dental Instruments

B) Dental Rotary Abrasives:


1) Stones:
They are larger milling cutters. They can be divided according to
materials into: carborundum, , diamond & sand. They can also be
divided according to the shape into : wheel ,cylindrical , tapering ,
round , inverted cone ,cup shaped , barrel shaped , pear shaped, end
cutting. The milling action of the stones is by pulverization or grinding.

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Dental Instruments

2-)Discs:
• Supplied either in the mounted or demounted form.
• They are used with high and low speeds.
They are classified according to the abrasive material used:
i. Carborundum
ii. Diamond
iii. Metal
These 3 are used for proximal cutting(slicing).

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Dental Instruments

Sand paper used for smoothening and finishing preparation.


Finishing instruments:
Rotary instruments used to finish and polish restorations includes: Burs, Stones,
Discs, and Rubber Cups with finer grit.

3] Abrasive Cutting Instruments:


This type of dental instruments utilizes a gas propellant carrying abrasive
particles Al2O3 or SiO2 or mixture of both which strike and blast tooth structure.
They are 2 types: air abrasive and ultrasonic.

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Dental Instruments

4] Laser:
Laser light is an electromagnetic energy that is coherent,
monochromatic and collimated.
• Monochromatic : all photons particles have same wave length.
• Coherent: all photons exist in the same phase.
• Collimated: all photons are nearly parallel and beam divergence is low.
It is used recently in dentistry to cut soft and hard oral structures and to perform
other dental procedures.
There are 4 common types of laser used in dental procedures: Co2 , Argon
Nd:YAG, Er:YAG . The mode of laser emission is a continuous wave or
pulsed .

Sterilization and Disinfection of Instruments


• Instruments must be cleaned thoroughly by scrubbing with soap and
water or detergent solution or with mechanical device as ultrasonic
cleaner to remove debris.
• The operator must wear protective high utility gloves.
• The sterilization of instruments may be accomplished using the following
methods:

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Dental Instruments

1-Steam autoclave : Most reliable method , performed at 1340C or 1210C at 27


PSI pressure with variation in the cycle time(15-30 minutes.
2-Drv heat (time consuming) Not a reliable method . It is performed at 1100C
for 2 hours . Temperature exceeding 1210C may cause premature failure of the
instruments.
3- Chemical solutions : Used for dental instruments that cannot withstand heat.
These instruments are soaked in chemical solutions.

(steam autoclave)

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