Observation 13
Observation 13
dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExµrRkhm 13
rcnasm<½n§rdæ)al nigRbB½n§TMnak;TMng nigtYnaTI
rbs;CnCab;ecaTkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
Exkkáda qñaM2012
mati k a
bBaðasuxPaB eGog sarI 2
skçIkmμrbs;sakSI nI kn 6
skçIkmμrbs;sakSI sKWm lμút 17
skçIkmμrbs;sakSI esA sarun 25
skçIkmμrbs;sakSI xwm gn 36
skçIkmμrbs;sakSI eGOn tan 38
skçIkmμrbs;sakSI yun KIm 45
skçIkmμrbs;sakSI exov enA 53 sßanPaBkñúgshkrN_enArbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
Rku m segá t karN_ ³ ¬RbPBÉksar³ mCÄmNlÐ ÉksarkmCú< a¦
qay QunlI/ DI suCata/
lwm C½yT½tþ nig can R)afña mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<Cú a EsVgrkkarBitedIm,IkarcgcaM nigyutFiþ m’ www.dccam.org
nYn Ca tam:uk
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 23
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
enARksYg]sSahkmμenaHeTAvij. elakminPJak;ep¥IlGIVeT karenATIenaHeTAeTot. sakSIFaø b;beRmIkarCanaykrgFnaKar
elakRKan;Etq¶l;enAkñúgcitþfaehtuGVI)anCa eGog sarI BaNiC¢kmμeRkARbeTs ral;kargarenaHelakeFVIedaymin
mkRbCMuCamYyRksYg]sSahkmμ ehIy)anniyayBIbBaða manbBa¢apÞal;BInrNaeT KWtamnirsarBImnÞIrkNþalmYy.
Tak;TgnwgRksYgenHeTot ehIykic©RbCMuenaHmanlkçN³ kargarsñÚlenAFnaKar KWRbtibtþikarrvagExμr nigbreTs b:uEnþ
sMxan;edaysarEtmanKN³RbtiPUBIRbeTscin)ancUlrYmCa manEtBIrnak;b:ueNÑaH minmanKNenyüenaHeT KWmanEt
mYyEdr. eQμaHb:ueNÑaH.
3¦ skçIkmμrbs;sakSIcMeBaHmuxemFavItMNag emFavIGnþrCatitMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI KWelak
edImbNþwgrdæb,evNI eNKVI )anbeBa©jnUvPaBsb,ayrIkraycMeBaHlT§PaB rbs;
elakRsI sInu suvn: emFavItN
M agedImbNþgw rdæb,evNI sakSIEdlGacsþab;Pasa)araMg)an. eqøy I tbnwgsMNrY sakSI
)ancab;epþImsMNYrrbs;xøÜn edaysYreLIgvijGMBIkarcUlrYm )anbBa¢ak;faelakmin)anTTYlbBa¢IEdlraykarN_BIRsUv
rbs;sakSIkñúgclnats‘UenAkñúgsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym. GgárEdlnaMecjeT elakeTIbEteXIjbBa¢IenHenAéf¶enH
Pøam² elak xaNav:as CaemFavIkarBarkþCI nCab;ecaT eGog b:eu NÑaH. sakSI)anbnþeTotfa enAeBlEdlelakeFVCI aGñkbk
sarI )aneRkakQrrYcelIkeLIgfa sMNYrKYrEtcab;epþImBIGVI ERbCUnKN³RbtiPUeTATsSnaenAtamshkrN_ elakmin)an
EdlshRBHraCGaCJaminTan;)ansYr. elakecARkmeFVI eXIjmankarFøak;cuHnUvkarhUbcukGIeT edaysarshkrN_
karrB£kdl;elakRsIemFavIBIkareRbIR)as;eBlevla[man enaHmanlkçN³Biess eRBaHmankEnøgGacrkmðÚbGahar
GtßRbeyaCn_. bnÞab;mkelakRsI)ansYrGMBIGñkmkx©IR)ak; )an. elakemFavI eNKVI )aneFVIkarrMB£kdl;sakSIGMBIeQμaH
enAFnaKar b:uEnþsMNYrenHminRtÚv)anGgÁCMnMuCRmHGnuBaØat[ pn nig sYn sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa RbEhlCakmμaPi)alfñak;
sakSIeqøIyeLIy. elakRsI)anbnþsMNYfa etIelaksakSI mFüm b¤fñak;kNþal b¤Epñkbec©keTsmkBIRksYgBaNiC¢kmμ
yl;y:agNacMeBaHkar]btßmR)ak;kñúgbdivtþ. elaksakSI ehIyelak)aneRbóbeFobtMENgrbs;GñkTaMgBIrenaHfa
)aneqøyiI tbfa enHKWCaerOgtaMgBImnu rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü ebIenAkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñKWRbEhlnwgfñak; kariyal½y.
EdleKGegÁósluybnþicbnþÜcminmanGIcEmøkeT KWeFVItaMg muneBlelakecjdMeNIrBIPñMeBjenAqñaM1976
BImunqñaM1975emø:H. sakSI)anCRmabCUnGgÁCMnMuCRmH sakSImin)anenACamYy Gn eLIy ehIyelakk¾mindwgfa
GMBIRbePTrUbiyb½NÑEdleRbIsRmab;TUTat;CamYyRbeTscin vasnarbs; Gn y:agNaenaHEdr. elakminFøab;dwgfaGñk
KWluyy½n ehIycMeBaHRbeTsepSgeTot KWeRbIRbePTluy enARksYgenaHman kar)at;xnÜø nigbBaðabBa¢nÚ eQμaHeTAs-21
epSg. eLIy KWelakeTIbEtdwgenAkñúgsvnakarenHb:ueNÑaH. enA
eqøIytbnwgsMNYrbnÞab; sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa elak kñgú RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ sakSI)anCYybgðajBIEbbbTeFVbI Ba¢bI Eu: nþ
sÁal; eDOn CaRbFanKN³kmμaFikarBaNiCk¢ mμ Etelakmindwg eBlTMnij naMecj-cUl enaH elakmin)andwgeT. sakSI)an
faeDOneFVkI arenA870eTsUm,IeQμaH870k¾mni Føab;BE¤ dr. CRmabfa karbMeBjkargarCaGñkbkERbCUnKN³RbtiPU
cMENk v:n evt elakCYb)anEtmþgb:eu NÑaHenAqñaRM bEhledIm esdækic©BaNiC¢kmμenaHelak)ansÁal;eQμaH RKin EdlCa
qña1M 976.elakRsIemFavI )anbnþsN M rY faelakFøab;eFVkI ar RbFanEpenAkMBg;esam. eqøIytbnwgsMNYrGMBIeQμaHenH
enAsIusuvtßietIelaksÁal; eGog sarI exov FIriT§eT? sakSI sakSI)anpþl;cemøIyfaelakcaMfaeKbBa¢Únelak RKin eTA
)aneqøIytbfaelaksÁal;buKÁlTaMgBIrtaMgBIenAmuneBleFVI hugkug edayRksYgBaNiC¢kmμ b:uEnþRtg;cMNucfabBa¢ÚneTA
24 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
edIm,ICMnYseQμaH sux enaHsakSIminRCabeT. sakSIk¾)an evt dwgerOgenHBINa b:uEnþmanmnusSeRcInNas;EdldwgBI
bBa¢ak;BIkRmitsÁal;KñarvagelakCamYyelak nig v:an; riT§ smtßPaBrbs;elak.Tak;TgnwgeQμaHv:an; rTi § sakSI)anbMPfWø a
EdlCasisSrbs;e; lakeBlsakSIeFVkI arenAsalasIsu vu tß.i xøÜn)anCYbenAeBleRkaymk KWeBlEdlCYbCamYy eDOn
elakfaelakminmanniyayepþaHbþÚrKñaGMBIKN³kmμaFikarBa RbCMuCamYyKN³RbtiPU. sakSIFøab;)anENnaMkargarFnaKar
NiC¢kmμGIeT ebIeTaHCaFøab;sÁal;elak riT§ BImunmkk¾eday. eTAkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm KWCYyBnül;CaRTwsþIenAeBlKN³
4¦ karsYredajedaledayRkúmemFavIkarBarkþI RbtiPUcinBnül; ehIyGñkTaMgenaHsþab;minyl; elakk¾)an
enAeBlcab;epþImsvnakarnaRBwkéf¶TI5Exmifuna Bnül;enAkEnøgNaEdleKsYrTak;TgnwgRTwsþITUeTAEdleK
qña2M 012 GgÁCnM CuM RmH)anpþle; vTikaeTARkumemFavIkarBarkþI eRbIR)as;elIsklelakb:ueNÑaH minEmnebIkvKÁsikSaeT.
CnCab;ecaT exov sMpn muneKedIm,IsYrsakSI sKwm lμút. sakSIk¾)anbBa¢ak;Edrfa elakminFøab;manEpnkar b¤eKal
elakemFavICati Kg; sMGun )ancab;epþImsMNYrTak;Tgnwgkar karN_esñIedIm,I[FnaKarmankarrIk ceRmInGIeT.
pþlC; nM y
Y dl;clnabdivtþ. sakSI)aneqøy I fa eRkABICnM y Y Ca bnÞab;BIemFavICati)ansYrcb; elak GakTY EvkEKn
fvikaelakminmanCYyCakmøaMgkay nigcitþeT. eqøIytb emFavIGnþrCatikarBarkþICnCab;ecaT exov sMpn )ancab;epþIm
nwgsMNYr sakSI)anCRmabCUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfaxøÜnFøab;CYb exov sMNYredayecaTsYrsakSIfa etIelakFøab;cat;Tukfaelak
sMpn enAmunqña1M 975 edaysarKat;CasPatMNagRbCaCn Ehm Cafñak;elIrbs;elakeT? sakSI)aneqøIytbfa
EtminFøab;CYbpÞal;. munqñaM1978elak)anCYbKat;min elakminEdlcat;TukCapøÚvkareT KWRKan;EtKitkñúgcitþb:ueNÑaH
Emnkñúgkic©karraCkareT KWCYbedayécdnü b:ueNÑaHenAkEnøg b:uEnþCak;EsþgminEmneT. bnÞab;mkelakemFavI)ansYrfa
xøHkñúgTIRkúgPñMeBj. elaksakSIFøab;B¤BaküsmanCn etIelak exov sMpn mantMENgGVIenArbbExμrRkhm? sakSI
ehIyelakk¾sßitenAkñúgRbePTsmanCnenHEdr. elak )aneqøIyfa exov sMpn RbEhlCanaykrdæm®nþIenAeBl
sakSI)anBnül;fasmanCnenAmunqña1M 975KWCaCnEdlman enaH. sakSI)anpþl;PaBc,as;las;CUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfa
citþCYybdivtþ b:uEnþminskmμeT. elakminEmnKitRsém:fa exov sMpn Canaykrdæm®nþIeT
Tak;TgnwgkarCemøóselaksakSI)ancakecjBIPñM KWenAeBlenaHmankarRbkasCapøÚvkar RbkasCaGnþrCatifa
eBjCamYyeKÉgkñúgry³eBlxøIb:ueNÑaH.eRkaymkRbFan Kat;Canaykrdæm®nþI EtRtg;faCafñak;elIrbs;elakenaH
shkrN_[elakRtlb;mkPñMeBjvij EteKminR)ab;munfa KWkargarpÞal;CamYyelakenaHKWmindwgeT eRBaH exov sMpn
mkTINaeT. eK)anDubelakdwktamm:UtUmkmnÞIr]sSahkmμ minEdlcuHmkbBa¢aelakGMBIkic©karFnaKarenaHEdr. sakSI
CamYyGnuRbFanshkrN_. eBlmkdl;Pøamelak)anCYb )anbnþ eTotfaelakminsÁal;GkSrnightßelxarbs;elak
RbFanRksYg]sSahkmμ KWelakGn. Gn )anR)ab;[elak exov sMpn eT.
enAcaMenATIenaHsin caMfañ k;elImkR)ab;. minyUrb:nu aμ n GñkEdl 4>1¦ karsYredjedaledayRkúmemFavI nYn Ca
mkCYbelakenaHKWelakv:n evtEdlelakKitfav:n evtman elaksun GruN CaemFavIkarBarkþI nYn Ca)aneFVIkar
zan³FMCagelakGn.eBlenaHeKR)ab;[eTAcUlRbCMCu amYy sYredjedalsakSI edayepþatelIRbvtþéi nkarcUlbdivtþenA
KN³RbtiPU edayeRtómexaGavnigerobcMxnÜø .elakemFavI)an sm½ysgÁmra®sþny i m. ebIeTaHCasakSImni caMqañ EM dlelak
sYrfaetImUlehtuGVI)anCa v:n evt dwgBIsmasPaBelak )ancUlrYmenAkñúgbdivtþ b:uEnþsakSIcaMfaeBlenaHelakman
BIerOgecHxagFnaKar sakSI)aneqøIyfaelakmindwgeTfa v:n kargareFVrI cY ehIyminEmnCanisSiteT.elakemFavI)ansYr GMBI
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 25
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
Baküfa hVúg nig®hÁúg ehIysakSI)anTTYlsÁal;fa elakFøab;
B¤ B aküTaM g enHenAeBlmanrN³si r SCamY y RBHkru N a
b:uEnþelakmincaMfaenAkñúgqñaMNaeT.
elakemFavI)ansYrGMBkI arcUlmkRbeTskm<Cú a eday
T½BevotNammkEb:kxagt,ÚgRbeTskm<Cú a. sakSI)aneqøy I
fa elakFøab;B¤EtminsUvc,as;eLIy. elakemFavI)aneFVI
karelIkeLIgpÞal;xøÜn edaysYreTAsakSIfa {Etedayyfa
ehtu y:agNaenAeBlenaHRkum ExμrkumμúynIsþ evotNamenaH
min)andwknaMRbeTseTACaRkúmkumμúynIsþ b:ul Bt niymcin
CaGñkkan;kab;GMNacBIqñaM1975 dl;1979eTAvij.
etIerOgenHelakdwgc,as;d; cU manenAkñgú ÉksareT?b¤ke¾ lak
B¤eKfa?´niyayBImundMbUgbMputfaelakCaGñkbBaØvnþmñak; hSaes<I e):A
ehIyEdlmanv½ycMNas;lμmdwg}. Pøam²enaHemFavInaMmux eT. karN_EdlelakfaRsUvminGacnaMecjeRcInenaHvaCa
tMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI nigtMNagshRBHraCGaCJa)an karsnñidæanGtþenam½trbs;elakb:ueNÑaH edaysarminman
eFVIkarCMTas;nwgGVIEdlelakemFavI GruN )anelIkeLIg. eCIgelxGVIc,as;las;eT. elakemFavI)anbnþsYredaydak;
elakRbFanGgÁCnM CuM RmH)anKaMRTkarCMTas;enH ehIy)anpþl; Éksar bnÞab;mkelak)anGanesckþIsRmg;ehIysYrfaetI
ehtuplfa elakemFavIminGaceRbIkarsnñidæanrbs;xøÜnmk manTwkCMnn;xaø gM eTenAqña1M 978? sakSI)aneqøy I faxønÜ mincaM
sYredjedalsakSIdeU cñHeT ehIysMNrY rbs;elakminmanenA eT. elakemFavI)anbgðajÉksarCUnsakSI b:uEnþsakSImin
kñúgdIkardMeNaHRsayeT. edayehtufasMNYrPaKeRcIn Føab;)aneXIjÉksarenHeT dUecñHGgÁCnM CuM RmH)andkÉksar
rbs;elakemFavI GruN minTak;Tg dUecñHelaksUmbBa©b; enaHvij nigrMBk£ dl;emFavI faKYrEtBinti ünigdak;ÉksareTAkñgú
sMNYr rbs;xøÜn. bBIa¢CamunminEmndak;ehIy)anniyayfaminc,as;dUecñHeT.
bnÞab;BbI Ba©bs; N
M rY rbs;xnÜø elak GruN )anepÞrevTika elakemFavI)anesñIfaebIminGnuBaØat[sYrelIÉksarenHeT
sYrCUnédKUrrbs;elak EdlCaemFavIGnþrCati. elakemFavI enaHelakminmanGVIsYreT.
hSaes<I e):A )ancab;epþImsMNYrTak;TgnwgÉksarEdlpþl; KYrkt;smÁal;fa RkúmemFavIkarBarkþI eGog sarI minman
edayshecARkmesIbu Gegátfa etIGacCYydl;karyl;dwg sMNYreTAsakSIeT. enAmuneBlbBa©b;svnakarsYredj
rbs;elakGMBIrcnasm<½n§énrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüEdrb¤ edalsakSI sKwm lμtú elakecARkmhSg;ma: kLaEv:j )ansYr
eT? elak sKwm lμút )aneqøIyfa ÉksarTaMgenaHGac CYy eTAkan;sakSIGMBIGtþsBaØaNrbs;eQμaH Ehm faetIEp¥kelI
)anxøH ehIytamry³ÉksarTaMgenaHeFVI[elakdwgfa karviPaKrbs;elak etImaneQμaHnrNaepSgEdleRkABI
RksYgNaraykarN_eTAnrNa.sakSI)anCRmabCUnGgÁCMnMu exov sMpn b¤eT? sakSI)aneqøIyfavaCabBaðasμúKsμajmYy
CRmHEdrfa enAkñúgrbbenaHelakminEdlcUlrYmRbCMunaMRsUv KWelakdwgfaÉksarmYycMnYnRtUvbBa¢ÚneTAeQμaHEhmehIy
GgárecjBIkm<Cú aeLIy. enHCaParkicr© bs;RksYgBaNiCk¢ mμ. CaTUeTAeKsÁal;fa Ehm Caexov sMpn EtebIrkÉksarNaEdl
elakk¾mindwgBIkarnaMecjRsUv b¤plitplepSgeTotenaH mkbBa¢ak;faBitCaeQμaHrbs;exov sMpn enaHKWKaμ neT Etelak
26 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
mindwgfamannrNaepSgEdlmaneQμaH Ehm eRkABIexov
sMpn enaHeT. 1>1¦ karsYredjedaledaytMNagsh
RBHraCGaCJaCati
IV ¦ svnakarsþIBIkarsþab;skçIkmμrbs;sakSI sMNYrdMbUgrbs;elakRBHraCGaCJaCati)ansYrbBa¢a
esA sarun k;BIB½t’manpÞal;xøÜnxøH²rbs;sakSI. cUldl;karsYrnaMGMBI
enAéf¶TI5 Exmifuna qñaM2012 naeBlresolbnÞab; eQμaHeRbIkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFietyüeTAkan;sakSI elak
BIbBa©bs; vnakarsYredjedal sakSI sKwm lμtú GgÁCnM CuM RmH tMNagshRBHraCGaCJa)andak;ÉksarEdlbBa¢ak;fa sakSI
visamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa)anbnþsvnakarrbs;xøÜnenAkñúg maneRbIeQμaH éb enAkñúgrbbenaH.
dMNak;kalTImYysþIGMBIrcnasm<½n§rdæ)al nigRbB½n§TMnak;TMng eqøIytbnwgsMNYrrbs;tMNagshRBHraCGaCJaCati
kargarenAkñúgdMNak;kalTImYy. sakSIfμIenHmanrh½snam sakSI)anCRmabCUnGgÁCnM CuM RmHfa xønÜ )aneFVRI bvtþri bU CUnRbFan
CTW-604 EdlmaneQμaHfa esA sarun b:uEnþenAGMLúgqñaM
tMbn;eQμaH LaMg. elakshRBHraCGaCJaesñIdak;bBa©aMg
ÉksarEdlniyayfa elakcUlbdivtþtamry³eQμaH Ekt
nig bun ehIy]eTÞsnamedaybun nig LaMg.eBlenaHsakSI)an
TTYlsÁal;faRtwmRtÚv.sakSI)anerobrab;faxønÜ )aneronsURt
tictYcGMBImaK’abkS nigmaK’abdivtþ EdlFøab;)anTTYlkar
Gb;rMGMBImaK’abkScMnYn10dg nigvKÁxøI²CaeRcIndg b:uEnþelak
mincaMfaGñkNaCaGñkGb;rMeT RKan;EtdwgfamanGñkcUlrYm
RbEhl10 nak;.
k¦ tnY aTmI nu qañ M 1975
tYnaTIrbs;sakSIenAmunqñaM1975 KWeFVICaGñkENnaM
RbCaCn[yl;BIbdivtþ karksagesdækic© karvaycRkBtþi
Gaemrik kareFVEI RscmáarnigkardaMdNM aM edIm,IptÁ p; gÁ k; arhUbcuk
[)anRKb;RKan; edayeKarBtamkarENnaMBIfñak;elI. cMENk
sakSI esA sarun eKaledAbdivtþenAeBlenaHelakdwgRtwmfaKWkareTAvaycRk
1974-75 elakFøab;)aneRbIeQμaH nU sarun. bc©úb,nñ BtþiGaemrikb:ueNÑaH. qøgtamkardak;bgðajÉksarsakSI
sakSImanGayuRbEhl80qñ a M ni g kM B u g rs;enAPUmifñl;Ekg )anTTYlsÁal;fa elakFøab;eFVICaGnuelxaPUmi RKb;RKgQøb
XMpu a¥ vRsúkRtBaMgR)asaT extþ]tþr manC½y.«Bukrbs;elak nigCMTb;G-4. kñúgtYnaTICaQøbPUmi elakeFVICaGñkkarBar
eQμaH esA nU nigmþayeQμaH eRTn r:g. elakmanRbBn§eQμaH PUmikMu[manecarlYc ecarbøn;CaedIm.enAqñaM1971 elak
nU mWtu ehA yn; nigmankUn 10nak; KWRbus 5nak; nigRsI5nak;; esAsarun RtÚv)anEtgtaMgCaelxaRsukeBRCadaedayelxa
b:uEnþsøab;Gs; 4nak;. tMbn;105 EdltMbn;enH Gacniyay)an faCatMbn;ÉkraCü.
1¦ karsYredjedalsakSIedaytMNagsh tMbn;mNÐlKIrI RtUv)anExμrRkhmrMedaHtaMgBIqañ 1M 970 eBl
RBHraCGaCJa enaHtYnaTIrbs;elakKWedaHRsayCIvPaBCUnRbCaCn RbEhl
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 27
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
2000 eTA3000nak; kMu[karhUbcukmanPaBxVHxat. CaGVIeT. elaksarun )anbnþeTotfa enAkñúgkarRbCMuEdlman
smaCikenARsukeBRCcinþa manRbEhl 30 nak; Edlman ry³eBl10éf¶enH b:ul Bt CaGñk]eTÞsnam[vaycRkBtþi
tYnaTIerog²xøÜn tamXMuTaMg4 dUcCa XMuRkaMgetH XMub‘URsa Gaemrik b:uEnþsakSImindwgeTfasRtÚvrbs;bkSCamRnþI nig
XMueTasVay nigXMuekAEkø. kñúgXMunImYy² manelxaXMu ehIy Tah‘anénrbb ln; Nul eLIy.
elxaXM u m Y y cM n Y n RtÚ v )anEtgtaM g edayelxaRsu k . enAéf¶bnÞab;elak esg b‘unXag )ancab;epþImeday
sakSIeFVICaelxaRsuktaMgBIqñaM1971 dl;1978. elak karsYrnaMGMBIkarcUlrYmenAkñúgkic© RbCMuenAextþkMBg;FM kñúgqñaM
)anCRmabfatMbn;105man5Rsuk KWRsúkekaHEjkRsúkc,ar 1972. sakSI)aneqøIyfaxøÜnmin)ancUlrYmenAkñúgkic©RbCMu
RsukeBRCcinþa RsúkGUrraMg nigRsukEkvsIm:a. elaktMNag enaHeT. elakshRBHraCGaCJa)andak;bgðajÉksarEdl
shRBHraCGaCJa )anbnþdak;Éksarsþab;cemøIysakSICa niyayBIkarRbCMeu nAkMBg;F.M Pøam²sakSI)anTTYlsÁal;ceM BaH
mYyecARkmesIubGegát EdlenAkñúgÉksarerobrab;BI karcUlrYmenAkñúgkarRbCMuenaHvij nigEfmTaMg)anrMB£kfa
eQμaHelxaRsukTaMg5xagelI ehIysakSIk)¾ anTTYlsÁal;kar karRbCMKu eW FVeI LIg CamYy nYn Ca Edr b:Eu nþxnÜø eTIbEtsÁal; nYn Ca
elIkeLIgenaHCakarRtwmRtÚv. eqøIytbnwgsMNYrsakSI)an enAeBlenaHb:ueNÑaH edaysarkar]eTÞsnam ehIyk¾mindwg
CRmabCUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfaxøÜnsÁal;elak haM GnsIu EdlCab¥Ún fa nYn Ca enAeBlenaHmannaTICaGVIEdr. karRbCMuenAkMBg;FM
rbs; LaMg edaysarrs;enAPUmiCitKñataMgBItUc b:uEnþelakmin kñúgqñaM1971KWdUcKñanwgkarRbCMuenAqñaM1972EdrEdlman
dwgfamantYnaTICaGVIenaHeT. ry³eBlRbEhl10éf¶. eBlenaHelak)an eXIj b:lu Bt
kñgú qña1M 975 elaksarun Føab;eFVCI aGñkTTYlxusRtÚv Etmñak;b:ueNÑaHCaGñkpþl;bT]eTÞsnam. edaysarcemøIy
kargarsgÁmkic©enAkñúgRsúkcMnYnBIrCitKñaKW RsukeBRCcinþa EbbenH elaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJaCati esg b‘unXag
nigRsúkGUrraMg. sakSI)anCRmabCUnGgÁCMnMuCRmH fafñaMeBTü )andak;bgðajÉksarEdlsakSI)anpþl;bTsmÖasn_CUn
eRbIenA TIenHRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚnmkBIPñMeBj EtelakmindwgfaGñk shecARkmesIubGegátedayniyayfa{enAkñúgkic©RbCMuenaH
NaCaGñkRbKl;eT eRBaHxagtMbn;CaGñkRbKl;mk. elakk¾ KWmanEt nYn Ca mñak;beu: NÑaHEdlCaGñkpþl]; eTÞsnam}. eqøy I
)anbBa¢ak;eTotfa CaTUeTAenAxagmNÐlKirI bBaðasuxPaBman tbnwgkarelIkeLIgenH sakSIEbrCaTTYlsÁal;faKWCakar
dUcCa CMgW Kúncaj; CMgWrebg nigCMgWepSg²eTot. RtwmRtÚv.
enAcenøaHqña1M 963-75 sakSImni )ancUlrYmRbCMCu a elak sarun )anGHGagfaxøÜnminFøab;)anB£BImnÞIr
mYyemdwknaMbkSeT. elakFøab;)anRbCMuCamYytaFuc nig b-20 eT ehIyeBlenaHelakk¾ minsÁal; exov sMpn Edr
taLag EdlniyayGMBIkarvaycRkBtþiGaemrik skþiPUmi b:uEnþ elaksÁal; exov sMpn enAeRkayeBlrMedaHPñMeBjrYc.
nignayTun. sakSI)aneqøIyfaelakmin)aneXIj b:ul Bt sakSI)anCRmabCUnGgÁCnM CuM RmHfaenAmNÐlKirI shkrN_RtÚv
nig eGogsarI eT.enAeBleRkaymkelak)ancUlrYmRbCMeu nA )anbegáItenAGMLúgqñaM1977. BIqñaM1973-75 minman
extþkMBg;FM EdlmanGñkcUlrYmCaeRcIn b:uEnþelakminsÁal; RbCaCnCemøósmkenAekaHEjkeTluHdl;qñaM 1976-77
GñkTaMgenaHeLIy. elaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJa)anGan eTIbmankarpøas;RbCaCnmkbgárbegáInpleFVIERscmáarenA
esckþIsRmg;Edlniyayfa karRbCMuenaHmanGñkcUlrYm ekaHEjk.sakSI)anbnþeTotfaBIqañ M 1971-75karhUbcuk
RbCMFu M KW Fuc nig b:lu Bt bnÞab;mksakSI)anTTYlsÁal;favaCa rbs;RbCaCnKWdac;BIKña b:uEnþenAqñaM1976-77 eTIbhUbrYm
karRtwmRtÚv b:Eu nþenAeBlenaHelakmindwgfa b:lu Bt manmuxgar Kñavij.munqña1M 975manbegátI CaRkúmsamKÁI Rbvas;édKñaeFVI
28 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
ERscmáaredaymanbBa¢aBItMbn;. karBarTwkdI. enAeBleFIVCaelxaRsúkeBRCcinþa elakmin
x¦ rcnasmn½< f§ añ kC; ati ngi rcnasmn½< T§ nM akT; nM g EdlcUlrYmRbCMvu KÁneya)ayenATIRkúgPñeM BjeT KWRbCMEu tenA
eqøIytbnwgsMNYredaytMNagshRBHraCGaCJa kñúgtMbn;b:ueNÑaH. bnÞab;BIelaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJa
elak esA sarun )anbBa¢ak;fa elakmin)ansegáteXIj )andak;bgðajÉksarEdlniyayBIkarcUlrYmRbCMuBIrdgenA
muxgarrbs;xøÜnmankarpøas;bþÚreTehIykaryl;dwgGMBIlnþik³ burIkILa nigmþgeTotenAcenøaHburIkILa nigpøÚvshB½n§rusSIú Edl
bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCaKW)andwgtamry³karcUlrYmRbCMu. kñúg mþg²KW12-13éf¶enaH sakSI)an yl;Rsb. elakcaMfaman
tYnaTICaelxaRsukeBRCcinþa elakraykarN_ mktMbn;GMBIkar fñak;dwknaMmYycMnYn)ancUlrYm nigbiTvKÁ dUcCa b:ul Bt exov
daMdHu ERscmáarminsUvjwkjab;eTKWmy Y b¤BrI s)þah_mgþ b:eu NÑaH. sMpn eGog sarI nigeGog FIriT§.
elaktMNagshRBHraCGaCaJ)anbnþsN M rY fa cMeBaHGMNackñgú ½V tei ton
X¦ kci R© bCsuM y
tYnaTICaelxaRsúk etIelakmansiT§smøab;mnusSeT? sakSI enAextþmNÐlKirI karRbCMsu y ½V TietonminsUvjwkjab;
)aneqøIyfa Gt;maneT. CaTUeTA elak sarun Føab;)ancUlrYm eTKWRbEhl6Exmþg ehIyebIRbCMeu nARsukmanKN³Rsuk cUl
RbCMeu nAtMbn;tamry³karGeBa¢jI kñgú ry³eBlmYy b¤BrI Exmþg rYm. karRbCMuenHKWEcktamRkúm EdlCak;EsþgmanBI5eTA8
enAÉmnÞIrtMbn;. enAkñúgkarRbCMumanmnusSCaeRcIn KWmkBI nak;kgúñ mYyRkúm. karRbCMEu bbenHeFVeI LIgkñgú eKalbMNgkM[u
RKb;Rsuk ehIyCaTUeTAeKelIkGMBIbBaðaRKb;RKgRbCaCn kmμaPi)alxUc nigBRgwg[mankarykcitþTukdak;CamYyRb
edaHRsaykEnøg sñak;enA nigeFVIy:agNa[RbCaCnputBI CaCn. manGñkxøH)anelIkeLIgeFVIsV½ytietonxøÜnÉg b:uEnþ
PaBRkIRk nigraykarN_eTAfñak;elIGMBIsßanPaBRbCaCn minman karnaMykeTAdak;Bin½yGVIeT.
R)ab;eTAtMbn;. enAeBlbeRmIkargarCaelxaRsukenAkñúg 1>2¦ karsYredjedaledaytMNagshRBH
rbbExμrRkhm elak)anTTYlr)aykarN_BItamXMuCaerog raCGaCJaGnþrCati
ral;ExGMBIkarbgárbegáInpl karerobcMpÞH nigsßanPaBTUeTA elaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJa)anelIkeLIgGMBIkic©
enAkñúgXMu ehIyelakeFVIkarkñúgmYys)þah_EtmYyéf¶ b¤knøH smÖasn_bnY elIkEdlsakSIFaø b;eFVCI amYyecARkmesIbu Gegát.
éf¶b:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþkarbgðajenHRtÚv)an sakSIbdiesFfaxøÜnmincaMeTbnÞab;
elakRBHraCGaCJa)ansYrBImnÞIrk-11ehIysakSI BIkardak;bgðajÉksarenaH. eRkaymk sakSI)anGHGagfa
)anbBa¢ak;famnÞIrenHmanGñkTTYlxusRtÚveQμaH suPa Edl xøÜn)aneqøIyy:agesμaHRtg;CUnelakecARkmesIuby:agGs;BI
kan;tYnaTIxageyaFatMbn;. cMENkenAtMbn;105 manmnÞIr citþ. elaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJa)ansYrfa etIman)an
BaNiC¢kmμ EdleQμaHmü:ageTotehAfamnÞIrk-16 TTYlxag GaneLIgvijnUvGVEI dlelakeqøy I enaHb¤eT? elak sarun )an
esdækic©tMbn; EdlmanTItaMgenACitmnÞIrtMbn;Edr. b:uEnþelak eqøIyfaecARkmesIubGegát)anGaneLIgvijCUnelaksþab;.
mindwgfanrNaTTYlbnÞúkenAmnÞIrenHeT. sakSI)anCRmabfa GgÁPaBKaMBarsakSI )anGanmþgeTot[elaksþab;munmk
enARsúkminmanmnÞrI Gb;rEM kERbeTKWmanEtenAmnÞrI tMbn;beu: NÑaH pþl;skçIkmμenHpgEdr ehIyelakminmanGVIEkERbeT.
EdlmnÞIrEkERbmanTItaMgsßitenACitmnIÞrtMbn;Edr. elaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJamankarcab;GarmμNG_ BM I
K¦ GBM kI ci R© bCvuM KGÁ br; nM eya)ay mnÞIrk-16EdlCamnÞIresdækic© RbcaMtMbn;. mnÞIrenaHenACit
enAkñgú bnÞbs; vnakarsakSI esAsarun )anbMPfWø akar mnÞrI tMbn;RbEhl100Em:Rt.ebIeTaHbICaelakshRBHraC
Gb;rMbkS nigneya)aybkS KW niyayGMBIkarbRgÜbbRgÜmKña GaCJaBüayamsYrsakSIGBM ÉI ksarTg;bdivtþke¾ day b:Eu nþRtÚv)an
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 29
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
sakSIeqøy I faxønÜ mincaMÉksarTaMgenaHeT. mankarbgðaj Ék karCemøósRbCaCnvij KWnwgRtÚvbBa¢Ún[mkrs;enAkñúgTIRkúg
sarnigGanCUnsakSI KsW arTUrelxEdleLgepJmI kmnÞrI 870. vij. elIsBI enHsakSI)anpþl;skçIkmμCUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfa
enAkñgú cemøy I tbrbs;xnÜø sakSI)anelIkeLIgfaelakmanvtþ elak)anB£karelIkeLIgBIkareFVTI nM b;RbLaytamry³ b:lu Bt
manenAmhasnñ)i atmYyenAqña1M 975 Edlmanry³eBlbIéf¶ EdlbBa¢a[GñkenAtamtMbn;erobcMEpnkar nigKeRmageFVI
enATIRkúgPñMeBj. elakshRBHraCGaCJa)anbnþsMNYrGMBI TMnb;RbLayedaytRmÚv[mankarÉkPaBKñaenAkñúgtMbn;eTIb
kareFVdI eM NIrmkPñeM Bj edIm,IclU rYmenAkñgú mhasnñ)i atEx ]sPa GacelIkEpnkarenaH)an.
qña1M 975.enAkñgú dMeNIr EdlmanKñabInak; sakSI)anmkTIRkúg k¦ karRbCbuM Ti vtGþ aram
PñMeBjtamry³LanBImNÐlKirImkRkecH ehIyCiHkaNUtBI karRbCMuEdlniyayGMBIkarbiTvtþGarammanry³eB
RkecHmkPñMeBj. elaksakSIdMbUg)aneqøIyfaxøÜnmksñak; lbIéf¶. elaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJa)ansYrfa etIkmμa
enAPñeM Bjry³eBlbIéf¶my Y yb; ehIyk¾Rtlb;eTAvij.b:Eu nþ Pi)alenAkñúgkic©RbCMuman[BYkeKeTAbiTvtþGaramenAtMbn;ero
enAeBlEdltMNagshRBHraCGaCJaGanskçIkmμEdlsakSI g²xøÜnEdrb¤eT?
)aneFVeI nAcMeBaHmuxecARkmesIbu GegátfaenAeBlenaH)anmk sakSI)aneqøIyfaGt;eT. elaktMNagshRBHraC
sñak;enAPñeM Bjry³eBl10éf¶enaHsakSIk)¾ aneqøy I fa{Cakar GaCJa)anbnþsMNYreTotfa enATIenaHCnCatiPaKticmanCMenO
RtwmRtÚvehIy KWman10éf¶b:uNÑwgeT}.sakSI)anbnþeTotfa elIkarEsneRBnCasMxan; nigkarkan;sasnaRBHBuT§. etICn
karmkcUlrYmRbCMeu naHmantMNagTaMgGs;mkBIPmU Pi aKnImy Y ² CatiPaKticRtÚv)aneKhamXat;min[EsneT? sakSI)an
nigtMNagmkBIxagGgÁPaBeyaFadUcCamkBIxagkgBlCaedIm bBa¢ak;Rtg;cMNucenHfa eKminhameTRKan;Etmin[kab;eKa
EtelakminsÁal;GñkTaMgenaHeT. eqøIytbnwgsMNYrrbs; RkbIFM² KWGnuBaØat[kab;eKaRkbItUc²eRBaHxøacGs;stV
shRBHraCGaCJa sakSI)anbBa¢ak;faGñkniyayenAkñúgGgÁ sRmab;Cy Y eFVEI RsehIykarENnaMenaHKWGkñ RKb;RKgenAtam
RbCMeu lakeXIjman b:lu Bt nignYn Ca EdlmankalviPaKRbCMu Rsuk nigXMu CaGñkENnaM. tamkarbBa¢ak;rbs;sakSI karksag
kñúgmYyéf¶KW eBlRBwkBIem:ag7-11 nigeBlresolcab; vtþGaramenAmNÐlKirI )ancab;epþImenAqñaM1963. rhUtmk
BIem:ag2dl;em:ag5eTIbsRmakhUb)ay.enAkñgú karRbCMeu lIk dl;éf¶T1I 7 Exemsa qña1M 975 KWmanvtþcnM nY enAextþmNÐl
enHsakSI)aneXIjmanvtþmanrbs;blu: Btnig nYn CaCaGñkeFVI
bT]eTÞsnameBjmYyéf¶. eKalbMNgRbCMKu W niyayGMBkI ar
ksagRbeTsCati[rIkcMerIn dwknaMRbCaCn[bgábegánI pl man
)ayhUb nig lMenAsßanRKb;RKan;. elakeDllIsak; )ansYr
sakSIGMBIGVIEdl nYn Ca nig b:ul Bt )anGb;rMenAkñúgGgÁRbCMu
edayepþateTAelIbBaðaneya)ay karerobcMshkrN_
karhammin[cayluy karbiTTIpSarnigvtþGaram ehIyfa
GñkTaMgBIr)anelIkeLIgEdrfa éf¶eRkaynwgebIk[manvij. enA
Rtg;cMNucenH sakSI)anyl;RBmfa KWBitCamanniyayBI
bBaðaenHEmn.esckþlI m¥ti GMBkI arRbCMbu Ti TIpSaenaHKW blu: Bt karbMpøajvtþGaram ¬RbPBÉksar³mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
)anCRmabdl;GgÁRbCMfu aR)ak;ngw RtÚvebIk [cayvij cMENk
30 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
Kir.I sakSI)anbnþeTotfaCakarBitminmannrNabiTvtþ Garam RBmBIGgÁkar)aneT. sakSI)anCRmabfakñúgeBlelakeFVI
enAmNÐlKirIeTenAeRkayqñaM1975 KWmankarrt;x©at;x©ayBI CaGnuelxaenARsukeBRCcinaþ elak)an erobcMBFI eI robkar)an
vtþTaMgenaHedaysarEtGaemrikmkTmøak;RKab;Ebk. enA EtmþgKt;.
eRkayéf¶T1I 7Exemsaqña1M 975minmanRBHsgÇNaKg;enA bnÞab;BI taLaMg )ansøab;enAkñgú qña1M 978elakesA
kñúgvtþeToteT taMgBIGaemrikTmøak;RKab;EbkenAGMLúgqñaM sarun )aneFVIkarCMnYs taLaMg edaymankarEtgtaMgBImha
1970-1975 eRBaHkarTmøak;enaHeRcInNas; KWtaMgBI snñi)at b:uEnþelakeFVIkargarCMnYsenaH)anEt2Exb:ueNÑaH
RBwkdl;l¶ac. k¾manT½BevotNamcUlmkrMedaH. elak sarun caM)anfa bnÞab;
sakSInyi ayfa b:lu Bt pþle; yabl;[begátI sh BItaLaMg )ansøab; elak)ancUlrYmenAkñúgGgÁRbCMuCamYy
krN_kRmitTabEdlmanlkçN³tUc² eRBaHedIm,IsRmÜldl; b:lu Btnig sun esnnigGñkepSgeToteBlenaHfñak;dkw naMTaMgBIr
karhUbcuk[manPaBgayRsÜl. Tak;TgnwgPaBxusKñaénRkúm enH)an[elakeFVIkarCMnYs taLaMg ehIyelakk¾)aneFVIkar
shkrN_Tab nigRkúmsamKÁI elak sarun )anpþl;PaBc,as ; bdiesF. eTaHbICaelakBüayam RcanecalmuxgarenH eday
las;fa shkrN_KWhUbcukrYmKña ÉRkúmsamKÁIenaHKWhUbenA elIkeLIgBIGsmtßPaBrbs;elak Edlminyl;dwgy:agNa
pÞHerogxøÜn ehIykarENnaM KWeFVIBItMbn;mkRsuk nigBIRsukmk k¾eday b:ul Bt CRmuj[elakeFVIkargarenAmnÞIr920
shkrN_. dEdl.eBlenaHb:lu Bt)anR)ab; elakfa{[EtmitÉþ geFVI
x¦ karerobGaBahB_ Bi ah_ kargarxagkgBl920enaH KWman tasan CYykargarkñúg
enAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMuCRmHsakSIesAsarun )anerob tMbn;}. edaysarminh‘anRbEkk elaksarun RtÚv)anEtgtaMg
rab;faEpnkarkarerobkarenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüKW eFVIkargarCMnYs taLaMg GñkEdlEtgtaMgenAeBlenaHKW b:ul
bkSmankarerobkareRcInKUk)¾ antick¾)anb:Eu nþlHu RtaEt«Buk Bt b:uEnþsakSIxøÜnÉgmindwgfaGñkNa)ane)aHeqñatEtgtaMg
mþayrbs;samIuxøÜnÉkPaBeTIbGaceFVI)an. GñkerobkarKWGñk elakenaHeT. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;faenAeBlEdlelakecjBI
Rslaj;Kañ ehIymunnwgerobkarRtÚvmankarsYrbBa¢ak;CafμrI vag RsukeBRCcinþa BIqñaM1971-74 ehIyeQμaH m:aLa
samIuxøÜnmþgeTot. bþIRbBn§minGacerobkaredayKμankaryl; )aneFVIkarCaRbFanCMnYs.
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 31
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
K¦ bKu lÁ EdlFaø bs; aÁ l; smaCbkSenaHeKniyayTak;TgnwgkardwknaMRbCaBlrdæ
Tak;TgnwgeQμaHmYycMnYnEdlelaktMNagshRBH edaHRsayerOgkarhUbcuk nigpÞHsMEbg[RbCaBlrdæ
raCGaCJa)anelIkykmksYrsakSI mandUcCa tasan sVay b:uEnþcMeBaHkarebIkpSarvijxøÜnminEdlB¤eT. RBHraCGaCJa
nigQin. sakSI)anpþl;cemøIyfa tasan CaGñkTTYlkargar )anesñIdak;bgðajÉksarbTsmÖÖasn_Tak;TgnwgkarRbCuMGMBI
CaemkgBlenAmNÐlKirI kñúgExtula qñaM1978. eQμaH karebIk[manTIpSarvij Edl bu:l Bt CaKN³GFibtI.
sVay CaelxaRsukekaHEjk ehIyeQμaHenH)an)aj; elaksakSIfaeqøIyfaBitCamanEmn b:uEnþPøam² elakmin
smøab;bgéførbs;sakSIcnM nY 2nak; KeW QμaHKI ngi daM ¬CasmaCik caMfaemdwknaMNamYy)ancUlrYmenaHeT Tal;EtKN³cat;taMg
Rsuk eBRC cinþa¦. ÉeQμaH Qin elaksakSImin sÁal;eT. ehAeQμaHeTIbelak)andwg. eBlenaH nYn Ca CaGñkeFVIbT
cMENkbuKlÁ mYycMnnY eTotsakSI)anpþlc; emøy I faelakRKan; ]eTÞsnam[kmμaPi)alEdlcUlrYmdwknaM nigedaHRsaybBaðaCUn
EtdwgfaRbFan mnÞIrk-16eQμaH nYn b:uEnþelakmin)andwgBI RbCaCn[)anl¥ ehIyeBlenaHminmankareFVIbT]eTÞsnam
mUlehtuEdleQμaHenH rt;ecjBImnÞIrenaHeT. cMeBaHbuKÁl eday exov sMpn nig eGog sarI eT. sakSI)ancaMfa enAeBl
eQμaH xaMPYn nigkUnmñak;eQμaH xaM sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa elak bu:l Bt RbkasBIkarebIkpSar nigcayluyenaH minmanGñk
sÁal;eQμaHTaMgBIrenaH EtelakmindwgfaxaMPYnRtÚv)ancab; NabeBa©jRbtikmμGIVeLIy ehIyRKan;EtcaMeTotfasnñi)at
xøÜnenAqñaM1977eT. enaHmanry³eBl10éf¶ ehIymincaMfamanTItaMgenAkEnøg
eqøIytbnwgsMNYrrbs;elaktMNagshRBHraC NaeT. enAkñúgsnñi)atEdlerobcMtusRmab;[GñkcUlrYm
GaCJa sakSI)aneqøIyfabu:l Bt)anRbCuM elIkBIkarTb;Tl;Ca edayGgÁy ú enAtamextþnmI yY ²enaH GñkcUlrYmmandUcCatMNag
mYyevotNam. ehIycMeBaHkarRbCMuenAmNÐlKirImankar mkBIRKb;extþ tMNagBIxageyaFa nigKN³mCÄimpg. RBHraC
ehAeyaFatMbn; KN³RsukmkRbCuMEdr. PøamenaHshRBH GaCJa)anGanÉksarsmÖÖ asn_bnþTak;TgnwgkarRbCuM KN³
raCGaCJa)an esñIsuMdkRsg;nigbgðajÉksarTak;TgnwgbT mCÄimnig emdwknaMExμrRkhmEdlkñúgenaHman exov sMpn
smÖasn_rbs;buKÁleQμaHGansIu. elaksakSIeqøIytbfa nigeGog sarI CasmaCikKN³mCÄim. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa
BitEmnKWeFVItamfñak;elI ehIyGñkEdl[tamrkxμaMgbgáb;KW RtwmRtÚv b:uEnþcMeBaHtam:uk xøÜnminsÁal;buKÁlenHeT.
bu:l Bt. shRBHraCGaCJa)anGanGtßbTdkRsg; RBmTaMg X¦ cemy Iø sarPaB
)ansYrTak;TgnwgTUrelx55.sakSIeqøy I faTUrelxenaHBitCa sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa bnÞab;BImhasnñi)atenAExkBaØa
)ancUlév:enAmnÞrI kgBlenaHEmn. bBa¢cI møgCUnenaHKWGkñ epSg qñaM1978 EdlGgÁkar)anEtgtaMgelakEtmñak;ÉgenaH
CaGñksresrCUn bu:l Bt ehIykarbBa¢ÚnÉksareTA bu:l Bt GgÁkar)an[elakeFVcI emøy I sarPaB eBlenaHelakRtÚv)an
RtÚvEtbBa¢ÚnCab;rhUt Edlcab;epþImeFVIEbbenHeRkayeBl b:ul Bt [GancemøIysarPaB. sakSIbnþfaxøÜnCamnusSsøÚt
taLaMgsøab;. karRbCuMTak;TgnwgkarbBa¢ÚnsarTUrelxenaH Rtg; dUecñHecHEteqøIytamGIVEdleK[Gan. sakSI)an
sakSImincaMfaRbCuMtUcb¤FMeT EtmancMnYneRcIndg b:uEnþxøÜn)an elIkeLIgGMBIcemøIysarPaBmYy EdleKepJImk[enAkEnøgeFVI
eTAcUlrYmkñúgkarRbCuMenaHEtmþgKt; KWenAEx9qñaM1978 snñi)atenaH xøÜn mindwgfacemøIyEdleKepJImkenaHmanRbPB
ehIyeRkaymkevotNamk¾cUlmkdl;. mkBIRbPBNaeT Etelakmankarxwgsm,arNas;enAeBl
RBHraCGaCJa)ansYrTak;TgnwgkarmkPñMeBjenAEx cemøyI enaHecHEteqøy I dak;bnÞkú mkelak edayelakmin)an
kBaØa qñaM1978 EdlmanGñkcUlrYmmkBI RKb;extþ. enAkñúg eFVIGIVesaH. cemøIysarPaBenaH sakSIfamincaMBaküeBcn_
32 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
xøwmsarenaHeLIy. rbs;tMbn; ¬mancm¶ayRbEhl100Em:RtBImnÞIrsnþisuxPñM
enAkñúgcemøIyrbs; GnsuI )an[dwgfa bu:l Bt )an eRkal¦/ k-11/ k-16 nigmYyeTotxag BaNiC¢kmμtMbn;.
Rbkasfa min[cab;cgRbCaCneT eTaHbIkgBl k¾minman sakSI)anbnþfasmasPaBGñkdwknaM KWxøÜnmin)andwgeT ehIy
siTE§ drehIykarXat;xnÜø b¤cab;RbCaCnTal;EtmankarGnuBaØat cMeBaHkarRKb;RKgmansmaCikNaxøHk¾mni )andwgEdr. Tak;Tg
BIxagKN³mCÄim. nwgmnÞrI snþsi xu PñeM Rkal sakSI)aneqøyI enAkñgú cemøyI PaKeRcIn
2¦ karsYredjedaledayemFavItMNagedIm rbs;elak KWbgðajBIPaBminsUvRCabc,as;GMBImnÞIrmYyenH
bNþwgrdæb,evNI dUcCafamancMnnY mnusSbun: aμ nnak;enACab;XMu bk¤ m¾ ni dwgBI RbePT
elakRbFan)anepÞrevTikaCUnemFavItMNagedImb mnusSEdlCab;XeuM nAkñgú mnÞrI snþsi xu enaH. elakRsIemFavI)an
Nþwgrdæb,evNI edIm,IsYredjedalsakSIbnþ. elakRsI esñIsuMdl;elakRbFanGgÁCMnMuCRmH edIm,IbgðajÉksar
emFavI TI RsúInNa )ancab;epþImsMNYrTak;TgnwgRBwtþikarN_BI smÖasn_rbs;sakSI nigecARkmesIubTak;TgnwgkaredaHElg
qñaM1970 dl;1975 edayepþateTAelIGñkbegáItbkS mnusSBImnÞIrXuMXaMgeBlEdlsakSIenACaelxaRsúk. mnÞIr
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü b:uEnþsakSI)aneqøIytbfa elakmin snþisuxtMbn;manTItaMgenACitmnÞIrtMbn;EdlRKb;RKgeday
yl;GMBIbBaðaenHeT. sakSI)anCRmabCUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfa tasuPa. cMENkmnÞIrsnþisuxtMbn; nigmnÞIrsnþisuxPñMeRkal
karbgárbegáInplenAeBl enaHKWedaHRsaybBaðaRbCaCn KWdac;BKI añ . sakSI)anelIkeLIgfa xønÜ Føab; )anedaHElgmnusS
[manpÞHsñak;enA nigman)ayhUb. enAeBlenaHCIvPaB CaeRcIn EtelakmincaMcMnYnbu:nμannak;eT edayRKan;Etdwgfa
RbCaCnenAkñúgextþTaMgmUl KWmansPaBsmrmü TTYl)ankar xønÜ Føab;edaHElg)anBIrdg. enAeBledaHElgGñkeTascas;²
hUbcukRKb;RKan; ehIysßanPaBénkEnøgsñak;enAnaeBlenaH elakminmankarsuMeyabl;BImCÄimeT edaysarxøÜnmansiT§i
KWpÞHeFVIBIb£sSI nigRbk;søwk. pÞHenaHKWRbCaCnCaGñksagsg; seRmc nigedaysarGñkeTasenaHmanCemøaHtictYcTak;Tg
edayxøÜnÉg cMENkelakRKan;EtENnaMbu:eNÑaH. sakSIk¾ nwgerOgRKÜsarbþIRbBn§bu:eNÑaH. dUecñHbnÞab;BIelakedaHElg
)anCRmabeTotfa enAeBlxøÜnkan;kab;Rsúk eBRCcinþa elak eTIbraykarN_eTAfñak;elI. cMENkGñkk,t;bdivtþn_ KWmin
)aneTARsúkekaHEjkmYyExmþgedIm,IRbCuMeBlNaEdl EdlmaneT ehIyfaetIkñúgeBl taLaMg kMBugkan;kab;enaH
taLaMg elxatMbn; 105 ehAelakeTARbCMuenAPñMeRkal elakmindwgfamanCnk,t;bdivtþn_ b¤Gt;Edr sUm,IEteBleTA
EdleKehAmnÞIrk-17 kñúgRsukekaHEjk. RbCuMenAPñMeBjk¾minmankarGb;rMGMBICnk,t;bdivtþn_enaHeLIy
sakSI)anCRmabCUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfa enAeBlelak .
kan;kab;enARsúkeBRCcinaþ minman mnusSfμeI cjcUlkñgú RsúkeT cMeBaHkarTMnak;TMngenAtMbn;105 KWmanEtRbFan
manEtGñkRsúkenaHbu:eNÑaH. emFavIsYrTak;TgnwgelxatMbn; tMbn;eTEdlGaceFVITMnak;TMngCamYyKN³Gcié®nþy_. cMENk
nigRbFantMbn;. sakSIeqøIytbfaRbFan nigelxaKWdUcEtKña kardksmaCikmanEt bu:l Bt eTEdlmansiT§idk. cMeBaH
eT. enAeBleFVICaRbFantMbn;enaH xøÜneTAeFVIenAkEnøgcas; BiFIerobkarvij elak sarun )anGHGagenAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMu
ehIyminmanÉksarNabnSl;TukenaHeLIy. CRmHfa xøÜnKμansiT§ibgMçnrNamñak;[erobkarenaHeLIy.
emFavI)anbnþsMNYrGMBImnÞIrtMbn; m-17 sakSIfa elakRsIemFavI RsIúnNa)anbnþsMNYrTak;TgnwgeyaFatMbn;
xønÜ minsUvyl;BmI nÞrI mYyenaHeT.enAeBltaLaMg kan;GN M ac 105 ehIysakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa mankMlaMgeyaFaEtmYy
enAtMbn;105 manmnÞIr4dUcCamnÞIrk-17 CakEnøgeFVIkar RbePT KWeyaFatMbn;ehIymaneyaFamCÄimmYykgBl
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 33
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
eTAQreCIgenATIenaHehIyTMnak;TMngKñaCamYyeyaFatMbn; rdæb,evNI)aneqøIytb faxøÜnmankarPJak;ep¥IlenAeBlman
edaysareyaFatMbn;CaGñkdwgGMBITItaMgPUmisaRsþ b:uEnþkar karCMTas; edayelIkeLIgfaKat;mansiT§ibgðajEtÉksar
raykarN_vijKWeFVIeLIgepSg²Kña. EdlCarbs;sakSI. shRBHraCGaCJa)aneRbIskçIkmμrbs;
eqøIytbnwgsMNYrrbs;emFavI sakSI)aneqøIyBak; mnusSCaeRcInRbePTehIyxagemFavIkarBarkþkI e¾ FVdI eU cñHEdr.
B½nn§ gw snñ)i atEdlelak)ancUlrYmCamYy b:lu BtfaenAeBl mü:ageTot cemøIyEdlxøÜnykmk eRbIenHKWCarbs;edImbNþwg
enaH b:ul Bt )anRbkasmin[mankarcab;cgmnusSdac;xat rdæb,evNIEdlvamansarsMxan;Nas;eTaHbIminmankars,f
cMENkenAtamtMbn;epSg²sakSImni )anRCabeT. sakSIFaø b; k¾eday.elakEDllIsak; )anGHGagfacMeBaHBt’manEdl
)anCECkCamYyCnCab;ecaT exov sMpn GMBIbBaðaesdækic© elIkeLIgedayedImbNþwgrdæb,evNIKWGacykCakar)an
EdlenAeBlenaH exov sMpn )anniyayBIsßanPaBénkar ehIy karN_EdledImbNþwgrdæb,evNImanpþitRmamédenAelI
daMduH nigkarhUbcukrbs;RbCaCn EtminmanelIkBIEpnkar cemøIyrbs;xøÜnenaH KWCaTRmg;énkareFVI sm,fehIy. elak
bYnqñaMenaHeT. esckþIENnaMrbs;bkS nigkarpSBVpSayenA xaNav:as )aneqøIytbfa {B½t’manrbs;edImbNþwgrdæb,
fñak;mUldæanEtgEtykmkGnuvtþtamCanic©. evNImni Emnpþle; daysm,fenaHeT. cemøy I rbs;sakSIKCW a
elakRsIemFavI)anbnþsYrTak;TgnwgbBaðafñaMeBTüenA cemøIyEdlpþl;edayecARkmesIubGegátmansm,feday
tMbn; EdlsakSIkan;kab;enArbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. manév:Rta b:uEnþcemøIyrbs;edImbNþwgrdæb,evNIminman
sakSI esA sarun )anbBa¢ak;fafñaeM BTüRtÚv)anpþlm; kRKb;RKan; sm,feT cMENkÉksarEdleRbIedIm,IsrY pújÞ tamCMhr rbs;
nigmaneBTütamCMnajeTotpg. PøamenaHemFavI)anesñsI [Mu eyIgKWRtÚvmaneKalkarN_c,as;las;sRmab;GnuvtþTaMgGs;
mankarbgðajÉksarrbs;edImbNþwgrdæb,evNImñak;Edl Kña. dUecñHcemøIyrbs;edImbNþwgKWCaB½t’manbMeBjbEnßm
bgðajBIsßanPaBrbs;«BukEdlQW ehIyGgÁkarminGnuBaØat bu:eNÑaH ehIyelakminCMTas;eTcMeBaHkarnaMykedImbNþwg
[mnusSQWTTYlGahar. sakSIfaxønÜ minEdlB¤famanmnusS enaHmkpþl;skçIkmμ}. elak EvkEKn emFavIkarBarkþICnCab;
QW nigsøab;edayGt;GahareT. emFavI)anbnþdkRsg; nig ecaTexovsMpn)anbBa¢ak;CUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfaedImbNþwgrdæb,
bBa¢aMgÉksarrbs;edImbNþwgrdæb,evNIfa enAqñaM1975 evNIenHminmaneQμaHenAkñúgbBa¢IEdlnwgRtÚvmkbgðajxøÜn
man®sþIGayu20qñaM manRKÜsarehIymankUnx©IEtmYyGaTitü enAkñgú svnakarenaHeT. b:Eu nþedaysarbBaðaenHmanlkçN³
eK[eTAeFVIkarvij. dUcenHKat;minmankMlaMgeBleFVIkar sμkú sμajenAeBleRkaymkGgÁCnM CuM RmH)anseRmcGnuBaØat
k¾sRmakenAelIPøWERs. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxøÜnminyl;BI [PaKIelIkykskçIkmμrbs;buKÁlTIbImksYredjedalsakSI
bBaðaenHeT.
elak sun GruN emFavIkarBarkþI nYn Ca )aneFVIkar
CMTas;fa emFavItMNagedIm bNþwgrdæb,evNIminKYryksMNYr
cemøIyrbs;PaKIepSgmksYrsakSIenaHeT. elakemFavI
xaNav:askarBarkþI eGogsarI k)¾ anCMTas;EdrfaemFavImni Gac
ykcemøy I rbs;sakSIepSgmkecaTsYreT ehIycemøy I enaHmin
EmnsYrnaMenAcMeBaHmuxecARkmesIbu GegátenaHeLIy dUcenHmin emFavI ém:eXIl xaNav:as EDl lIsak;
GacykmksYr)aneT. elakRsIemFavItMNagedImbNþwg
34 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
)ankñúgkrNINaEdlbuKÁlenaHminmanlT§PaBmkpþl;skçI Emn. elakecARkm)ansYrBak;B½n§nwgrcnasm<½n§eyaFa
kmμenAkñúgbnÞb;svnakar)an. 920 faetIGñkNaCaRbFankgBlmuneBlsan kan;tMENg
elakRsIemFavI)anbgðajÉksarEdlCaxøwmsar enH? sakSI)aneqøIytbfaelakmindwgBIbBaðaenHeTeday
enAkñúgesckþIEføgkarN_mYybBa¢ak;GMBIkardwkmnusSeTA sarkargarrbs;xnÜø enARsúk minEmnkgBl.sakSI)anbnþ fa
smøab;enAPñMeRkal. sakSI)aneqøIytbfaxøÜnmindwg minB¤ nig san CaRbFankgBl b:Eu nþ)ansøab;ehIy. eqøy I tbnwgsMNrY
mineXIjmanRBwtþkarN_TaMgenHeTenAkñúgGMLúgqñaM1975. rbs;elakecARkm sakSI)anCRmabfa xøÜnminsÁal;eQμaH
emFavIesñIbgðajÉksarBakSsuMtaMgxøÜnCaedImbNþwgrdæb, Em:n em:g ehAQin eQμaHeGoCW ehAsUy b¤esameT.ecARkm
evNITak;TgnwgmnÞIrPñMeRkalEdlmanxøwmsarsþIGMBIkarcab;xøÜn sYrBITMnak;TMngrvagEj:m sanEdlcUlrYmkat;eTasbu:l Bt
mnusS. sakSIenAEtniyayfaxøÜnmineXIj mindwg minB¤. nig san faCamnusSEtmYyb¤ya: gNa? EtsakSIfamindwgeT.
emFavIGanÉksarrbs;edImbNþwgrdæb,evNITak;Tgnwgkar sakSIfaxøÜnminEdldwgBIkarkat;eTas bu:l Bt eT. elak
erobGaBah_BiBah_edaybgMç EtsakSIniyayfaminmankar ecARkmsYrsakSIman)anRbCuCM amYysanEdreT? sakSIfaman
bgçMenaHeT. sakSIbBa¢ak;fa enAqñaM1975xøÜnenARsúkenA bu:EnþminmanbBa¢Icab;xøÜnenaHeT. cMeBaHmnÞIrsnþisuxenAtMbn;
eLIy ehIykarerobGaBah_BBi ah_edaybgçeM naHk¾mni manEdr. 105suPaCaRbFansnþisux etImanGnu eQμaHevogehAxan;
bnÞab;BIemFavItMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI)anbBa©b; EdreT? {Gt;eT} sakSIeqøIy.
sMNYrrbs;xøÜn elakecARkm hSg;m:ak LaEv:j )aneFVIkar elakecARkmsYrGMBITMnak;TMngeQμaH esA cMBI ehA
taMgsMNrY eTAkan;sakSI. dMbgU elakecARkm)ancab;epþmI sYr[ muaMg. sakSI)aneqøIyfa esA cMBI mannaTICasmaCikenAkñúg
sakSIbBa¢ak;GMBIeQμaHBitR)akdedIm,IkuM[mankarP½nþRcLM. vr³rbs; taevog nigCab¥Únrbs;elakehIyeBlenaHelak
sakSI)anbBaa¢k;faxøÜnmaneQμaH esA sarun. elakecARkm manTMnak;TMngCabgb¥ÚnFmμtab:ueNÑaH. sakSI)anTTYlsÁal;
)ansYrTak;TgnwgbuKlÁ mYycMnnY edaycab;epþmI BIeQμaH taLaMg karelIkeLIgrbs;elakecARkmLaEv:j Edl)anGanÉksar
muneK. elakecARkm)anelIkeLIgBIsmþIrbs;elak sarun sþIGMBIkarRbCuMCamYy taLaMg sþIBIkarkarBarRBMEdn TwkdI kuM[
muneBlelaksarun eFVCI aRbFantMbn;105 edIm,ItaMgsMNrY . evotNamcUlmk. tamry³cemøy I rbs;sakSI)anCRmabfa
elak sarun )anbBa¢ak;fa taLaMgKWCaRbFantMbn;105 taeLg CaGñkkan;KukmkBImNÐlKirI ehIyKukenaHenApÞal;dI
ehIybnÞab;BI taLaMg søab; KWxøÜn)anTTYlbnÞúkenAtMbn; 105 EdlmanGñkeTasesøókBak;Fmμta nigminmanCab;Rcv:ak;eT.
EdlRtÚv)anEtgtaMgenAeBlRbCuMExkBaØa qñaM1978. ecARkmGanÉksarTUrelx55EdlcmøgCUn G‘vM a: n;/G‘vM n/nYn Ca
elakecARkm)ansYrTak;TgnwgeQμaH qan nig haM bu:EnþsakSI nigmnÞIrÉksar. sakSI)anCRmabvijfa )ansresrEmn
)aneqøy I faxønÜ mindwgB½tm’ anGMBGI kñ TaMgenaHeT.elakecARkm Etminmandak;eQμaHeT manEteQμaH bu:l Bt b:ueNÑaH.
)anrMBk£ eQμaHmYycMnnY eToteTAsakSI b:Eu nþsakSImni )ancgcaM 3¦ karsYredjedalsakSIedayRkúmemFavI
enaHeT. elak sarun )anCRmabCUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfaxøÜnmin karBarkþI
)andwgGMBIkarkat;eTas b:ul Bt eLIy. eRkaymkelak 3>1¦ karsYredjedaledayRkúmemFavIkar
ecARkm)anGanGMBsI arTUrelxmYycMnnY EdlepJI eTAmnÞrI 920 BarkþI nYn Ca
EdlmankarcmøgCUneTAeQμaHbuKÁlmYycMnYndUcCa bg nYn elakemFavIGnþrCati hSaes<I ):av )ancab;epþImsYr
nigb:g; CaedIm sakSI)anTTYlsÁal;faxøÜnFøab;ep¶ITUrelxenaH sMNrY Tak;TgnwgkarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;Gaemrik. sakSI)an
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 35
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
bBa¢ak;fa CakarBitelak)aneXIjmankarTmøak;RKab;Ebk bBa¢ak;fakarTmøak;enaHenAtamPUmci as;kan;EtTmøak;xaø gM eLIg.
edayGaemrikenAGMLgú qña1M 970dl;75 edayeRbIRKab;Ebk sakSI)an bnþfaxønÜ minEdlB¤eKniyayBImlU ehtuénkarTmøak;
eb52eTotpg.karTmøak;RKab;EbkenHeFVeI LIgmkelIpHÞ sMEbg RKab;EbkenaHeT.bnÞab;mkelakemFavI)anbþrÚ RbFanbTeday
RbCaCn ehIyenAtamRBMEdnvij KWTmøak;mkelIckM ark¾manEdr sYrTak;TgnwgkarRbCuMenATIRkúgPñMeBjRbEhl10éf¶ eRkay
minEtb:ueNÑaHenAtamPUmixøHenAsl;mnusSEtBIrb¤bInak;eT rMedaHPñMeBjqñaM1975. GñkEdl]eTÞsnamenAkñúgGgÁRbCuM
cMENkRKYsarrbs;sakSIvij KWsøab;Gs;smaCik11nak;. enaHKWmanEtbul: Btmñak;beu: NÑaH.karRbCuM enaHekIteLIgbnÞab;
sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fakarsøab;KWmaneRcInCagGñkrbYs cMENk BIkarsøab;rbs; LaMg nig xaM PYn.sakSI )anbBa¢ak;faxøÜnBitCa
saksBVRtÚv)aneKykeTAkb;Edr. emFavIbnþsYrfaetIkar )aneTAcUlrYmRbCueM nAeBlenaHEmn ehIyGñkEdlcUlrYmenaH
CemøósenaHeFVIeLIgedaysareKcRKab;Ebk b¤edaysarmUl maneRcInnak; KWRbCuMsnñi)atqñaM1978. sakSI)anbnþfa
ehtuepSg? sakSI)aneqøIyfa minmankarCemøóseT KWenA elaksÁal;emdwknaMEdl)ancUlrYmenAkñúgmhasnñi)atenaH
eBlmanTmøak;RKab;EbkRbCaCnnaMKñart;ecjBIpÞHsEm,g enAeBlEdlGñk TaMgenaHRtÚv)aneKGeBa¢Ij[eLIgelIevTika
nigPUmisßanEtmþg. tamkarcgcaMrbs;elak sarun )an bu:eNÑaHEdlmandUcCabu:l Bt/nYn Canig eGogsarI. sakSI
bBa¢ak;fakarTmøak;RKab;EbkenHmanTaMgyb;TaMgéf¶ ehIymk )anbnþfaxønÜ TTYlsarTUrelxBImCÄimenaHKWBI bul: Bt. emFavI
mþg² KWman]T§mÖaKcRkbIeRKÓg. elakcaMfa manvtþman )ansYr bBa¢ak;faetIsakSImankarlak;elomBItnY aTIrbs;xnÜø enA
TahanGaemrikEdrenAxagRsukEkvsIm:a sßitenARBMRbTl; kñúgsm½ykm<úCaRbCaFibetyüEdrb¤eT? sakSIfaxøÜnminman
extþRkecH. emFavIbnþsYrepþatelImUlehtuénkaTmøak;RKab; GVIlak;elomenaHeT. emFavI)anbgðajÉksarEdldk
EbkenAextþmNÐlKirI b:uEnþRtÚv)anelaktMNagshRBH Rsg;BmI CÄmNÐlÉksarkm<Cú asþBI kI are)assMGatExμrRkhm
raCGaCJa EDllIsak; eFVIkarCMTas;edaysarsMNYrenHKWsYr enAmNÐlKirIsarCafμImþgeTot Edlmanxøwmsarfa {>>>bnÞab;BI
BIeyabl;rbs;sakSI. elakemFavI hSaes<I ):av )anbþÚrviFI elak sarun eLIgCaelxatMbn;enaHmankarsmøab;rgÁalman
sa®sþrbs;xøÜnedaykardak;bgðajÉksarkMNt;ehturbs; karcab;xøÜnRbCaCn>>}. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fakarelIkeLIgenH
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa EdlniyayBIkarsMGatxμaMgenA minEmnCakarBiteT GñkEdleqøIyEbbenHKWmYlbgáac;elak
extþmNÐlKirkI gúñ qña1M 970. elakRbFan)anrMBk£ dl;emFavI bu:eNÑaH elakminEdlcab;RbCaCnykeTAsmøab;eT elak
edIm,IbBa¢ak;GMBIÉksarEdlbgðaj favamanPaBBak;B½n§nwg sUmbdiesFkarelIkeLIgenH. elakemFavI)anelIkeLIg
Éksar3enAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnuMCRmH. Pøam² tMNagsh BIGtßbTrbs;elak sÞIv ehD½r EdlniyayBIelxaRsúk Ca
RBHraCGaCJak¾)aneRkakQredIm,IbBa¢ak;CUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHfa tYnaTIsMxan;kñúgkarsmøab;enaH. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa xøÜnmin
ÉksarenaH)aneRbICaÉksar]bsm<½n§ dUecñHxøÜnminmankar yl;RsbenaHeTedaysarkarRKb;RKgenAkñúgRsukrbs;xøÜn
CMTas;eLIy. nigenARsúkepSgKWmanlkçN³xusKña. sakSI)anbnþfataMgBI
elakemFavI)anGanÉksarEdlniyayGMBkI arTmøak; xøÜnmkkan;GMNacBIrExenaHminEdlmankarcab; b¤smøab;
RKab;EbkenAmNÐlKirI. elakemFavI)ansYrfaetIelak)an RbCaCneLIy.
dwgBIsMeNIEdl ln; nl; esñI[GaemrikmkTmøak;RKab;EbkenA emFavIesñIsuMeRbIÉksarskçIkmμsakSI TCW-307
mNÐlKirIb¤eT?sakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxøÜnmindwgBIbBaðaenHeT edIm,IsaksYrelIsakSI esAsarun.enAkñgú karelIkykskçkI mμ
KWRKan;EteXIjmankarTmøak;RKab;Ebkb:ueNÑaH. sakSI)an sakSIepSgmksYrenH elakRbFanGgÁCnM CuM RmH)ansYrbBa¢ak;
36 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
eTAemFavIfaetIÉksarenHmanenAkñúgsMNMuerOgkþI002ehIy cMeBaHmuxGgÁCnM CuM RmH. cMENkÉÉksardak;enAkñgú GInu FWehVs
b¤enA?elakemFavI)aneqøy I tbfa ÉksarenHmanenAkñgú bNþúM sRmab;PaKITTYlB½t’man)anmuneBledjedalenH RKan;Et
Éksar KWenAkñúgRbB½n§pÞúkÉksarrYm b:uEnþelakmindwgfava karCYysRmÜlB½t’manedIm,IeRtómlkçN³Camun)anBinitü
sßitenAkñúgbBa¢IÉksarEdldak;edayPaKIb¤Gt;eT. GgÁCMnMu emIlÉksarBak;B½n§CamunedIm,IeBlcUlmkedjedal KWman
CRmH)aneFVIkarrMB£kdl;RkúmemFavIkarBarkþI nYn Ca [bBa¢ak; el,Ón nigmanRbsiTP§ aBb:eu NÑaH. ÉksarTaMgGs;RtÚvEtGnuvtþ
CUnGgÁCMnMuCRmHenAeBldak;bgðaj KWRtÚvbBa¢ak;BIbBa¢IÉksar RtwmRtÚvtamnItvi Fi eI nAkñgú viFan87¬4¦nigP¢ab;ngi viFan87¬3¦
NamYyrbs;PaKINamYy cMENkemFavItMNagedImbNþwg GMBIlkçN³Bak;B½n§énPsþútag.
rdæb,evNIkm¾ ni mankarCMTas;Edr. elakRbFank¾)anGnuBaØat elakemFavI)anbnþkarsYrTak;Tgnwgkic©RbCuMEdl
[emFavIkarBarkþIeRbIR)as;ÉksarkñúgkMritmYyedIm,IsYr sakSI)ancUlrYmenATIRkúgPñMeBjeRkaykarsøab;rbs; LaMg
edjedalsakSI ehIyelakRbFank¾)anbBa¢ak;dl;emFavI ehIysakSI)anpþlc; emøy I CamYyshRBHraCGaCJafamin)an
[mankarFanakuM[mankarbeBa©jB½t’mansm¶at; EdlGac CYb bu:l Bt enaHeT. tMNagshRBHraCGaCJabBa¢ak;fa
b:HBal;dl;sakSI dUcCakarbeBa©jeQμaHCaedIm. emFavI)an kardkRsg;rbs;emFavIKRW Kan;EtCakardkRsg;my Y Epñkbue: NÑaH
bBa¢ak;faxøÜnnwgminbeBa¢jB½t’manelIeGRkg;eT edayRKan;Et dUecñHcMNcu xøHmanPaBxusKña. elakRbFanminGnuBaØat[sakSI
Ganbu:eNÑaH. emFavI)ansYrBIkarcab;mnusSmYyRKÜsar eqøIy edaysarsMNYrRcMEdl.
ykeTAsmøab;. sakSI)anbdiesFfaminEdlmankarcab;xøÜn 3>2¦ karsYredjedaledayRkúmemFavIkarBar
mnusSTaMgRKÜsarykeTAsmøab;enaHeT.emFavI)anbnþsMNrY kþI exov sMpn
faenAeBlEdlsakSIRKb;RKgenAtMbn;5 KWedaymankarecaT emFavI GakTY EvkEKn )ansYrsakSITak;TgnwgsarTUr
Rbkan;faecHmnþGaKmn_. sakSIfaminEdlmankarcab;xøÜn elxTI1Edlep¶IeTAmnÞI870 faetICUneTAnrNa? sakSI)an
edaysarkarecHeRbImnþGaKmn_enaHeT. elakRbFan)an bBa¢ak;fasarTUrelxBIelxTImy Y dl;elxTI4 KWep¶CI nU bul: Bt.
saksYremFavI Tak;TgnwgGtßbTrbs; sÞIv ehD½r EdlemFavI emFavI)ansYrsakSIeTotfaetIehtuGIV)anCasakSIepJIÉksar
elIkeLIg buE: nþemFavI)anbBa¢ak;faxønÜ mindwg faÉksarenaHman eTA bu:l Bt? elaksarun )anbBa¢ak;faedaysar bu:l Bt
enAkñúgsMNuMerOgEdrb¤Gt;enaHeT. tMNagshRBHraCGaCJa KWCaem dUecñHxøÜnRtÚvEtraykarN_CUnfñak; elIEbbenHehIy.
)anbBa¢ak;fa kardkRsg;mYyEpñkénÉksarenaHBitCaman emFavI)anGanBIkarsmÖasn_rbs;sakSICamYyecARkmesIub
enAkñgú sMNeMu rOg. elakRbFanGgÁCnM CuM RmHecARkm nil Nun GegátEdlbBa¢ak;fasakSI)anCYbBiPakSaKñaCamYy exov sMpn
)anrMBk£ dl;RkúmemFavI nYn Ca kñgú karbBa¢ak;elxÉksarEdl GMBIbBaðaesdækic©. sakSIbBa¢ak;faxøÜn)anCYbCnCab;ecaT
xøÜnelIkeLIgmkbBa¢ak;enaH[emFavIbBa¢ak;fa ÉksarenaH exov sMpn mþg ehIysMeNHsMNalBIkardaMduHEtbu:eNÑaH
)andak;enAkñúgbBa¢INamYyénÉksarEdlesñIsMuenAcMeBaHmux ehIyxøÜnmin Edl)anCUnbBa¢Iesdækic©dl; exovsMpnenaHeT.
GgÁCMnMuCRmH nigbgðajBIGtþsBaØaNrbs;ÉksarCabIPasa sakSI)anbEnßmfa enAeBlxønÜ pþlc; emøy I CUnshecARkmesIbu
pg. elakRbFan)anbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa ÉksarEdlPaKITaMg GegátenaHmankarxusxøH²edaysarkalenaHxøÜnmanCMgW nig
Lay)andak;enAkñúg{GIunFWehVs} minmann½yfa ÉksarenaH mankarePøc PøaMgeRcIn.
CMnYy[mankarGnuvtþenAviFan 87¬4¦eT. viFan87¬4¦ KW KYrkt;smÁal;faRkúmemFavIkarBarkþICnCab;ecaT
enAEtman témøCac,ab;sþIBInItiviFIénkaresñIsMudak;ÉksarenA eGogsarI mni mansMNrY eTAkan;sakSI esAsarun eTdUecñHbnÞab;
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 37
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
BIRkúmemFavIkarBarkþICnCab;ecaT exov sMpn )ansYrcb;sBV RbFan)aneFVIkarENnaMsakSIGMBIsiTi§ nigkrNI kic©rbs;sakSI
RKb; elakRbFanGgÁCnM CuM RmH)anRbkasbiTsvnakarsRmab; enAkñúgkarpþl;skçIkmμ nigeFVIkarrMB£kdl;PaKIkñúgkarerobcM
éf¶TI 12 Exmifuna qñaM2012 Etmþg. sMNrY [)anl¥gayRsÜl[sakSIyl;.; bnÞab;mkelakRbFan
V¦ svnakarsþIBIkarsþab;skçIkmμrbs;sakSI xwm gn )anepÞrevTikaCUnshRBHraCGaCJaedIm,IsaksYrbnÒ.
enAresoléf¶TI7 Exmifuna qñaM2012 GgÁCMnuMCRmH 2¦ karsYredjedaledayshRBHraCGaCJa
visamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa)anbnþkic©dMeNIrkarnItiviFIrbs;xøÜn elakshRBHraCGaCJargCati can; tararsμI )ancab;
edayeFVIkarsaksYrsakSI xwm gn Edlmanrh½snam TCW - epÒmI sYrBIRbvtixÒ Hø ²rbs;sakSIenAmunqña1M 975.eqøy I tbnwg
323. kic©dMeNIrkarenH)ancab;epþImbnÞab;BImankarp¥akkic© sMNrY enH sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa xønÜ RbkbrbrCaksikrnigrt;mtU: U
dMeNIr karsaksYrsakSI esA sarun edaysarbBaðasuxPaB. Dub enARsúkekaHGENþt. sakSI)anbEnßmeTotfaxønÜ )ancUl
muneBlcab;epÒmI elakemFavI eBC GgÁ CaemFavInaMmxu tMNag rYmclnabdivtþþCamYymitþPkÒitaMgBIGayuRbEhl16qñaMeFVICa
edImbNþgw rdæb,evNI)anCRmabCUnGgÁCMnMufa xøÜnnwgepÞrkarsYr TahanenAkñgú PUmi ehIyeRkaymkxøÜnRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAeFVIT½B
sakSICUn elakemFavI eLa CunFI nig elak )aNaeb. RsúkBIreTAbIEx eTIbRtLb;eTAeFVCI aRbFanRkúm nigeFVnI ri sarenA
PUmi XnMu gi Rsúk.enAeBlrMedaH)anextÒtaEkvenAqña1M 975xønÜ
nigT½BR)aMnak;eTotRtÚv)anbBa¢nÚ eTAPñeM Bjedaysñak;enAsßan
TUtcin nigeronenAsalabec©keTssUevotry³eBlmYy
s)þah_ ehIyeRkaymkxønÜ RtÚv)anbBa¢nÚ eTAeFVkI arenARksYgkar
breTsCaGñkbMerIePJóv. shRBHraCGaCJa)anbnþsMNYrTak;
TgnwgkarcUleFVkI gT½Bmunqña1M 975. elak gn )anbBa¢ak;fa
xønÜ cUlbMerIkgT½BedaysareKehA[cUleFVI ehIyeBlenaHxønÜ
k¾dwgfaGVICabdivdþ b¤ExμrRkhmenaHeT. shRBHraCGaCJarg
)anbnþ sMNYrTak;TgnwgkarbMBak;bMb:neya)ayenAmunqñaM
sakSI xwm gn 1975. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxøÜn)anTTYlkarbMBak;bMb:n
neya)ayEdlkalenaHman qUy CaGñkehAeTARbCuM ehIy
1¦ RbvtþisavtarsakSI xwm gn xømw sarenAeBlRbCukM alenaHKWeKGb;rmM ni [hUb)ay b¤ePsC¢³
Edlsl;BIePJóv. eRkABIenaHeTotxøÜnminFøab;)ancUlRbCuMCa
kic©dMeNIrkar)ancab;epÒImedayelakRbFanGgÁCMnuM mYyemdwknaMFeM LIyedaysarGñkEdlcUlrYm)anKWTahanEdl
CRmHsaksYrB½tm’ anTak;TgnwgRbvtþsi vtarbs;sakSI. sakSI enAkñgú sm<n½ y§ vu kkEdlCakMlaMgsñlÚ Etbue: NÑaH. elaksh
)anbBa¢ak;faxønÜ maneQμaHxwm gnGayu57qñaM manRsúkkMeNIt RBHraCGaCJa)an bnþsMNYrTak;TgnwgkarsresrRbvtÒirUb.
enARsúkburCI lsarextþtaEkv Rbkbrbrlk;neM tñat rt;mtU: DU bu elakgn )anbBa¢ak;fa xønÜ )aneFVRI bvtirþ bU mYyéf¶bdI g ehIyxønÜ
nigeFVIERs ehIyxøÜnmin)aneron sURteRcIneTRtwmfñak;TIdb; mankar)armÖcMeBaHsac;jatixøÜnEdredaysarxøÜnmanCab;ExS
BICMnan;munEtbu:eNÑaH. sakSI)anbEnßmfaxøÜnman«BukeQμaH RsLayk,t; buE: nÒeRkaymkelak)andwgfabgb¥nÚ Kat;RtÚv)an
Duk Giut mþay eQμaH Ca rin ehIyxøÜnmankUn10nak;. elak eKykeTAsmøab;. sakSI)anbnþeTotfaenAmunqña1M 975 xønÜ
38 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
minEmnCasmaCikenAkñgú bkSsm<n½ y § vu CneT KWRKan;EtCayuTC§ n kEnøgeFVkI argarenAtaexμAenaH KWstiß enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;
bue: NÑaH ehIyenAeBlenaHxønÜ k¾Faø b;)anTTYlkarGb;r[M eKarB RksYgkarbreTs ehIyGñkEdlRtÚvbBa¢ÚneTATIenaH KWmanmk
tamviny ½ bkS. elak gn )anrMBk£ EdrfaenAeBleFVCI anirsar BItamCnbTxøHEdr. eqøy I tbnwgsMNrY rbs;tN M agshRBHraC
xønÜ RtÚv)an san nig esog R)ab;[rt;sbM Ru t[Tan;eBlevla. GaCJaTak;TgnwgkareFVRI bvtþri bU elakgn)anbBa¢ak;fahug Edl
sakSI)anbnþfaxøÜnFøab;RtÚv)anykeTAksagenAeBlman CaGñkRKb;RKgenApÞHelx7CaGñkbBa¢a[xøÜneFVIRbvtþirUbeBl
kMhsu . enACMnan;enaHsakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxøÜnFøab;)anB¤Bakü mkeFVkI arenARksYgkarbreTs. eqøy I tbnwgsMNrY rbs;tN M ag
fakarts‘UvNѳ maKa’neya)ayrbs;bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa shRBHraCGaCJa)ansYrTak;TgnwgkarRbCueM nApÞHelx7 sakSI
buE: nÒxnÜø minyl;famann½yy:agem:cenaHeTTak;TgnwgkarrMedaH )anbBa¢ak;faxønÜ RtÚv)anGb;rBM rI ebobrs;enACamYyePJóv ehIy
extþtaEkv sakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxøÜnBitCa)anB¤ ehIyenAmunqñaM eRkABIkarRbCuMenApÞHelx7xøÜnminEdlcUlRbCuMenAkEnøgepSg
1975 xønÜ )aneXIjmankarbBa¢nÚ RbCaCnmkeRkayenARsúk eTotenaHeT BIeRBaHeKlak;karN_sgM at; ehIymnÞrI EdlsMxan;
ekaHGENþt buE: nþxnÜø mindwgfaRbCaCnTaMgenaHRtÚv)anbBa¢nÚ eTA enARksYgkarbreTsKWmnÞrI b-1. enAkñgú RksYgkarbreTsman
TINaeT. bnÞab;BIbBa©b;karsaksYrrbs;shRBHraCGaCJa GñkesIubkarN_sMgat; ehIyRbsinebInrNamñak;enAkñúgRkúm
rgCati elakRbFan)anepÞrevTikaCUnelaktMNagshRBH RbRBwtþkMhus KWnwgRtÚvraykaN_eTAfñak;elI.
raCGaCJaGnþrCati vInsin dWva: l; edIm,IbnþkarsaksYredayelak 3¦ karsYredjedaledayemFavInaMmxu tMNag
)anrMBk£ dl;tN M agshRBHraCGaCJa[erobcMsN M rY Edlgay edImbNþwgrdæb,evNI
RsÜl[sakSI)anyl;. elaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJa bnÞab;BbI Ba©bk; arsaksYredaytMNagshRBHraCGaCJa
)ancab; e pþ I m edaykarGanesckþ I d kRsg; b TsmÖ a sn_ elakRbFan)anepÞrevTikaCUnemFavItMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,
EdleFVIeLIgedayshecARkmesIubGegát nigsakSITak;Tg evNI. elakemFavI eLaCunFI )ancab;epÒImedaykarsaksYr
nwgkarrMedaHextÒtaEkvtaEkvEdlsakSI)aneXIj.sakSI)an Tak;TgnwglMenAsßanrbs;;sakSIenAmuneBlEbkqñaM1975.
bBa¢ak;fa xøÜnBitCa)aneXIjBIkarrMedaHEdlenAeBlenaHxøÜn sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa xønÜ rs;enAextþtaEkveFVCI aQøb ehIyeRkay
)anB¤eKniyayfa ebIRbCaCnmankarrwgTTwgnwgRtÚveKyk mkeFVCI aT½BenAkñgú PUm.i eRkayeBlEbkRkúgtaEkvxønÜ )aneTA
eTAsmøab;ecalbuE: nÒxnÜø min)andwgfaCaGñkbBa¢aenaHeT.elak enAPñMeBj ehIyTTYl)ankareronsURtnigeFVIkarenARksYg
RBHraCGaCJa)anbnþsMNYrTak;TgnwgkareronsURtenATIRkúg karbreTs. elakemFavI)anbnþsN M rY Tak;TgnwgkarecaTRb
PñeM Bj.sakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxønÜ RtÚv)anbBa¢ÚnmkeronenAsala kan;BIbTxussIlFm’ ehIysakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa xøÜnRtÚv)an
bec©keTssUevot ehIyeKbBa¢nÚ eTAenAtamsßanTUt pÞHelx7 ePOg CaGnuRbFanmnÞIr TietonfaxussIlFm’edaysar)an
CamYyePJóvcin EdlenATIenaH hug )anehAxønÜ eTARbCuRM )ab;mni [ CECkelgCamYynarI² ehIyelakRtÚv)andkecjBIkargar
niyayGVTI ak;TgnwgerOgneya)ay nigGb;rMBIkaredIrehIr hUbcuk ry³eBlbIEx.elakemFavI)anbnþsN M rY Tak;Tgnwgkare)as
[)ansmrmüeBlenACamYyePJóv. sakSI)anbnþfa enAeBl sm¥atsmaCikRKÜsarrbs;sakSI. CakareqøyI tb elak gn
RbRBwtkiÒ hM su KWRtÚvbBa¢nÚ mkeRkay b¤paø s;kEnøgeFVkI argar ehIy )anbBa¢ak;fa xønÜ )anTTYldMNgw BIbgb¥nÚ CIdnU mYyfaRbBn§rbs;
xøÜnk¾Føab;)anRbRBwtþkMhusmÒgEdrkñúgry³eBlmYyqñaMeFVIkar xønÜ RtÚv)ansmøab; ehIyxønÜ RtÚv)anbBa¢nÚ eTAtaexμA edaysarEt
enARksYgkarbreTs ehIyRtÚv)anbBa¢nÚ [eTAdaMbEnøenAtaexμA sac;jatirbs;xnÜø RtÚv)aneKsmøab;. PaømenaH elakemFavIkar
ry³eBlbI b¤bYnExeTIbRtlb;mkvij. sakSI)anbB¢aak;fa BarkþICnCab;ecaT eGog sarI )aneRkakQrehIyCMTas;fa
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 39
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
sMNYrEdlemFavIkMBugsYrenaH suT§EtRtÚv)ansaksYreday smÖasn_enaHeLIy. emFavI)an bnþsMNYrfaetIsakSI)andwg
shRBHraCGaCJarYceTAehIy bu:EnþelakemFavI)anbBa¢ak;fa fa hu‘n Esn )ancUlrYmRbCuMEdreT.elakRbFan)anrMB£kdl;
xøÜn)anelIkyksMNYrEdlshRBHraCGaCJaminTan;)ansYr emFavImin[sYrsMNYrEdlTak;TgnwgkMrgsMNYrTaMgenaHeT.
Etbu:eNÑaH. Tak;TgnwgbBaðaenH elakRbFanGgÁCMnuMCRmH elakemFavI)anbnþkarsYrTak;TgnwgkarP½yxøacrbs;sakSI
)anrMB£kdl;emFavI[sYrsMNYrEdlTak;TgnwgGgÁehtuenA kñúgkareqøIyTak;Tgnwg h‘un Esn. elakRbFan)anbgÁab;
kñúgdIkadMeNaHRsay. bnÞab;mkelakemFavI)anbBa©b;kar min[sakSIeqøIyedaysarsMNYrminBak;B½n§ehIysakSI)an
saksYrrbs;xnÜø elakRbFan)anepÞrevTikaCUnemFavI )aNaeb bdiesFrYceTAehIy. elakemFavIenAEt TTUcsueM lakRbFan
eday)anrMB£ksarCafμI[emFavIerobcMsNYrc,as;² ehIy [sakSIeqøy I EtelakRbFanenAEtminGnuBaØt ehIyemFavI)an
Tak;TgnwgGgÁehtu. elakemFavI)ancab;epþmI edaysYrsMNrY bBa©b;karsYrrbs;xøÜn.
Tak;Tgnwg®sþIeQμaH FI Edl)anniyayR)ab;sakSIGMBIkar bnÞab;BbI Ba©bs; N
M rY rbs;RkúmemFavIrbs; nYn Ca elak
e)assm¥atenARksYgkarbreTs. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxøÜn RbFan)anpþl;evTikaCUnelak emFavI eGog sarI bu:Enþelak
BitCa)ansÁal;eQμaH FI ehIy)anrs;enACamYyKña buE: nþxnÜø min emFavIminmansMNYreTAkan;sakSIeT cMENkRkúmemFavIrbs;
)anyl;BIkare)assMGatenARksYgkarbreTsenaHeT. CnCab;ecaT exov sMpn k¾mni mansMNrY Edr. dUecñHkarsYrsakSI
elakemFavI)anbnþsnM rY edayGanÉksarsmÖasn_EdleFVeI LIg xwm gn RtÚv)anbBa©b.; sRmab;eBlenH GgÁCnM CuM RmHbnþsaþ b;
edayshecARkmesIubGegát nigsakSITak;Tgnwgkarcab;xøÜn skçI kmμrbs;elak eGOn tan.
mnusSenAmnÞIrb-1sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa FI Føab;R)ab;xøÜnBIkar VI¦ svnakarsþB I kI arpþls ; kçkI mμrbs;sakSI eGOn tan
pøas;kEnøgbu:EnÒxøÜnmanmincgcaMeRcIneT. bnÞab;BkI arsþab;skçkI mμrbs;sakSI Xmw gn)anbBa©b;
4¦ karsYredjedaledayRkúmemFavIkarBarkþI éf¶T1I 1Exmifnu aqña2M 012enAéf¶TI 13Exmifnu aqña2M 012
nYn Ca GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakar
elakemFavI epsþemn)ancab;epÒmI sMNrY Tak;TgnwgÉk km<úCabnþsþab;skçIkmμrbs;sakSI eGOn tan GtItnirsar nig
sarbTsMPasn_rbs;buKÁlikmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCakal kgkarBarrbs; b:ul Bt. svnakarRbRBwtþeTAcMnYnBIréf¶ man
BIqñaM2004 bu:EnþsakSImankarPan;RclMedayeqøIyBIkarrs; RbCaCnkm<Cú aRbmaN400nak;mkBIextþkNþal nigsVayerog
enArbs;xnÜø kalBIsm½yExμrRkhmeTAvij.emFavI)anbgðaj cU l rY m sþ a b; e daypÞ a l; t amry³karGeBa¢ I j rbs;
ÉksaredIm,IrBM k£ dl;karcgcaMrbs;sakSI buE: nÒelakRbFan)an m®nþIkic©karsaFarN³rbs; tulakar.
sYrbBa¢ak;[emFavIbgðajÉksaredIm,IbBa¢ak;fa ÉksarenaH edaysakSIKCW anirsarnigkgkarBarrbs; blu: BtenA
RtÚv)andak;enAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCRmHRsbtamviFan87¬3¦. kñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü PaKI)anepþatsMxan;GBM sI masPaB
elak epsÒEmn )anbBa¢ak;fa ÉksarenaHRtÚv)andak;enAkñúg GñkcUlrYm nigkmμvtßEú dlRtÚv)anykmkBiPakSaenAkñgú kicR© bCMu
RbB½nk§ BMu üÚTr½ rbs;tlu akarkalBIqañ 2M 011 ehIyÉksarenH FM²mYycMnnY EdlRtÚv)anerobcMeLIgenAmnÞrI k-1/ CaBiessGMBI
RBHraCGaCJak¾manrYcehIyEdr. elakemFavI)anbnþeday tYnaTIrbs;sakSIkñúgkarbBa¢ÚnÉksarBIfñak;eRkameTA b:ul Bt
karGanbTsmÖasn_Tak;TgnwgkarRbCuMCan;x<s;Edlman bu:l nigBI blu: BteTAemdwknaMepSg²eTotnigkarCUndMeNIremdwknaM
Bt/eGogsarI/ sun esn/tam:ku /nYn Canigsemþc h‘nu Esn. TaMgenHcuHeTAeFVITsSnkic©enAtammUldæanCaedIm. eRkABIenH
Tak;TgnwgbBaðaenHsakSI)anbdiesFfa xøÜnminEdldwgBIbT mansMNrY mYycMnnY eTotTak;TgnwgRbvtþsi avtar nigeKalbMNg
40 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
bBa¢ak;y:agc,as;fa elak)anrs;enACab;CamYy b:ul Bt
cab;BIqñaM1970 rhUtdl;rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)andYl
rlMkñúgqñaM1979. elakrs;enAEbkBI b:ul Bt ry³eBl
RbEhlkenøHEx eday b:ul Bt eFVIdMeNIreTATIRkúgPñMeBjmun
ehIyelakRtÚvenAerobcMsmÖar³eRbIR)as;rbs;emdwkbkS
kumμúynIsþkm<úCa edayykeTAtameRkay. enABak;kNþal
Ex]sPa qñaM1975 elak)anmkrs;enA mnÞIrk-1CamYy
b:ul Bt Edlman TItaMgenACab;Tenø)asak; kñúgTIRkúgPñMeBj.
eBlenaHelak RtÚv)an b:g; cat;taMg[eFVCI aRbFanRkúmkgkarBar
sakSI eGOn tan snþisuxEpñkxagkñúgenAmnÞIrk-1. kargarsMxan;bMputrbs;
elak KWkarBarsnþsi xu sRmab;kci R© bCMEu dlRtÚv)anerobcMeLIg
rbs;sakSIkñúgkarcUlrYmclnabdivtþ nigPar³kic©rbs;sakSIkñúg enAmnÞIrk-1 nigkarbBa¢ÚnsMbuRt b¤sarTUrelx sRmab; b:ul
GMLúgeBlrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. karsYrenHRbRBwtþeTA Bt. eRkABIenH elak eGOn tan mantYnaTIerobcMmðÚbGahar
tamlMdab; edaycab;epþImBItMNagshRBHraCGaCJa Rkúm semøókbMBak; ngi kEnøgsñak;enAsRmab; blu: Bt.tamry³tYnaTI
emFavItMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI nigemFavIkarBarkþIrbs; TaMgenH elak eGOn tan )aneTAyksarTUrelx nigsMbuRtCa
CnCab;ecaTTaMgbIRkúm. eRcInenAmnÞIrk-7 ehIyRbKl;[ b:ul Bt nig nYn Ca.
1¦ Rbvtþisavtarrbs;sakSI CagenHeTAeTot Rkúmrbs;elakKWCaGñkerobcMnigkarBarral;
elakeGOntanehACU tanekItkñgú qña1M 943CaCn kic©RbCMurbs;emdwknaMCan;x<s;énbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa Edl
Catikarck;. TIlMenAbc©úb,nñ PUmiT®nþwk XMutasaj RsuksMLÚt RtÚv)anerobcMeLIgenAmnÞIrk-1.
RbkbmuxrbreFVI cMkar ecHGan nigsresrGkSrExμrtictYc. 2¦ karsYredjedaledaytMNag shRBHraCGaCJa
«BukeQμaH lUg nigmþayeQμaH lwm. elak eGOn tan mankUn kñgú karsYredjedalsakSI elak Evg h‘t; tMNag
cMnnY 3nak;. elak)ancUlrYmkñgú clnabdivtþenAcenøaHExkum³Ö shRBHraCGaCJaCati)anepþatsMxan;elIGgÁehtumnu qña1M 975
nig mIna qñaM1968 eRkamkarENnaM rbs; ép nig eBalKWBak;B½n§nwgeKalbMNgrbs;elak eGOn tan kñúgkar
TTYlsÁal;edaykgEdg.enAqñaM1968-1970 elakrs; cUlrYmclnabdivtþ nigtYnaTIrbs;elak eGOn tan kñúgGMLúg
enAextþ rtn³KirI TTYlbnÞúkbBa¢ÚnsMbuRtBIRsuk GNþÚgmas eBlenaH.cMENkelakfarIk Gab;Dlu hak; tN M agshRBHraC
extþrtn³KirI ykeTA evInés nig extþmNÐlKIrI. rhUtmkdl; GaCJaGnþrCati)anepþatsMxan;elIGgÁehtuEdlekIteLIgkñúg
qñaM1970 elak)anmkrs;enACamYy b:ul Bt enAextþ rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü CaBiessTak;Tgnwgkic©RbCMurbs;
kMBg;cam edayTTYlbnÞúkCaGñkrt;sMbuRt nigeFVICakgkar fñak;dwknaMbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCaenAmnÞIrk-1 nigkarbBa¢Ún
BarsnþisuxsRmab; b:ul Bt nigemdwknaMepSg²eToteRkam sMbRu tb¤sarTUrelxepSg²BImnÞrI k-7[b:lu BtnigBI blu: Bt
karcat;taMgrbs; b:g;. kñúgtYnaTIenH elakFøab;)ankar eTAemdwknaMepSg²eTot. KYrkt;smÁal;fa CaTUeTAtMNagsh
BarkarkicR© bCMmu y
Y cMnnY eFVeI LIgedayb:lu Bt/nYn Ca/exovsMpn RBHraCGaCJa)anEbgEckKñakñúgkarsYrsakSI edaytMNag
nigemdwknaMepSg²eTotenAkñgú extþkBM g;cam.elakeGOntan shRBHraCGaCJCatiEtgEtepþatsMxan;elIGgÁehtumunqñaM
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 41
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
1975 cMENktMNagshRBHraCGaCJaGnþrCatiepþatelI dUecñHGñkkarBarminGacdwgfakic©RbCuMTaMgenaHniyayGMBI
GgÁehtukgúñ rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü. b:Eu nþCaerOy² GgÁCnM uM bBaðaGVeI LIy. eRkABIenH elak eGOn tan )anbBa¢ak;bEnßmGMBI
CRmHEtgrMB£kdl;tMNagshRBHraCGaCJaCatifa Kb,Iepþat vtþmanmnÞIr870enAmunqñaM 1975. elak)anelIkeLIgfa
sMxan;elIGgÁehtuEdlsßti kñgú yutaþ FikareBlevlarbs;GgÁCnM uM munqña1M 975 mnÞrI 870 manTItaMgenAextþkBM g;cam Edlman
CRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa eBalKWGgÁehtuEdlekIt b:g; CaGñkTTYlbnÞúkdwknaMrYm. rcnasm<½n§rbs;mnÞIrenH KWman
eLIgkñúgcenøaHéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975 dl;éf¶TI6 mnÞrI k-1mnÞrI k-3nig mnÞrI k-7.mnÞrI k-7KWCaGgÁPaBnirsar
Exmkra qñaM1979. EdlsßitenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtÚvrbs; lIn.
eqøIytbnwgsMNYrrbs;tMNagshRBHraCGaCJaCati Tak;TgnwgkareFVIdMeNIrrbs; b:ul Bt ecjBIextþkMBg;cam
elak eGOn tan bBa¢ak;fa elak)ancUlrYmkñgú clnabdivtþenA elakeGOntanbBa¢ak;fabnÞab;BkI gT½BExμrRkhmcUlkan;kab;
cenøaHExkumÖ³ nig mIna qñaM1968. eKalbMNgénkarcUlrYm TIRkúgPñMeBjPøam b:ul Bt/ nYn Ca/ exov sMpn nig b:g; KWkMBug
enH KWsgÇwmfanwgTTYl)ankarbNþHú bNþalepSg² edIm,ICy Y rs;enAextþkBM g;camenAeLIy. rhUtdl;cgu Exemsa qña1M 975
[elakmancMeNHdwgxøH eRBaHelakCamnusSminecHGan nig eTIbemdwknaMTaMgenHeFVIdMeNIreTATIRkúgPñMeBj. b:g; )anR)ab;
sresrGkSrExμr. elak)ancUlrYmkñúgclnaenHtamry³ elakfaxønÜ ¬b:g¦; /b:lu Bt/nYn Ca/exovsMpnnig emdwknaMepSg²
karENnaMrbs; ép EdlCaGñkdwknaMGgÁPaBnirsar nigTTYl eTotnwgeFVIdMeNIreTATIRkúgPñMeBjmun ehIycat;taMg[elak
sÁal;eday kg Edg CaKN³Rsuk. kñúgGMLúg eBlenaHelak enAerobcMsmÖar³eRbI R)as;rbs;emdwknaMTaMgenaHykeTAtam
mantYnaTICanirsarrt;sMbuRteRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; ép. eRkay. rhUtdl;Bak;kNþalEx]sPa qña1M 975 eTIbelak
bnÞab;mkelakTTYleFVICakgkarBarrbs; b:ul Bt eRkamkar eFVIdMeNIrecjBIextþkMBg;camCamYyRkúmrbs;elakEdl
RKb;RKgrbs; bg: .; kñgú zan³CakgkarBarelakFøab;CnU b:lu Bt dwkCBa¢nÚ smÖar³eRbIR)as;rbs;emdwknaMTaMgenaH ehIy)anmk
eFVdI eM NIreTAextþesomrab)at;dbM geBaF×sat; ngi kMBg;qañ gM edIm,I sñak;enAmnÞIrk-1 EdlCakEnøgeFVIkarrbs; b:ul Bt.
CYbRbCMuCamYykmμaPi)alepSg²eTotrbs;bkSkumμúynIsþ Tak;TgnwgmnÞIrk-1elakeGOntan)anpþl;skçIkmμ
km<úCa. CUntMNagshRBHraCGaCJaGnþrCatifa mnÞIrk-1 KWCakEnøg
elakeGOntanbBa¢ak;bEnßmfacab;BqI añ 1M 970dl; sñak;enAnigCakEnøgeFVkI arrbs; blu: Bt.mnÞrI enHmanTItaMgenA
qña1M 975elakrs;enACamYy CamYy b:lu Btkñgú extþkBM g;cam. Cab;Tenø)asak;raCFanIPeMñ Bj. elakRtÚv)an b:g; cat;taMg[
elakmantYnaTICaGñkrt;sbM Ru t nigCakgkarBarsRmab; b:lu Bt. eFVCI aRbFanRkúmkgkarBarsnþsi xu Epñkxag kñgú enAmnÞrI k-1.
Rkúmrbs;elakmanKña30nak; TTYlbnÞúkkarBar b:ul Bt/ Rkúmrbs;elakmanKña10nak; TTYlbnÞúkerobcMmðÚbGahar
eGogsarI/ exovsMpn/nYn CanigemdwknaMepSg²eTot.kñgú GMLgú semøókbMBak;sRmab; blu: Bt.eRkABIenHKWmankargardaMdHu enA
eBlenaH emdwknaMTaMgenH)anCYbRbCMuKñaCajwkj:ab; eBalKW kñúgmnÞIr CaBiessCYyerobcMe)assm¥at nigkarBarsnþisux
3b¤4dgkñgú mYyExEdleBlenaHpÞHrbs; exovsMpnnig nYn Ca enAeBlmankicR© bCMeu nAmnÞrI k-1.elakeGOntanbBa¢ak;ya: g
mancm¶ayBIpHÞ rbs; blu: BtRbEhl200eTA300Em:RtEt c,as;famnÞIrk-1KWCakEnøgeFVIkarnigCYbRbCMurbs; b:ul Bt/
b:ueNÑaH. enAeBlmankic©RbCMurbs;emdwknaMTaMgenaHmþg² nYn Ca/ eGog sarI/ exov sMpn nigemdwknaMepSg²eTot.
Rkúmrbs;elakRtÚvTTYlbnÞkú karBarsnþsi xu eRkamkarcat;taMg emdwknaMTaMgenH)anCYbRbCMCu aerogral;ExenAmnÞrI k-1 eday
rbs; b:g;. kgkarBarRtÚv sßitenAcm¶ay20 Em:RtBIGgÁRbCMu mankarcUlrYmBIkmμaPi)almkBIKN³Rsuk KN³tMbn; nigKN³
42 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
PUmPi aK. kicR© bCMRu tÚv)anerobcMeLIg y:agticKWmancMnnY 1 b¤2 enAkñúgmnÞIrk-1 TaMgGs;.
dgkñúgmYyEx edaycab;epþImBIem:ag7 dl;em:ag11RBwk sMNYrcugeRkayrbs;tMNagshRBHraCGaCJaGnþr
nigbnþBeI m:ag2 dl;em:ag5l¶ac Edlmþg²manry³eBly:ag Cati KWBak;B½n§nwgkarCUndMeNIr b:ul Bt eTAeFVITsSnkic©tam
tic2éf¶. RKb;kci R© bCMTu aMgGs;enAmnÞrI k-1 KWEtgEtmanvtþman bNþaextþmYycMnYnenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. elak eGOn tan
rbs; b:ul Bt/ nYn Ca/ eGog sarI/ exov sMpn nig b:g;. elak )anbBa¢ak;fa kñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyü elak)anCUndMeNIr
eGOntanbBa¢ak;bEnßmfaeRkABIkci R© bCMEu dlRtÚv)anerobcMCa b:ul Bt eTAeFVITsSnkic©enAextþmYycMnYndUcCa kMBg;qñaMg
RbcaMdcU )anerobrab;xagelI KWmankicR© bCMBu ei ssmYycMnnY eTot )at;dbM g nigesomrab;CaedIm. b:lu Bt )ancuHdl;kEnøgkardæan
Bak;B½n§karnwgedaHRsaybBaðaes,óg elIkTMnb; nigkarCIk enA tam mUldæaneday pÞal; ehIy)anCYbBiPakSaCamYyKN³
RbLayCaedIm EdlmansmasPaBcUlrYmRbCMdu cU Ca b:lu Bt/ tMbn; nigGñkRKb;RKgkardæanedaypÞal;.
nYn Ca/eGogsarI/ exovsMpnnigfñak;dkw naMCan;xs< m; y Y cMnnY eTot 3¦ karsYredjedaledayemFavItMNagedIm
enATIRkúgPñeM BjEtb:eu NÑaH.RKb;kci R© bCMeu nAmnÞrI k-1Rkúm rbs; bNþwgrdæb,evNI
elakmantYnaTICy Y erobcaMe)assm¥at nigkarBarsnþsi xu enA bnÞab;BtI NM agshRBHraCGaCJaTaMgBIrrYbbBa©bs; N M rY
kEnøgRbCMuenaH.eTaHCay:agenHkþI CaTUeTAelakmindwgGMBIkmμ rbs;xnÜø GgÁCnM CuM RmHRbKl;tnY aTICnU shemFavInaMmxu tMNagedIm
vtßEú dlkicR© bCMTu aMgenaHelIkmkBiPakSaeLIy eRBaHCakicR© bCMu bNþgw rdæb,evNI edIm,IbnþsrY sakSIGBM GI gÁehtudcU )aneRKagTuk.
rbs;fñak;dwknaMCan;x<s; b:uEnþelak)andwgxøHtamry³b:g; Edl kñúgkarsYredjedalelak eGOn tan KWmanEtshemFavICati
Cafñak;elIrbs;xøÜn. b:eu NÑaHEdl)anecaTsMNrY cMENkshemFavIGnþrCatimni )an
eRkABIkic©RbCMurbs;fñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;enAmnÞIrk-1 sYredjedalsakSIeLIy.
tMNagshRBHraCGaCJaGnþrCati)ansYrepþatsMxan;GMBItYnaTI cab;epþmI dMbgU elakemFavI Kmw em:gXI emFavICatitN
M ag
rbs;sakSIkgúñ karbBa¢nÚ sarTUrelx nigsMbRu tepSg²[ b:lu Bt edImbNþwgrdæb,evNI)ansYr bBa¢ak;elIGgÁehtumYycMnYnTak;
nigemdwknaMepSg²eTotenAmnÞIrk-1. CakareqøIytb elak TgnwgeKalbMNgrbs;sakSIkñúgkarcUlrYmkñúgclnabdivtþ
eGOntanbBa¢ak;faCaerogral;éf¶ elak)aneTAyksarTUrelx kargarrbs;sakSIenAextþrtn³KirI karCemøósRbCaCn vtþman
2 b¤3dgkñúgmYyéf¶ BImnÞIrk-7 edIm,IRbKl;[ b:ul Bt. rbs; b:lu Bt bnÞab;BvI ayEbkTIRkúgPñeM BjPøam² nigkarCUndMeNIr
sarTUrelxTaMgenaHnwgRtÚvbBa¢nÚ bnþeTAnYn CabnÞab;BI blu: Bt b:lu Bt eTACYbRbCMu b¤eFVTI sSnkice© nAtammUldæanCaedIm. KYr
)anemIlrYcehIy. CagenHeTAeTot elakk¾CaGñkTTYlbnÞkú yk bBa¢ak;fa PaKeRcInGgÁehtuTaMgenHRtÚv)antMNagshRBHraC
sMbRu tb¤sarTUrelxBIb:lu BteTA[mnÞrI TUrelxEdlRKb;RKg GaCJaecaTsYrrYcehIy ehIycemøIyEdlsakSI pþl;CUnk¾min
eday pg; edIm,IepJIeTAkmμaPi)alfñak;eRkamEdr. sMbuRt nig mankarxusEbøkKñaeRcInEdr.b:Eu nþGEIV dlCasMNrY fμrI bs;elak
TUrelxRtÚv)anepJIecjBI b:ul BteTAkmμaPi)alfñak;eRkam2 emFavI Kwm em:gXI KWBak;B½n§nwgbBaðasuxPaBrbs; b:ul Bt
b¤3dgkñúgmYyéf¶. sMNYrcugeRkayBak;B½n§nwgsarTUelx kñgú qña1M 976.bnÞab;mkelakemFavI eBCGgÁ CashemFavI
TaMgenH tMNagshRBHraCGaCJaGnþrCati)anecaTsYrfa enAcug naMmuxtMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI)anecaTsMNYrmYycMnYnTak;
bBa©b;énrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüeBalKWéf¶TI6-7Exmkra TgnwgkarbBa¢nÚ sMbRu tBI blu: BteTAnYn CanigBI nnY CanigemdwknaM
qñaM 1979Éksarrbs; blu: BtrkSaTukenAÉNa?Cakareqøy I epSgeToteTA b:ul Bt vij.
tbelak eGOn tan bBa¢ak;fa ÉksarTaMgenaHRtÚv)anrkSaTuk elak eGOn tan )anpþl;skçIkmμcMeBaHsMNYrrbs;
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 43
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
elakemFavI Kmw em:gXI faeKalbMNgsMxan;bpM tu EdlnaM[elak eGOn tan bBa¢ak;fa elakminEdlB¤GMBIkarRbkasenHeLIy
cUlrYmkñgú clnabdivtþKW edIm,ITTYl)an»kaseronsURt[man ehIykñgú namelakCakgkarBar nigenACab;lab;CamYy b:lu Bt
cMeNHdwgxøH. elakbBa¢ak;fa CnCatiPaKticPaKeRcInKWCa k¾minEdleXIj b:ul Bt manCMgWF¶n;F¶rEdr.
mnusSGviCa¢ eFVEI tERscmáarmindwgGMBbI BaðaenAkñgú sgÁmExμr eLIy. Bak;Bn½ n§ gw karbBa¢nÚ sMbRu tb¤sarTUrelxBI blu: BteTA
dUecñHelakseRmccitcþ lU rYmkñgú clnaenH KWsgÇwmfanwg TTYl nYn CaelakeGOntan)anpþls; kçkI mμCnU elakemFavI eBCGgÁ
)ancMeNHdwgxøH GaceronsURtecHsresr nigGanGkSrExμr)an faCaTUeTAsarTUrelxEdlfñak;eRkamepJ[I b:lu Btnwg RtÚvbBa¢nÚ
xøH.b:Eu nþenAeBlcUlrYm KWelakTTYl)ankareronsURtbnþci bnþcÜ bnþeTA nYn Ca bnÞab;BI b:ul Bt )anemIlcb;. b:uEnþsRmab;rUb
b:eu NÑaH ehIyGVEI dlelak)aneronsURteRcIn KWrebobrt;sbM Ru t elakpÞal; KmW ni Edl)anTTYlsMbRu ttbBI nnY CaepJ[I b:lu Bt
BIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeTot.rhUtmkdl;qañ 1M 975eTIbbkS vijeLIy.bnÞab;mkelakemFavI)andkRsg;sN M rY nig cemøy
I
beRgóneRcInGMBI eKalneya)ayrbs;bkSkumy úμ nIskþ m<Cú a. EdlsakSI)anpþl;skçIkmμenAcMeBaHmuxGñkesIubGegátfa
eTaHbICay:agNa elakminGacyl;)ansICu eRmAeLIy eRBaH {eBlelakyklixit eTA[ nYn Ca etI nYn Ca manepJIGVIeTA[
karyl;dwgPasaExμrrbs;elakenAmankRmitTab. b:ul Bt vijEdrb¤eT?}. elak eGOn tan )aneqøIyfa
Tak;Tgnwgkarrt;sbM Ru telakeGOntanbBa¢ak;faeBl {Gt;maneT! EtmaneBlxøHmaneKyksMbuRtBI nYn Ca eTA[
enAextþrtn³KirI elakmantYnaTICaGñkrt;sbM Ru tBI kg Edg CaKN³ b:ul Bt. karbBa¢ÚnsMbuRtBI nYn Ca eTA[ b:ul Bt KW
RsukGNþÚgmas extþrtn³KirI ykeTA evInés nig mNÐlKIrI. 2dgkñgú mYyéf¶. ´minEdleXIjsMbRu tBI exovsMpn/eGogsarI
b:uEnþelakmindwgfaGñkEdlRtÚvTTYlsMbuRtenaHmaneQμaHGVI nig eGogFIrTi § epJ[I b:lu BteTeRBaH´minEmnCaGñkeFVkI arCamYy
eLIy eRBaHelakminecHGancMNarEdlRtÚv)ancarelIeRsam GñkTaMgenaH. ´k¾Føab;eXIjsMbuRt epJImkBI sun esn Edr}.
sMbRu tenaH)an. rhUtmkdl;qañ 1M 970 elak)anmkrs;enA elak eGOn tan bBa¢ak;bEnßmCUnelakemFavIfa sMbRu tEdlepJI
CamYy b:lu Btkñgú extþkBM g;cam.kñgú GMLgú eBlenaHelakman mkBI snu esn[b:lu BtKWmanTMhtM cU ²edaydak;enAkñgú eRsam.
tYnaTICaGñkkarBar nigCanirsarrt;sbM Ru t. elak)anCUndMeNIr cMENksMbuRtEdlepJImkBI nYn Ca KWmankRmasRkas;²
b:ul Bt eTAeFVIsmaCbkS enAPUmiRtBaMgTwm extþkMBg;cam. b:uEnþelakmindwgfasMbuRtenHniyayGMBIGVI nigmanRbPBmkBI
eRkaymkCUndMeNIr b:ul Bt eTAebIkkic©RbCMuenAmnÞIrdgkþar NaeLIy.
EdlmanTItaMgenAkñúgPUmidgkþarEb:k|sanþénXMus<W ehIykic© bnÞab;BIRkúmemFavItMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNIbBa©b;
RbCMeu nHmankarcUlrYmBIRbFanPUmPi aKepSg². eRkABIenHelak sMNYrrbs;xøÜn GgÁCMnMuCRmH)anbnþecaTsMNYrmYycMnYneTA
Føab;)anCUn b:lu BteTAeFVTI sSnkice© nAtambNþaextþmy Y cMnnY sakSImnu eBlRbKl;tnY aTICnU RkúmemFavIkarBarkþCI nCab;ecaT
dUcCaextþkMBg;qñaMg esomrab eBaF×sat; )at;dMbgCaedIm. TaMgbIRkúm. sMNYrrbs;GgÁCMnMuCRmH)anepþatsMxan;GMBItYnaTI
elak eGOn bBa¢ak;bEnßmfa enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü rbs;Cab;ecaTnYn CaenAeBlGvtþmanb:ul BtnigtYnaTIrbs;
elakFøab;)anCUndMeNIr b:ul Bt eTAeFVITsSnkic©enAtammUl exovsMpnenAmnÞrI 870.eqøy I tbnwgsMNrY rbs;elakecARkm
dæan edIm,IRtÜtBinitükarCIkRbLay nigelIkTMnb;mYycMnYn. hSg;ma: k LaEv:j elaksakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa CaTUeTAkicR© bCMeu nA
Bak;B½n§nwgbBaðasuxPaBrbs; b:ul Bt elakemFavI mnÞrI k-1RtÚv)anerobcM ngi dwknaMedayb:lu Bt.b:Eu nþkgúñ krNI
Kwm em:gXI ecaTsMNYrfa etIenA éf¶TI 27 ExkBaØa qñaM1976 b:lu BtGvtþmanb¤eFVdI eM NIreTAeRkARbeTsKW nnY CaCaGñkTTYl
mankarRbkasfa b:ul Bt manCMgWCaTm¶n;Edrb¤eT? elak bnÞkú kñgú kardwknaMkci R© bCMTu aMgenaH. cMeBaHtYnaTIrbs;CnCab;ecaT
44 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
exovsMpnvij elakeGOntanbBa¢ak;CnU elakecARkmnil Nun )anTIRkúgPñeM BjRbEhlkenøHEx eTIb b:lu Bt/ b:g; nigemdwknaM
fa kñúgGMLúgeBlelakeFVIkarenAmnÞIrk-1 KWelakminEdl mYycMnYneToteFVIdMeNIreTATIRkúgPñMeBj. eBlenaHelakmin
eXIj exovsMpndwknaMkci R© bCMeu nAmnÞrI 870eLIy.mnÞrI 870 )aneFVdI eM NIreTACamYyemdwknaMTaMgenHeLIy eRBaHenAerobcM
manGgÁPaBcMNuHmYycMnYndUcCa mnÞIrk-1 mnÞIrk-3 nigmnÞIr smÖar³eRbIR)as;rbs;Gkñ TaMgenaHykeTAtameRkay eBalKW
k-7. sakSIbBa¢ak;bEnßmfa mnÞrI 870sßti enAeRkamkarRKb; rhUtdl;Bak;kNaþalEx]sPa qñaM1975 eTIbelakecjeTA
RKgrYmrbs; b:g; eRkaymkmnÞIrenHRtÚv)anRKb;RKgeday TIRkúgPñMeBj. dUecñHry³eBlEdlelakmin)anenACamYy
Ekn ehA lIn bnÞab;BI b:g; )at;xøÜn. b:lu Bt KWRbEhlmYyExb:eu NÑaHbnÞab;BI b:lu Bt eFVdI eM NIreTA
4¦ karsYredjedaledayRkúmemFavIkarBarkþI TIRkúgPñeM Bj. sakSIbBa¢ak;bEnßmfa enAeBl b:lu Bt eFVdI eM NIr
CnCab;ecaT eTATIRkúgPñeM Bj elakmin)aneXIj exov sMpn rYmdMeNIrCamYy
bnÞab;BIbBa©b;sMNYrrbs;tMNagshRBHraCGaCJa b:ul Bt eLIy.
emFavItN M agedImbNþgw rdæb,evNI nigrbs;GgÁCnM CuM RmH elak GBM kI ci R© bCeuM nAmnrIÞ k-1
RbFanecARkm nil Nun )anRbKl;evTikaCUnemFavIkarBarkþI sMNYrbnÞab;rbs;elak EvkEKn KWBak;B½n§nwgkic©RbCMu
CnCab;ecaTTaMgbIRkúmedIm,IecaTsMNrY eTAsakSI edaycab;epþmI enAmnÞrI k-1. elakemFavI)anrMBk£ dl;sakSIEdl)aneqøy I CUn
BIemFavIkarBarkþCI nCab;ecaT exov sMpn bnÞab;mkemFavIrbs; tMNagshRBHraCGaCJafa kic©RbCMuFM²EdleFVIenAmnÞIrk-1
nYn Ca nigcugeRkayemFavIrbs; eGog sarI. KWmanry³eBl2-3éf¶. bnÞab;mkelakemFavI)andak;bgðaj
4>1¦ karsYredjedaledayRkúmemFavIkarBar ÉksarEdlsakSI)anpþl;skçIkmμCUnshecARkmesIubGegátfa
kþI exov sMpn {kicR© bCMFu ²M EdlmanKñacUlrYmCag20nak;EdlmankarcUlrYm
KYrkt;smÁal;fa kñúgkarsYredjedalsakSI elak BIemdwknaMF²M nigkmμaPi)almkBIPmU Pi aKnigtMbn; KmW anry³eBl
GakTYr EvkEKnCaemFavIGnþrCati karBarkþICnCab; exovsMpn 5-6éf}¶ . elak tan bBa©ak;fa ry³eBlénkicR© bCMRu bePTenH
)anepþatsMxan;eTAelIPaBGacTukcitþ)anrbs;sakSIkñúgkar KWGaRs½yelIkmμvtßúEdlRtÚvykmkBiPakSa. CaFmμtakic©
pþls; kçkI mμCnU GgÁCnM CuM RmH. tamry³viFsI a®sþenH elakemFavI RbCMeu nHmanry³eBl2-3éf¶ b:Eu nþkgúñ krNImanRbFanbTeRcIn
)andkRsg;cemøy I EdlmankarxusKñamYy cMnnY EdlsakSI)anpþl; EdlRtÚvBiPakSaKWGaccMNayeBlBI5 eTA6éf¶. elakbEnßmfa
enAdMNak;kalesIubGegát nigskçIkmμEdlsakSI)anpþl;CUn ral;kic©RbCMuFM²enAmnÞIrk-1KWmankarcUlrYmBI b:ul Bt/exov
tMNagshRBHraCGaCJa nigemFavItN M agedImbNþgw rdæb,evNI sMpn/ nYn Ca/ eGog sarI nigemdwknaMepSg²eTot¬sakSImni
enAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCMnMuCRmH. caMeQμaH¦. bnÞab;BsI akSIbBa¢ak;deU cñH elakemFavIesñ[I sakSI
sMNrY cab;epþmI dMbgU KWBak;Bn½ n§ gw vtþmanrbs;sakSI ngi bBa¢ak;BkI albriecäTEdlexovsMpn)ancUlrYmkicR© bCMTu aMgenaH
b:lu BtenAeBlCitvayEbkTIRkúgPñeM Bj.elakemFavI)andk nigkmμvtßú EdlRtÚv)anykmkBiPakSaenAkñgú GMLgú eBlenaH.
Rsg;cemøy I Edlelak eGOn tan Føab;)anpþls; kçkI mμCnU sh Cakareqøy I tbelaktanbBa¢ak;faelakminGaccaMkalbriecäT
ecARkmesIbu Gegátfa{>>>muneBlcUlPñeM BjmYyry³´minenA TaMgenaHeLIy eRBaHry³eBlknøghYsCag30eTAehIy.
CamYy b:lu BteTdUecñH´mindwgBIkarCemøósRbCaCnenAPñeM Bj cMeBaHkmμ vtßEú dlRtÚv)anykmkBiPakSakñgú kicR© bCMFu ²M k¾elak
eLIy}.elaktan)anbMPfWø aenAéf¶T1I 7Exemsaqña1M 975 minGacdwgEdr eRBaHCakic©RbCMurbs;fñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;. b:uEnþ
b:lu Btnig elakkMBgu rs;enAkñgú extþkBM g;cam.eRkayBIreM daH elakFø a b; ) andw g kmμ v tß ú é nki c © R bCM u t U c ²enAmnÞ I r k-1
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 45
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
¬tamry³ b:g; Cafñak;elIrbs;xøÜn¦
Bak; B ½ n § n w g karedaHRsayCI v PaB
RbCaCn b¤karCIkTMnb;RbLayCa
edIm.
GBM kI ci R© bCeuM nAsaþ tGLU aBM ki
bnÞab;BbI Ba©bs; N M rY Bak;Bn½ n§ gw
kic©RbCMuenAmnÞIrk-1 elak EvkEKn
bnþsYrsakSIGMBIkic©RbCMuTak;Tgnwg
EpñkeyaFaEdlRtÚv)aneFVIenAsþatGULaM
Bik. hak;dUcCamankarPan;RcLMbnþic
cMeBaHsMNYr nigcemøIyTak;TgnwgcMnYn kic©RbCMueyaFaExμrRkhmenAsþatGULaMBik ¬RbPBÉksar³ mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
dgénkic©RbCMuenAsþatGULaMBik. dMbUgelakemFavIsrY sakSI eXIjvtþmanrbs; nYn Ca/ eGog sarI nig exov sMpn eLIy.
fa etIkic©RbCMuFM²Bak;Bn½ E§ pñkeyaFaRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgb:unμandg 4>2¦ karsYredjedaledayRkúmemFavIkarBar
enAsþatGULaMBki ?elaktanbBa¢ak;faelak)ancUlrYmcMnnY BIr kþI nYn Ca
dgkñúgzan³CaGñkkarBarenAkñúgkic©RbCMuenH. bnÞab;BIbBa¢ak; kñgú karsYredjedalsakSI elaksun GruN CaemFavI
dUecñH elakemFavI)anelIkeLIgfa elak tan min)aneqøy I CUn CatikarBarkþICnCab;ecaT nYn Ca )ansYrsMNYrmYycMnYn
shecARkmesIubGegátdUecñHeLIy eBalsakSIFøab;bBa¢ak; b:ueNÑaHTak;Tgnwgkargarrbs;elak tan kñúgGMLúgeBleFVIbdivtþ
fa kic©RbCMueyaFaRtÚv)aneFVIBIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM. dUecñHkic© nigkicR© bCMeu nAsþatGULaMBki . cMeBaHsMNrY mYycMnnY eTotEdl
RbCMuenHGacRtÚv)aneFVIy:agtic6dgenAkñúgrbbkm<úCa elakemFavIEtgEtecaTsYrsakSIKTW ak;TgnwgTsSnavdþTI g;bdivtþ
RbCaFibetyü. PøamenaHelak Gab;Dul farIk eFVIkarkt; nigcriklkçN³rbs;CnCab;ecaT nYn Ca.
smÁal;elIcemøIyrbs;sakSIfa{sakSIbBa¢ak;faKat;Føab;)an sMNYrmYycMnYndMbUgEdlelakemFavIecaTsYrsakSI
cUlrYmkñúgkic©RbCMuenHBIrdg dUecñHminGacbBa¢ak;fakic©RbCMu KWBak;Bn½ n§ gw suvtßPi aBrbs;sakSIkgúñ karbMeBjkargarCaGñkrt;
enHeFVIeLIgEtBIrdgeLIy}. GgÁCMnMuCRmHyl;Rsbtamkar sMbRu tenAkñúgGMLúgeBleFVIbdivtþn_. elakemFavIecaTsYrfa
elIkeLIgrbs;tMNagshRBHraCGaCJa nigseRmc[elak enAeBlsakSIrt;sbM Ru tBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeTot mankar
EvkEKn erobcaMsN M rY sYrsakSIsarCafμ.I GgÁCnM CuM RmHbBa¢ak;fa P½yxøaycMeBaHkarcab;xnÜø BIsN
M ak;sRtÚv rbs;bdivtþnE_ drb¤eT?
xøwmsarcemøIyEdlsakSIeqøIyenAdMNak;kalecARkmesIub ¬elakemFavImin)anbBa¢ak;buKÁlRbePTNaCasRtÚvrbs;
GegátxusBIxmwø sareqøy I enAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCnM CuM RmH.bnÞab;BmI an bdivtþne_ LIy¦.CakareqøyI tbelakeGOntanbBa¢ak;fakñgú kar
karbgÁab;deU cñH elakemFavI ecaTsYrfaetI blu: Bt)anmkRbCMu bMeBjkargarCaGñkrt;sMbuRt elakminEdlmankarlM)akGVI
enAsþatGULaMBikBak;B½n§nwgkic©kareyaFacMnYnb:unμandg? eLIy ehIyk¾minEdlRBÜy)armÖ b¤P½yxøacfanwgmankarcab;
sakSIbBa¢ak;fa elakmindwg b:lu Bt )ancUlrYmb:nu aμ ndgeLIy xønÜ BIsN M ak;sRtÚvrbs;bdivtþnE_ dr. bnÞab;mkelakemFavIbnþsrY
b:Eu nþFaø b;eXIj b:lu Bt nig sun esn cUlrYmkñgú kicR© bCMeu naHBIr fa{ebIxaμ gM rbs;bdivtþnc_ ab;elak)an etIelakRtÚvedaHRsay
dg. elakbBa¢ak;bEnßmfa kñúgGMLúgeBlenaHelakmin)an y:agdUcemþc?}. b:uEnþsMNYrenHRtÚv)anRbFanGgÁCMnMuCRmH
46 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
minGnuBaØat[sakSIeqøy I edayelakpþls; GM agehtufa emFavI munnwgelakcUlmkpþls; kçkI mμenAcMeBaHmuxGgÁCnM CuM RmHsala
sYrsMNrY Ebb]bmaviF.I cMeBaHsMNYrBak;B½n§nwgvtþmanrbs; dMbgU . cMeBaHkarftExSGat;semøgenAdMNak;kalesIbu Gegát
emdwknaMExμrRkhmenAkñgú kicR© bCMEu dlRtÚv)aneFVeI nAsþatGULaM elak eGOn tan bBa¢ak;fa KWmanEt bTsmÖas_éf¶TI9 Extula
Bik elakbBa¢ak;CafμIfa elakminEdleXIjvtþmanrbs; nYn Ca/ qña2M 008 b:eu NÑaHEdlmankarftsemøg. cMENkbTsmÖas_
eGogsarI ngi exovsMpn eLIy. enAéf¶TI8 Extula qñaM2008 KWminmankarftExSGt;semøg
sMNrY bnÞab; elakemFavI snu GruN sYrbBa¢ak;GBM GI tþ eLIy. bBaðaenHehIyEdleFV[I elakemFavI xaNav:as; CCIk
sBaØaNrbs;TsSnavdþTI g;bdivtþ EdlRtÚv)anbkSkumy úμ nIskþ m<Cú a sYry:agxøaMg. elak)anecaTsYrfa ehtuGVI)anCakic©smÖas_
eRbIR)as;edIm,IpSBVpSayGMBeI Kalneya)ayrbs;bkS. Ca éf¶TI8 Extula qñaM2008 minmankarftsemøg? etIenAkñúg
kareqøyI tbelakeGOntanbBa¢ak;faelak)aneXIjTsSna kics© mÖasn_EdlminmankarftsemøgenH GñkesIbu Gegát)an
vdþIenHcab;taMgBIqñaM1975mk EdleBlenaH TsSnavdþITg; bgðaj ÉksarGVIxøHdl;sakSICakarrMB£kdl;karcgcaMkñúgkar
bdivtþmandak;rUbnarITUlkNþab;RsÚv rUbjjÜr keNþóv. eqøy I sMNrY Edrb¤eT? etImanbBaðaGVxI Hø EdlRtÚv)anecaTsYrkñgú
b:uEnþedayelakminecHGkSrminGacGan)an dUecñHelakmin GMLúgeBlenaH?. cugeRkayelakemFavIecaTsYrfa {kic©
dwgGMBIxøwmsarEdlmanEcgkñúgTsSnavdþITg; bdivtþeLIy. smÖasn_éf¶TI8 Edlminmankarftsemøg etIGñkesIubGegát
cugeRkayelakemFavI sun GruN sYrsakSIGMBIGtþ manbgðajÉksarNamYyedIm,ICakarrMB£kdl;elak edIm,I
crikrbs;CnCab;ecaT nYn Ca nig b:g; kñúgGMLúgeBlEdlelak [elakeqøIyenAéf¶TI9 EdlmankarftExSGat;Edrb¤eT?}.
)aneFVkI arCamYy.elakeGOntanbBa¢ak;fanYn CaKWCamnusSEdl CalT§plelakeGOntanbBa¢ak;faelakmincaMfaÉksarNa
manritsøÚtbUt ecHGb;rMdl;kmμaPi)alExμrRkhm KWminEmnCa b¤bBaðaGVIxøHEdlRtÚv)anGñkesIubGegátelIkmkbgðaj b¤
mnusSkacsarhaveLIy. cMENk b:g; k¾CamnusSsøÚtbUt BiPakSakñúgGMLúgeBlkarsYrykcemøIyEdlKμankarftExS
nigsuPaBrabsarCamYyyuT§Cnfñak;eRkamEdr. Gat;semøgeLIy.
4>3¦ karsYredjedaledayRkúmemFavIkarBar bnÞab;BIsvnakarsþab;skçIkmμrbs;elak eGOn tan
kþI eGog sarI RtÚv)anbBa©b; GgÁCMnMuCRmHbnþsþab;skçIkmμrbs;elak yun
kñgú karsYredjedalsakSI elak ém:eXIl xaNav:as KIm.
CaemFavIGnþrCatikarBarkþCI nCab;ecaTeGogsarI )anBüayam VII¦ svnakarsþab;skçIkmμrbs;sakSI yun KIm
epþatelIPaBRtwmRtÚvénkic©esIubsYrcMeBaHsakSIenAdMNak; enAéf¶T1I 9-20 Exmifnu a qña2M 012 GgÁCnM CMu RmH
kalesIubGegát. cMeBaHsMNYrEdlelakepþatsMxan;bMput )anRbkasbnþsvnakarsYredjedalelIsakSIdUcEdl)an
enaH KWBak;B½n§nwgPaBminRbRktIkñúgkarftExSGat;semøgenA eRKagTukkalBIs)þah_mnu . svnakarenH)anRbRBwteþ TAeday
eBlGñkesIubGegátsYrykcemøIyBIsakSI. mankarcUlrYmtamdanBIsN M ak;RbCaCnkm<Cú aRbEhl700
elak eGOn tan bBa¢ak;fa elak)anpþl;bTsmÖas_ nak; EdlGeBa¢IjmkBIRsúkrtn³mNÐl extþ )at;dMbg taEkv
CUnGñkesIbu GegátcMnnY BIrdg KWéf¶ TI8-9 Extula qña2M 008. nigkNþal. enAkñúgkic©dMeNIrkarsvnakarenHminmanvtÒman
bnÞab;BpI lþ b; TsmÖas_cb; Gkñ esIbu Gegát)anGanxømw sarsegçb rbs;emFavIGnÒrCatiCnCab;ecaTeGogsarI eLIyehIyk¾mni dwg
énbTsmÖas_enaH[elaksþab;eLIgvijmunnwgelakcuHhtß BImlU ehtuBti R)akdenaHeTtamry³karbBa¢ak;rbs;RkLabBa¢.I
elxaTTYlsÁal;. cemøy I enHRtÚv)anGan[elaksþab;mgþ eTot muneBlcab;epþImsvnakarelakRbFan nil Nun )anRbkas
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 47
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
bBa¢ak;BIvtþmanrbs;CnCab;ecaT eGog sarI Edl)anesñIsuM
GgÁCnM CMu RmHlHbg;sTi k§i gúñ karcUlrYm svnakaredaypÞal;eBj
mYyéf¶edaysarbBaðasuxPaB ehIybnÞab;mkelakRbFan)an
GanesckþIbBa¢ak;rbs;RKÚeBTüEdlTak;TgnwgGakar³Cm¶Wrbs;
CnCab;ecaT. bnÞab;mkelakemFavI GIN u hU SúI )anesñsI [Mu GgÁ
CMnuMCRmHecjesckþIseRmcpÞal;mat;elIsMeNIrbs;xøÜnEdl
eFVeI LIgkalBImnu . Tak;TgnwgbBaðaenH elakRbFanGgÁCnM CMu RmH
)anbBa¢ak;fa xøÜnminTan;)anTTYlsMeNIenaHenAeLIyeTeday
sarPaByWty:avrbs;RkúmemFavI. PøamenaHelakemFavI
)aneRkakQreLIgsarCafμIedIm,IbgðajBIehtuplNamYy sakSI yun KIm
bu : E nþ k arN_ e nHRtÚ v )anelakRbFanbBaÄb; e day
GHGagfaxøÜn)anbBa¢ak;elIkrNIenHrYcehIy. eQμaH ln; eGgeson nigmankUn7nak;. bnÞab;mkelak
bnÞab;mkelak eBC GgÁ emFavInaMmuxtMNagedIm RbFan)anbBa©b;karsaksYrrbs;xøÜnedayepÞrevTikaCUnsh
bNþgw rdæb,evNI)aneRkakQreLIg nigbBa¢ak;CnU GgÁCnM CMu RmH RBHraCGaCJaedIm,IsaksYr bnþ.
BIemFavITTYlsiT§i EdlnwgeFVIkarsakSsYrsakSIenAkñúgsvna 2¦ karsYredjedaledaytMNagsh
karenHEdlmanelakemFavI Ev:n eBA nigelakRsIemFavI RBHraCGaCJa
sIumINUhVt. eRkABIenaH elak)aneFVIkarkt;smÁal;cMeBaH elak esg b‘nu Xag tMNagshRBHraCGaCJaCati)an
emFavI GIuNUhSIú Edl)anBak;søakmanGkSr{Gay rUbebHdUg saksYrsMNYrmYycMnYnTak;TgnwgkarbMeBjkargarrbs;bkS
nigdada}enAelIrbU: rbs;xnÜø EdlelakemFavIsnñdi aæ nfaCasøak enAextþRkecH karbegátI shkrN_ karGb;rnM eya)ay nigkar
sBaØapSayBaNiC¢kmμGVImYy. PaømenaHelakRbFan)an cab;xøÜnkmμaPi)al. cMENkelaktMNagshRBHshkrN_
bgÁab;[emFavIeRkakQrnigeFVkI arENnaMmni [mankareRbIR)as; raCGaCJaGnþrCati EDlI sak; )anbnþkarsaksYrBak;B½n§nwg
søaksBaØaNamYyEdlxusBIsøaksBaØarbs;GgÁCMnuMCRmH smaCikPaBrbs;bkSkumy úμ nIskÒ m<Cú arcnasm<n½ r§ dæ)alenAtMbn;
eLIy. 505karRbCunM gi sßanPaBTUeTAenAkñgú shkrN_ ngi bBaðasasna.
1¦ Rbvtþisavtarrbs;sakSI yun KIm 2>1¦ karbegáItshkrN_
elakRbFan)anbnþkci d© eM NIrkaredayekaHehAsakSI sakSI)anbnþfakalenaH nYn Ca )aneTARbCuMENnaM
yun KIm mkcUlkñúgbnÞb;svnakar edIm,IeFVIkarsaksYr. BIkarbegátI [manRkúmRbv:as;éd shkrN_krM ti Tab nigshkrN_
elak)ancab;epþImsYrsMNYrmYycMnYnTak;TgnwgRbvtiþsvtar kMritx<s;. eKalbMNgénkarbegáIt[manRkúmRbv:as;édenHKW
bs;sakSI. enAkñúgsPaBmaMTaMeTaHbICamanv½ycMNas;k¾ edIm,IrYbrYmkmøaMgbnÞab;BImans®gÁamknøgmk ehIykarbegáIt
eday elaksakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxøÜnmaneQμaH yun KIm ehAxaM shkrN_enH)anbnþrhUtdl;qñaM1979. sakSI)anerob
manGayu70qñaM ekItenAPUmvi DÆn³XuvM DÆn³RsúksMbrU extþRkecH rab;faenAqñaM1971rhUtdl;1976xøÜneFVICaemXuMvDÆn³
sBVéf¶mantYnaTICaemXuvM DÆn³ nigeFVEI Rs. elaksakSI)anbnþ ehIyenAqñaM1977Kat;)anpøas;eTAeFVIemXuMsMbUr. dMbUg
fa xøÜnman«BukeQμaH yun hak; mþayeQμaH fam RCIú RbBn§ eLIyshkrN_KsW tiß enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;fañ k;XMu ehIy
48 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
enAqñaM1976RKb;shkrN_TaMgGs;køayCashkrN_cRmuH 2>4¦ smaCikPaBrbs;bkSkumμúynIskm<úCa
EdlmanRbCaCnCemøósmkBItMbn;rMedaH nigRbCaCn17 elak EDlI sak; tMNagshRBHraCGaCJaGnþrCati)an
emsa buE: nþenAeBlenaHminTan;mankarEbgEckRbePTRbCaCn cab;epþImsMNYrrbs;xøÜnTak;TgnwgkarcUlCasmaCikenAkñúg
enAeLIyeT. bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa. elak KIm )anerobrab;faxøÜnman Rsúk
2>2¦ karcab;xøÜnkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm kMeNItenARsúkRkÚcqμarextþkMBg;cam nigekItenAqñaM1942
Tak;Tgnwgkarcab;xøÜn elak KIm )anerobrab;fa ehIyenAqñaM1950xøÜn)anpøas;mkenAextþRkecHedaysar
enAeBlxøÜneTARKb;RKgenAXuMsMbUrenaHFøab;manbBa¢aBIfñak;elI RbeTsGesßrPaB. bnÞab;BImanrdæRbhar sßanPaBRcbUk
[yk taQI EdlCaGtItKN³RsúksMbrU ehIyminEdleXIj Rcbl;dUecñHxøÜn)ancUlrYmclnabdivdþehIyRtÚv)anEtgtaMg
Rtlb;mkvijeLIy. cMeBaHkarcab;xøÜn taXin Edlkan;xag CasmaCikbkSenAqñaM1971edaysarmankarENnaMBI Ect
esdækci e© nARsúkRkecH sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa xønÜ mindwgBImlU ehtu CaKN³RsúksMbUr. sakSI)anerobrab;fakargarCaRbFanXuM
Edr bu:EnÒenAqñaM1978mankarcab;xøÜnemXuMCaeRcInnak;enA kalenaHxøÜnykcitÒTuk dak;elIbBaðaesdækic© karCIkTMnb;
RsúksMbrU ehIy eRkaymkRtÚv)anRKb;RKgedayBYkeyaFa. nigbBaðasuxPaBrbs;RbCaCnedayerobcM[manmnÞIreBTü.
cMENkelxanigKN³kmμakarRsúkBIrnak;kR¾ tÚv)ancab;xnÜø ehIy enAfñak;XuMmanEpñksnþisux nigxageyaFamannaTIBinitüemIl
enAeBlenaHmanyUn nigQUk )anmkRKb;RKgCMnsY ehIy QUk sNþab;Fñab;mUldæan EdlmanQøbCaGñkTTYlxusRtÚv.
CaelxaRsúk. sakSI)anbnÒfaenACMnan;enaHmankarpøas;bÒÚr fñak;elIrbs;XuMKWmanfñak;RsúkEdlman taEct CaRbFan
mnusSCaeRcInelIkeRcInsardUecñHehtukarN_enHminmanGVIcEmøk ehIyeRkaymkman pan; nig nI rhUtdl;qñaM1978KWman
enaHeLIy. sakSI)anerobrab;famanyuvCnCag400nak; evOn EdlRKb;RKgRsúksMbUrrhUtdl; qñaM1979.
RtÚv)anbBa¢nÚ mkmnÞrI b-3 Edlsßti enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; 2>5¦ rcnasm<½n§rdæ)alenAtMbn;505
BYkeyaFaedIm,ImkCYyeFVkI argarenATIenaH buE: nÒedaysarkarRKb; sakSI)anerobrab;bnþfamundMbUgtMbn;505sßitenA
RKgenATIenaHmansPaBtwgEtgeBkxønÜ RtÚv)anEtgtaMg[kan; kñúgPUmiPaK|sanÒ eRkaymktMbn;enHkøayCatMbn;sVy½t
kab;mnÞrI b-3vij.cMENkyuvCnEdlenATIenaHeFVkI ar)anEt Edlsßti enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgpÞal;rbs;fañ k;mCÄimenAqña1M 978
BIrExk¾RtÚv)anKN³RsúkbBa¢ÚneTAextÒkMBg;FM. EdlmanyI CaelxatMbn; ehIyeRkaymkemOn)anmkCMnsY
2>3¦ karGb;rMneya)ay bnÞab;BmI ankarcab;xnÜø yI. enAtMbn; 505 manRsúkbI KWRsúk
Tak;TgnwgkarGb;rMneya)aysakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa sMbUr RsúksñÜl nigRsúkRkecH ehIyenARsúksMbUrmanEbg
xønÜ Føab;)ancUlrYmeronsURtCamYyfñak;Rsúknigfñak;extÒ ehIy EckCamnÞrI sRmab;RbCuM mnÞrI esdækci © nigmnÞrI snÒsi xu . cMeBaHkar
ÉksarEdlbeRgónenaHKWÉksarTg;bdivdþ. cMENkxømw sarén RbCuMmþg²KWEtgEtmankarelIkeLIgBIbBaðaRKb;EpñkTaMgGs;
karbeRgón KWTak;TgnwgkarENnaM[eFVsI hkrN_ nigkargarepSg² nigmankarkt;RtaedIm,IbBa©ÚneTAfñak;;elI. ral;karraykarN_
eTot. sakSI)anbEnßmfa Tg;bdivdÒenaHkñúgmYyPUmiTTYl)an BIfñak;XuMeTARsúk KWRtÚvraykarN_edaypÞal; bu:EnÒBIfñak;Rsúk
EtmYyk,albue: NÑaHedIm,I[kmμaPi)aleronsURt nigGnuvtþtam eTAextÒRtÚveFVIeLIgtamry³nirsar.
eKalneya)ayrbs;bkS. bnÞab;BbI Ba©bk; arsaksYrrbs;xnÜø 2>6¦ kic©RbCuMCamYy nYn Ca
elaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJaCati)anRbKl;evTikaCUnsh elaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJa)anbnþkarsaksYrTak;
Patarbs;xøÜn KWelak EDl lIsak;. Tgnwgkic©RbCuMEdleFVICamYy nYn CaenAqñaM1973.eqøIytb
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 49
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
nwgsMNYrenHsakSI)anbBa¢ak;fakmμvtßúénkarRbCuMenaH nYn Ca
)anENnaMGMBIsPaBkarN_vayxμaMg EdlsMedAelITahan ln;
nl; karbegáItshkrN_bIkMritfñak;XuM dUcCaRkúmRbva:s;éd
EdlRbCaCnCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmkeFVIERselIdIerogxøÜneday
minmankarEbgEckpl. cMENkRkúmkMritTabvij KWRbCaCn
eFVIkarrYmKñaEckrMElksmÖar³eRbIR)as; nigeKaRkbICaedIm
ehIyvaxusBIshkrN_kMritx<s;EdltMrUv[dak;reTHeKaRkbI
rYmKña bu:EnÒkarTTYl)anpltamkmøaMgBlkmμ. eRkaymk
taEct RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnbBa¢ÚneTARkecHqñaM1976 edaysarxus
sIlFm’.
2>7¦ sßanPaBenAkñúgshrN_
enAqña1M 977enAXusM bM rU manshkrN_BrI KWshkrN_
sMbUr nigERsexOnedaysarXuMenHFMCageKenAkñúgRsuk
sMbUr. eTaHbICashkrN_TaMgBIrEckdac;BIKña bu:Enþkarray
kaN_enAEtmandEdl ehIyRtÚveFVIeLIgedaypÞal;. eRkay
mkxøÜnRtÚv)an evOn CaKN³Rsúkpøas;BIshkrN_ERsexOn
eTA mnÞIrb-3. Bak;B½n§nwgkarCemøósRbCaCnenAéf¶17
emsa 1975 sakSI)anbBa¢ak; faenAPUmvi DÄn³mankarCemøós
RbCaCnfμtI amkaNUt ehIyeRkaymkmankarCemøósCnCati
camRbEhl30eTA40RKÜ s arpø a s; m kBI s V a ykaM b i t
ehIymanRbCaCnExμrmYycMnYnrhUtdl;edImqñaM1978man
RbCaCnmkBIXuMmUg Rsúkemmt;EfmeTot. sakSI)an bEnßm
eTotfa karrs;enATIenaHEtgEtmankarRbCueM dIm,Icab;xaμ gM Edl
x¢ilRcGUs niigGñkEdlmineBjcitÒcMeBaHbdivdþn_CaedIm. sßanPaBshkrN_enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬RbPBÉksar³mCÄm
eRkABIenaHxøÜn)an[RbCaCnenAkñúgXuMeFVIkarTietonGMBIkardwk RbCaCnmkRbCueM RcIn eKmin[cUlkñgú viharenaHeLIyeday[
naMrbs;xnÜø ehIyRbCaCnenATIenaHsb,ayciteþ daysarGñkdwk RbCuMenAbriNxageRkAehIyRtÚv)aneKykeTAeFVICakEnøg
naMBmI nu minGaceFVkI arTieton)aneLIy.sakSI)anbEnßmfamnÞrI dutek,Óg. cMeBaHvtþsrsr100RtÚv)anRbCaCn erIruHyk
Gb;rEM kERbenARsúksMbrU manBIrkEnøg KWenARbRsalnigeKakkþcÜ . ek,ÓgedIm,Isg;mnÞIreBTü. elak)anbnþfa enAeBlenaH
2>8¦ Tak;Tgnwgsasna sasnaRBHBuT§ nigsasna\søamRtÚv)anlubbM)at;ecal
sakSI)anGHGagfaenAextþRkecHRBHBuTs§ asnaRtÚv TaMgGs; ehIyenAkEnøgxøHmankarbgMç[CnCaticamhUbsac;
)anbBa©be; nAcugqña1M 976edaylubbM)at;mni [manelaksgÇ RCÚkesÞIrRKb;shkrN_TaMgGs;. bnÞab;BIbBa©b;karsaksYr
bu:EnþvtÒGaramminmankarxUcxateRcIneT BIeRBaHeBlman rbs;tNM agshRBHraCGaCJa elakemFavIkarBar kþI GIN u hU SI
50 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
mNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
)anesñsI [Mu kUnkþrI bs;xnÜø cuHeTAsRmakenAbnÞbx; ageRkameday elakRKan;EtGnuBaØat[CnCab;ecaT nYn Ca eTAsRmakenAbnÞb;
sarbBaðasuxPaB. eqøóteBlenaHEdr elakemFavI)anbBa¢ak; eRkamtamkaresñI suMEtbu:eNÑaH.
CUnGgÁCMnuMCRmHfa cMeBaHBakü{dada}EdlxønÜ )anBak;enAelI 2>9¦ kareRCIserIsnarI[erobkarCamYyeyaFa
rUb: kalBIRBwkenaHKWseM dAeTAelIclnaTsSn³niymEdlCMTas; tMNagshRBHraCGaCJa)anbnþkarsaksYrrbs;xøÜn
nwgGVIEdlKμann½y ehIyRbqaMgnwgTsSn³EdlrgnUvkar Tak;TgnwgkarerobkarCakgkmøagM eyaFa. Tak;Tni nwgbBaðaenH
RbRBwtmÒ ni l¥edayminEmnmann½yfa {minsYrmineqøy I enaHeT}. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fakarerobkarenaHminmankarbgMçeLIyKW
Tak;TgnwgkarbkRsayTaMgenH elakRbFanmin)aneFVIkar Tal;EtxagnarIsμ½RKcitþ ehIyedaysarkarerobkarenAeBl
eqøy I tbcMeBaHkarbBa¢ak;Gtßny ½ BIsN
M ak;emFavIeLIy eday enaHmaneRcInKUr burs nignarIRtÚvtMrUv[manBak;elxedIm,I
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 51
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
cMNaM. sakSI)anerobrab;faCaFmμtaeyaFaRtÚvesñIeTAfñak; k,t;RtÚv)ankemÞcenAextþRkecH. sakSI)anGHGagfa xønÜ min
Rsúk ehIyxøÜnenAfñak;XuMCaGñksaksYreyabl;RbsinebInarI )andwgBIbBaðaenHeLIy eRBaHbBaðaenHekIteLIgenAq¶ayBItbM n;
enaHsμR½ Kciteþ TIbGacerobkar)an. enAqña1M 977sakSI)an rbs;xøÜn bu:EnþsakSI)anbEnßmfa vaCaerOgFmμtabu:eNÑaHenA
bBa¢ak;faxønÜ RtÚv)anEtgtaMgCaKN³RsúksMbrU edaysarsßan kñúgrbbExμrRkhmenAeBlEdlkmμaPi)alfμIcUlmkkan;kab;
PaBenATI enaHRcbUkRcbl;xaø gM nigmankarcab;xnÜø sMpn CaRbFan enaH eKEtgEtniyayfaGñkmunk,t;. tMNagshRBHraC
RsúksMbrU EdleRkaymkeFVCI aRbFanRsúkRkecH ehIyk¾RtÚv GaCJa)anbgðajÉksarbBa¢IeQμaHGñkeTasmkBItMbn;505
)ancab;xøÜnEdr. EdlRtÚv)anbBa¢nÚ eTAmnÞrI s-21enAExFñÚ qña1M 978edIm,I[
2>10¦ karEbgEckRbCaCn sakSI)anGan. Tak;TgnwgbBaðaenH sakSI)anbBa¢kf; a xønÜ )an
Tak;TgnwgkarEbgEckRbCaCn17emsa sakSI)an sÁal;EteQμaH sm,tþi mñak;bu:eNÑaH.
bBa¢ak;fa RbCaCnRtÚv)aneKEbgEckCabIRbePT. TImYyGñk 3¦ karsYredjedaledayemFavInaMmxu tMNag
Edlrs;enAtMbn;enaHeKehAfaRbCaCncas; TIBIrRbCaCn edImbNþgw rdæb,evNI
cas;EdrEtmineBjcitnþ gw bdivdþeKehAfaRbCaCneRtóm ehIy bnÞab;BbI Ba©bk; arsaksYrrbs;tN
M agshRBHraCGaCJa
TIbIKWRbCaCn17emsaEdleKehAfaGñkbeBaØI. bu:EnþenAkñúg elakRbFan)anepÞrevTikaCUnemFavInaMmuxtMNagedImbNþwg
shkrN_xnÜø minmanEbgEckdUecñHeTedIm,Ik[Mu Gñkcas;)ancitþ rdæb,evNI. shemFavICatitMNagedImbNÒwgrdæb,evNI
ehIyeFVI)abGñkEdlmkfμI. Bak;B½n§nwgRbvtþirUbGñkmkfμI elak Ev:n eBA )ancab;epþmI edaysYrTak;TgnwgkarcUleFVbI divtþ.
elak KIm )anGHGagfaenAkñgú XurM bs;xnÜø mintMrvU [eFVeI naHeLIy sakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxøÜn)ancUlbdivtþ eRkayeBlrMedaHextþ
bu:EnþGñkEdlRtÚv)aneKsgS½yfamanCab;ExSxagGñkeFVIkar RkecH ehIyrhUtdl;Ex4 qña1M 973xønÜ RtÚv)anEtgtaMg[eFVI
raCkarBIsgÁmcas;eTIbtMrvU [eFVRI bvtirþ bU cMENkGñk17 emsa emXuMenA XuMvDÄn³. Tak;TinnwgkarCYbRbCuMCamYy nYn Ca enAqñaM
KWRKan;EteFVICMerOnFmμtaEtbu:eNÑaH. 1973enAeBlenaH RbeTskm<úCakMBugmansRgÁamCamYy
2>11¦ kare)assm¥atxμaMgenAcugrbbkm<úCa ln; nl; enAeLIy ehIykarRbCueM naHTak;TgnwgkarbegátI shKmn_
RbCaFibetyü nigshkrN_. enAeBleFVkI arEbgEckCashkrN_emXumM an
sakSI)anbnþerobrab;fakñgú RsúksMbrU manmnÞrI Gb;rBM rI naTICaRbFanEdleKehAfaKN³shkrN_ bE:u nþCakargarneya
KWRbRsal nigeKakkÒcÜ buE: nÒxnÜø k¾mni dwgfaenAmnÞrI snþsi xu TaMgBIr )ayrbs;bkSeKenAEtehAfaKN³XuMdEdl. elakemFavI
enaHmanGñkeTasbu:nμannak;enaHeT. enAextþRkecHenAcugqñaM )anesñIsuMbgðajÉksarbTsmÖasn_Tak;TgnwgEpnkarskmμ
1977 nigedImqñaM1978mankarcab;xøÜnkmμaPi)aldUcCa PaB. eqIøytbnwgsMNYrenHsakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa EpnkarRtÚv
evOn KN³RsúksMbUrbnÞab;BI nI nig QUk RbFaneyaFaRsúk eFVeI LIgedayxønÜ Ég ehIyeBlxøHfñak;elICaGñkeFV.I sakSI)an
edaysarBYkeyaFa)ancUleTARKb;RKg. cMeBaHGñkEdl bEnßmfa xøÜn)anB¤fa bu:l BtCaelxabkSkmμúynIsþkm<úCa
RtÚv)an cab;xøÜn ehIybBa¢ÚneTAmnÞIrs-21enAeBlenaHman exov sMpn KWCaRbmuxrdæ eGog sarI KWCardæm®nþRI ksYgkarbreTs.
KYn/yI CaelxatMbn;505/nI KN³RsúksMbrU /ePOnenAxageyaFa tMbn;505KWCatMbn;sVy½t ehIyemXuMCaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvrYm
nigsnþsi xu nig pan; CaKN³RsúksMbrU ehIymankmμaPi)alxøH cMENkGnuXTMu TYlxageyaFa. eyaFaenAtMbn;505mantYnaTI
RtÚv)ancab;xnÜø TaMgRKÜsar. Tak;Tgnwgkark,t;enAkñgú kgkmøagM év:xμaMgenAtamRBMEdncMENkÉxagsnþisuxmantYnaTIxagcab;
Tahankm<Cú aRbCaFibetyüeBlc,aMgCamYyevotNam nigkmøagM cg. ral;karerobkaryuTC§ n GacesñeI TAfñak;RsúkTal;Etman
52 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
karyl;RBmBIxagnarIeTIbGacerobkar)an.knøgmkmin man
narINamñak;EdlRbEkkminRBmerobkarenaHeLIy. sakSI)an 4¦ karsYredjedaledayRkúmemFavIkarBar
bBa¢ak;fa karbgM[ç CnCaticamhUbsac;RCÚk KWmni manEcgenA kþICnCab;ecaT
kñgú ÉksareLIy ehIykarbgMçenaHRbEhlCaGñkenAtampÞH 4>1¦karsaksYredayRkúmemFavIkarBarkþI nYn Ca
)ayEtbue: NÑaH. bnÞab;mkelakRsIemFavI sImu N U: hU tV )anbnÒ muneBlcab;epþmI elakemFavI GInu hU SIú )ansaksYreTA
karsaksYrTak;TgnwgCIvPaBenAtamshkrN_epSg². GgÁCMnuMCRmHGMBIÉksaredIm,IsaksYrsakSIEdlxøÜndak;CUn
sakSI)an bBa¢ak;fakarrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæenARsúksMbUr GgÁCMnuMCRmHeFVIkarsMerc. bnÞab;BIkarBiPakSa elakecARkm
KWenAXuMxøHhUbbbr ehIymanlaydMLÚgbu:Enþ enAfñak;XuMEdl nil Nun )anbBa¢ak;faÉksarenaHminmanBak;B½n§nwgPsþútag
xøÜnRKb;RKg KWRbCaCnhUb)ay minmanQWfáat;edaysarkar enaHeT. elakemFavIGacsYrsMNrY EdlTak;TgnwgÉksarenaH
eFVIkargareLIy KWedaysarCMgWRKúncaj;Etb:ueNÑaH. cMeBaH )an. bnÞab;mkelakRsIecARkm xatRv:ayt_ bBa¢ak; CUnemFavI
rbbGaharBuMmankarEbgEckrbbGahartamRbePTRbCaCn fa xøÜnmansiT§isYrsMNYrEdlBak;B½n§nwgÉksarenaH)an.
cas;Gkñ eRtómb¤Gkñ fμeI naHeT.muneBlbBa©bk; arsaksYrelak sakSI exov)anbBa¢
PøamenaHemFavI enA ak;fa xønÜ nwgminsYrsMNrY eTAkan;sakSI
RsIemFavI)anbnþsMNYr Tak;TgnwgGMNackMBUlrbs; nYn Ca eTKWsuM[kUnkþIrbs;xøÜneFVIesckþIEføgkartbnwgskçIkmμrbs;
ehIysakSIk¾)anbBa¢ak;faGMNackMBUlenaHKWsMedAdl; sakSITak;TgnwgkarCemøós. elaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJa
GMNacfñak;elIrbs;bkS. nigelakRsIemFavItMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,evNI sIum:UNUhVt
)anCMTas;cMeBaHkareFVIesckþIEføgkarN_rbs; nYn Ca eday
nYn Ca
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 53
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
GHGagfa CnCab;ecaTminGaceRbIR)as;eBlevlarbs; kþEI føgkarN_enaHcakq¶ayBIGgÁehtuEdlkMBgu eFVsI vnakarelI
tulakaredIm,IeFVeI sckþEI føgkarN_tamEtcit)þ aneT. eTaHbICa karsÒab;skçkI mμrbs;sakSIehIybBaðaEdlnYn CaelIkeLIgenaH
y:agNak¾eday elakemFavIenAEtTTUc[kUnkþIrbs;xøÜneFVI sakSI)anpþls; kçkI mμRKb;RKan;ehIy. elakRbFank¾)an sYr
esckþEI føgkarN_ ehIybnÞab;mkelakRbFank¾)anGnuBaØat. bBa¢ak;eTACnCab;ecaTfa etIxøÜnmansMNYrepSgEdlRtÚvsYr
nYn Ca )aneFVIesckþIEføgkarN_tbnwgkarCemøósEdlmanxøwm EdreT. eqøIytbnwgbBaðaenH nYn Ca )anesñIsuMGgÁCMnuMCRmH
sardUcteTA ³ edIm,IniyayBIkarCemøósRbCaCn EteTaHCay:agNa elak
{sUmeKarBbgb¥nÚ rYmCati¡sUmeKarBelak RbFanenAEtminGnuBaØat[CnCab;ecaTeFVIskçIkmμeLIy.
RbFan¡´sU m ni y ayGM B I k arCemø ó s bRmamrbs;elakRbFanminRtÚv)an nYn Ca GnuvtÒtameLIy
RbCaCnedaybgçM. ´sUmeFVIkareqøIytb edayenAEtbnÒkarbkRsayTaMgkñúgeBlEdl]bkrN_bMBg
mYycMnYncMeBaHskçIkmμrbs;elakrUbenH semøgminTan;mandMeNIrkarenAeLIy. CafμImÒgeTotelak
GMBkI arCemøósRbCaCn. elaksakSI)an RbFanenAEtRbkan;CMhrminGnuBaØat[CnCab;ecaTeFVIkarbk
niyayBIehtupld¾RtwmRtÚvxøH² kñúgkar RsayeLIy. PøamenaHelakemFavI epsþemn )aneRkakQr
CemøósRbCaCnecjBITRI kúg KWedIm,Iecos eLIg nigesñIsuMelakRbFanedIm,IGnuBaØat[kUnkþIxøÜneFVIesckIþ
BIkarTMlak;RKab;Ebkrbs;shrdæGaemrik EføgkarN_CafμI edaysarminmankarbkERbCaPasaGg;eKøs
nigkarGt;Xaø nnigs®gÁamdeNþmI KñaeTAvij nig)araMg. buE: nþelakRbFanminGnuBaØatenaHeLIy edaymUl
eTAmkEtelak sakSIPaKeRcInmin)andwgBI ehtumincg;[cMNayeBlevlabnþsvnakarelIGgÁehtu
mUlehtuc,as; nigeRcInCagenHeT ehIy EdlminBak;B½n§nigGgÁehtuEdlkMBugdMeNIrkarenHeLIy
Edlhak;dUcCabgðajfa ectna b¤meFüa ehIyelakk¾)anbgÁab;[emFavIeFVkI arsaksYrshesvikCati
)ayCemøósdUcCaminl¥eTAvij.teTAenH´ rbs;xøÜncMeBaHesckÒIEføgkarN_EdlminmankarbkERbCa
sUmeFVIkareqøIytbdUcteTA³ CadMbUg´sUm PasaGg;eKøsenaH. bnÞab;BI)anB¤dUcecñH elak epsþemn
CRmabfa eyIg´CaGñkcaj;s®gÁamRtÚv )anesñIsuMdl;GgÁCMnuMCRmHfakUnkþIxøÜnsuMlHbg;siT§imincUlrYm
)anecaTRbkan; B I k arCemø ó sRbCaCn kñúgkic©dMeNIrkarsvnakareT edaysarxøÜnminmansiT§iniyay
edaybgçM k¾bu:EnþskmμPaBkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ enAkñgú svnakarenH.elakRbFan)ansaksYr nYn CafaetIxnÜø
enHmanPaBminsmrmüebIeRbóbeTAnwgkar BitCamanbMNgcUlrYmdMeNIrkarenAbnÞb;eRkamEmnEdrb¤
CemøósenAbnÞab;éf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM eT? nYn Ca k¾)anbBa¢ak;fa {CRmabelakRbFan ebImin[´
1975eTAeTot. ´sUmniyayedIm,IRb niyayeToteT ´suMeTAenAxageRkam}.
CaCnRkIRkEdlRtÚv)anCiHCan;nigeFVITukç tamry³karbBa¢ak;BIeKalCMhrrbs;xøÜndUcenH
bukemñjdl;GayuCIvitedayBYkGñkman elakRbFan)anGnuBaØat[CnCab;ecaTcuHeTAbnÞb;xag
luy manbuNüskþiEdlkMBugbøn;dIFøIERs eRkamtamkaresñIsuM ehIyelakRbFan)anepÞrevTikabnÒ
cMkar>>>}. CUnemFavICatirbs; nnY CaedIm,IeFVkI arsaksYr.
kNM ts; maÁ l³; xN³eBlEdlnYn CakMBgu eFVeI sckþEI føgkarN_ elak sun GruN emFavICatikarBarkþI[CnCab;ecaT
rbs;xnÜø elakRbFan)anbBaÄb;karedayGHGagfa kareFVI esc nYn Ca )ancab;epþImsaksYrTak;TgnwgkarpSwkelaksgÇ.
54 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
eqøIytbnwgsMNYrenHsakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa enAqñaM1976 man man taEct CaGñkerobcMshKmn_. sakSI)anbnþfa taEct
karbBa¢ak;BIGaCJaFrfa bdivdþeKmineFVIBIrdgenaHeT KWRtÚveFVI EdlfaKat;CamnusSmancritminl¥eFVIGVItamcitþrbs;xøÜnEt
bdivdþn_RbCaCn nigbdivdþn_vb,Fm’kñúgeBlCamYyKña. Bak; bu:eNÑaH. emFavI)anbnþsMNYreday[sakSIbBa¢ak;BIPaB
B½nn§ gw Gtßny
½ enAkñgú Tg;bdivdþn_ elakmincaMfaenAkñgú TsSnavdþI xusKñarvagshkrN_ngi shKm_. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa shkrN_
enaHmanEcgBIkarhamXat;min[manvtþGaramb¤Gt;enaHeT RbCaCnminsUvdwgeTEtebIshKmn_KWrs;enArYmhUbcukrYm
bu:EnÒvaCaneya)ayrbs;mCÄimbkS. elakemFavI)ansYr Kña. bnÞab;BbI Ba©bk; arsaksYrrbs;emFavIkar BarkÒI nYn Ca elak
bnþTak;TgnwgkarRbCuMCamYy nYn CaTak;TgnwgxμaMg.sakSI)an RbFan)anepÞrevTikaCUnemFavI eGog sarI edIm,I saksYr bnÒ
bBa¢ak;faeBlenaH nYn Ca )aneTARbCuMenAXuMda ehIyniyay bu:EnþemFavI)anbBa¢ak;fa xøÜnminmansMNYreTAsakSIeLIy.
BIxμaMgEdlmanGaemrikkaMg nigevotNam ehIyeRkABIenaH 4>2¦ karsYredjedaledayRkúmemFavI
manniyayBIkareFVsI hkrN_. sakSI)anbnþfaxønÜ )anCYbEt exov sMpn
nYn Ca mñak;Kt;minmanemdwknaMepSgeTotenaHeT ehIyCYbenA elakemFavI EvkEKn )ancab;epþImsYrTak;Tgnwgkar
eBlenaHKWenAkñúgbnÞb;salsikçasalaEdlmanGñkcUl cUlbdivdþrbs;sakSI. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;faeRkayeBlrdæ
rYmmkBIRsúksñÜl sMbUr nigRsúkRkecH.elakemFavI)anbnþ Rbharqña1M 970 manclna{Xut]tþmvÖ gSvDÆna}mYyEdlGH
sYrTak;TgnwgGtþcrikrbs; nYn Ca enAeBlRbCu.M elaktMNag GagfamkCYyCati bE:u nþxnÜø mineCOTukciteþ naHeLIy ehIyeRkay
shRBHraCGaCJa EDl lIsak; )anCMTas;nwgsMNYrrbs; mkmanclnaExμrRkhmEdlcuHmkbeRgón ehIyeBlenaH
emFavIEdlsYr[sakSIbBa¢ak;BIcriklkçN³rbs; nYn Ca Edl taEct)anykesovePAmk[xønÜ eronehIyeRkaymkxønÜ RtÚv
vaCakarsμanbue: NÑaH. PøamenaHelakemFavI)anbBa¢ak;faeday )anEtgtaMgCaKN³XuvM DÆn³. sakSI)anbEnßmfaxønÜ cUlbdivdþ
sarsakSICYbpÞal;CamYy nYn Ca dUecñHcemøIyrbs;sakSI enAqñaM1971edaycitþxøÜnÉg ehIyeBlenaHxøÜnmancitþcg;
minEmnCakarsμanenaHeLIy. elaksakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa CYyCati[RbCaCnmanCIvPaBsmrmü. Tak;TgnwgCemøaH
enAeBlenaH nYn Ca mancrikl¥smCaGñkdwknaMEdll¥. rvageyaFa nigGCJaFrenAqñaM1978elaksakSI)an bBa¢ak;
muneBlxøÜncUlbdivdþxøÜnminEdleXIjmankarTmøab;RKab;Ebk fa xøÜnminsUvdwgc,as;eT bu:EnÒkalenaHman eQμaH suvNÑ )an
eTKWFøab;eXIjenAeBleFVIrdæRbhar ehIyenAqñaM1972xøÜn yksMbuRtBI san mk[xøÜnfaxagRsúk[ykeKa50k,al
)aneXIjmankarbMpøajs<anCaedImesÞIrEtdac;Gs;ehIy. ehIyeRkaymkxageyaFa)ansYrGMBImUlehtu ehIyxøÜn
eBleyaFacUlRsúksMbUrenAqñaM1978 sßanPaBmankar )anbBa¢ak;faxagRsúk[mkyk. tamry³enH xøÜnGacyl;
RcbU k Rcbl; e daysarmankarcab; k mμ a Pi ) alfñ a k; X u M )anfaxageyaFa nigGaCJaFrminmanTMnak;TMngl¥CamYyKña
nigRsúk.enAéf¶TI 17Exemsaqña1M 975sakSIbBa¢ak;faxønÜ eLIy.bnÞab;BbI Ba©b; karsaksYrsakSI ynu KIm elakRbFan
rs;enAXuMvDÆn³ehIy)anB¤tamviTüúfamankarrMedaHTIRkúg. GgÁCnM CMu RmH)anRbkasbnþsvnakarsaksYrsakSI mñak;eTot
eBlenaHRbCaCnmankarsb,ayrIkrayNas;enAeBlB¤fa EdlmanelxsMKal; TCW-321 dUcEdl)aneRKagTuk.
RbeTsCatiRtÚv)anrMedaH. elakemFavI)anbnÒsYrTak;Tg VIII) svnakarsaksYredjedalsakSI exov enA
nwgkarRbCuM nigRbtikmμrbs;RbCaCnkñúgkarbegáItshkrN_ enAresoléf¶TI20dl;21 Exmifuna qñaM2012
nigshKmn_. sakSI)anBa¢ak;fa nYn Ca min)aneTAdl;Rsúk bnÞab;BIGgÁCMnuMCRmH)anbBa©b;kic©dMeNIrkarnItiviFIsaksYr
sMbUreT KWeTARbCuMenAd-3 XuMfμda ehIyeBlRtlb;mkvij sakSI yun KIm elakRbFanGgÁCMnMuCRmH)anRbkasbnþ
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 55
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
svnakarsaksYrsakSI bnÞab;EdlmanelxsMKal; TCW-
321 dUcEdl)aneRKagTuk.sUmbBa¢ak;faenAkñúgkic©dMeNIr
karenHmankarcUlrYmBIRKb;PaKITaMgGs;elIkElgEtCnCab;
ecaTeGogsarIedaysarbBaðasuxPaB nigemFavIGnþrCati
karBarkÒI ém:eXIl xaNav:asminmanvtþman.enAkñgú kicd© eM NIr
karsaksYrelIsakSIrUbenH KWepþateTAelIkarpSwkelaksgÇ
karbegáItshkrN_nigrcnasm<½n§rdæ)alenAkñúgPUmiPaKnirtI
nigkargarrbs;sakSIenATIRkúgPñeM Bj. elakRbFan)ancab;epÒmI
edayeFVIkarsaksYrB½t’manmYycMnYnTak;TgnwgRbvtþisavta
rbs;sakSI. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxønÜ eQμaH exov enA ekItqñacM r
Gayu79qñaM RbBn§eQμaH gwm eGOn nigmankUn6nak;. bnÞab;
mkelakRbFan)anpþl;esckþIENnaMmYycMnYndl;sakSITak; sakSI exov enA
TgnwgsiT§imineqøIydak;BiruT§PaBelIxøÜnÉg ehIynigkrNIkic© evTikarsaksYrenHeTAkan;shesvikrbs;xøÜnKWelak farIk
EdlsakSIRtÚvEteqøIynUvGVIEdlxøÜndwg. bnÞab;BIbBa©b;kar edaycab;epþmI sYrTak;TgnwgRBwtkiþ arN_mnu qña1M 975.sakSI
ENnaMTaMgenHrYcmkelakRbFan)anepÞrevTikarCUnPaKI )anbBa¢ak;faxøÜnmanRsúkkMeNItenAXuMRtBaMgFM ehIyeRkay
shRBHraCGaCJaedIm,IeFVIkarsaksYredjedalbnþ. mkXuMenHRtÚv)aneKEbgEckCaBIrKWXuMRtBaMgFMxageCIg nig
1¦kasaksrY edayshRBHraCGaCaJ RtBaMgFMxagt,Úg. bc©úb,nñxøÜnmanTIlMenAenAXuMRtBaMgFM
elaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJa evgh‘t; )ancab;epþIm xagt,ÚgCitvtþRtBaMgFM ehIy tam:uk k¾manRsúkkMeNItenAXuM
karsaksYredaykarGannUvbTsmÖasn_EdleLIgeday RtBaMgFMxagt,ÚgEdr. eqøIytbnwgsMNYrCabnþbnÞab;rbs;
sakSI nigshecARkmesIubGegátTak;TgnwgTMnak;TMngrbs; shRBHraCGaCJasakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa GgÁkar)anR)ab;xøÜn[
sakSICamYy tam:ku eBlenAbYsCasgÇ. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa cakecjBIvtþRtBaMgFM ehIyeTACYbCuMKñaenAvtþGgÁrkar.
tam:ku bYsenAvtþRtBaMgFMRbEhldb;qañ M ehIy eBlenaHxønÜ enA Tak;Tgnwgkarpøas;TIkEnøgenHsakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxøÜnmindwg
ekμgenAeLIyEdleRkaymk tam:uk )anlakcaksikçabT BImUlehtueLIyedaysarenAkñúgsm½ys®gÁamxøÜn)an
ehIyerobkar. enAExemsa qña1M 975ExμrRkhm)an tRmÚv B¤cas;²R)ab;faRtÚv[daMedImKredIm,Irs; dUecñHxøÜnminh‘ansYr
[RBHsgÇEdlnimnþmkBIextþtaEkv nigPñMeBjeTARbCuMKñaenA naMBIbBaðaenaHeLIy.enAéf¶TI17emsamankarpSwk RBHsgÇ
vtþGgÁrkaredIm,IlacaksikçabT ehIyeRkaymkkarRbtþibtÒi EdlmkBIextþtaEkv nigPñMeBjedaymindwgmUlehtuehIy
sasnaRtÚv)anlubbM)at;. sakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxønÜ min)aneXIj enAeBlenaHminmanRBHsgÇNamYyEdlbdiesFminRBm
karCemøósRbCaCnecjBIPeMñ BjmktaEkveT edayRKan;Etdwg swkenaHeLIy. tamry³karsnñidæanrbs;xøÜn sakSI)an
famanmnusSmkBIPñMeBj nigtaEkvedaysarxøÜn)anB¤BYk bBa¢ak;fa karpSwkRBHsgÇenHKWmankarbBa¢aBIBYkQøb BI
QøbniyayKña nigmankmμaPi)alExμrRkhmedIrtamRbCaCn eRBaHxøÜnminEdleXIjmanemdwknaMExμrRkhmcuHeTAdl;tMbn;
edIm,IerobcMkEnøg bu:EnÒxøÜnmin)andwgBIkarbegáItshkrN_ rbs;xnÜø eLIy. cMeBaHelaksgÇEdlminTan;)answkRtÚv)an
eLIy. bnÞab;mkelaktMNagshRBHraCGaCJa)anepÞr ExμrRkhmnaMmksñak;enAvtþpkw© RCúM ehIyenATIenaHRbCaCnGac
56 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
ykcgðan;eTARbeKnelaksgÇ)anrhUtdl;CagmYyqñaMeTIb CaGñkeFVIkarpÞal;. RbFanXøaMgrdæ maneQμaH erOg ehIyxag
elaksgÇenATIenaHRtÚv)anpSwkTaMgGs;. tMNagshRBH ]sSahkmμman ecg Gn. cMENk\v:an;EdldwkBIPUmiPaK
raCGaCJa)anbnþkarsaksYrTak;TgnwgkarRbtibtÒiRBHBuT§ mkXøaMgrdæeTAPñMeBjvijmandUcCa sMLI/ Kr/ dUg nigplitpl
sasnasakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxønÜ enAEtRbtibtþsi asnarhUteday epSgeTotEdlRbCaCneFV)I an.sakSI)anbEnßmfacMeBaHkar
eKarBenAkñúgcitþ dUecñHminmanGñkNamñak;dwgfaxøÜnenAEteKarB )at;xnÜø rbs; v:n evt/ h‘U nwm nig h‘U yun enaHxønÜ RKan;Et)anB¤tam
sasnaenaHeLIy.sakSI)anbBa¢ak;famuneBllacaksikaç bT eKEtbue: NÑaHedaymindwgBImlU ehtuenaHeLIy. cMENkGñk)at;
xøÜn)aneXIjRbCaCnRtÚv)anCemøósecjBIPñMeBjKWeBl xønÜ epSgeTotRtÚv)anecaTfak,t;. cMeBaHkicR© bCuBM vI ni y ½ sakSI
Tahanvaydl;NaRbCaCnenATIenaHRtÚvEtecjmkEdr. )anbBa¢ak;fa xønÜ )ancUlrYmenAPUmPi aKEdlmanRbFanPUmPi aK
RbCaCnEdlecjmkBIPUmiRtÚveTArs;enAtamshrN_ ehIy KWsMb‘ti GnuRbFanrbs;tamuk: CaGñkbeRgónehIykicR© bCueM naH
cMENkGñkEdlmkBIPUmiPaKRtÚvrs;enAedayELk.Gñkrs; niyayBImaKa’RbCaCn maKa’c,ab; nigmaKa’bdivdþ. sakSI)an
enAkñúgshkrN_RtÚveFVIERsrYmKñaedayminmanRbCaCnNa bBa¢ak;fa eBlEdlxøÜnbMeBjtYnaTIenAPñMeBjxøÜnFøab;)an
rs;enAeRkAshkrN_enaHeLIy BIeRBaHenATIenaHmanemkg eXIj tam:uk nig bu:l Bt. elIsBIenHxøÜn)anCYb exov sMpn
nigemRkúmCaGñkRKb;RKg. RbFanXuMTaMgGs;RtÚv)anEtg enARksYgBaNiCk¢ mμenAeBlEdl exov sMpn eTACMnsY v:n evt
taMgedayGgÁkar EdleKehAfaGgÁkarEtgtaMgGgÁkarcat; mYyry³. cMeBaHGñkdwknaMenAPUmiPaKnirtIeRkABI tam:uk KWman
taMg. enAeBlenaHmankarGb;reM ronsURtRbCuTM ei tonEdlRtÚv fñak;extþ nigxagkgBl )anmkCYbCamYy bu:l BtEdr. tam
)aneFVIeLIgCajwkjab; ehIymanniyayBIbTBiesaFkargar ry³karrMBk£ rbs;shRBHraCGaCJa sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa CU eCt
CaedIm.eBlxøHmankarRbCueM ronsURtnigEckÉksarEfmeTot KWCaGñkFøab;bYseronCamYyxøÜn ehIyeRkaymk CU eCt nig
pg. cMeBaHTg;bdivdþsakSI)anbBa¢ak;faxøÜnFøab;B¤EtceRmóg RbBn§RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnbBa©ÚneTAmnÞIrs-21.
bue: NÑaHehIyminEdleXIjÉksarenaHeLIy. kareFVRI bvtþri bU 2¦ karsaksYredayemFavItMNagedImbNþwgrdæb,
KWsRmab;EtGñkfμ²I Etbue: NÑaH ehIyr)aykarN_TaMgenaHRtÚv evNI
bBa¢ÚneTAGgÁkarfñak;elI bu:EnÒxøÜnmindwgfaGgÁkarCaGñkNaenaH elak eBC GgÁ )ancab;epþImedaysaksYrTak;Tgnwg
eT.sakSI)anbEnßmfaRBabKit nig cayKWCaKN³RsúkRtaMkk; CMnan;\sSr³ sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa Bakü\sSr³enaHxøÜn)anB¤
kalCMnan;enaH. eBlxøÜneTAenAmnÞIreBTüxøÜnminTan;RtÚv)an taMgBICnM an;)araMgrhUtdl;1967 eTIbman\sSr³ExμrRkhm.
cat;taMgkargarc,as;las;enAeLIyeT ehIyeRkaymk cMENk tam:uk k¾)ancUlrYmkñúgclna\sSr³EdlkalenaH
KN³kmμkarextþeQμaH esam )anmkR)ab;xøÜn[eTAeFVIkarenA marbs; tam:uk eFVICaRbFanXuMehIyenAeBl enaH tam:uk man
bnÞayTahanBIsm½y ln; nl; CamYy tam:uk edayeFVICaGñk tYnaTICaesμón. emFavI)anbnþsYrTak;TgnwgkarpSwkRBHsgÇ
kan;ly u nigCYyeFVeI sñótcb.RbEhlqña1M 976xønÜ RtÚv)an sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fa RBHsgÇdwgCamunfanwgmankarpSwk
bBa¢Ún[eTAenAxagBaNiC¢kmμdwkCBa¢ÚnenAPñMeBjedIm,IRKb;RKg edaysarenAkñúglTi§kumμúynIsþminmankareKarBsasna
GñkebIkLanRbEhldb;nak;edIm,IdwksMPar³BIXøaMgrdæeTA eLIy.eTaHbICay:agNak¾edaykarlacaksikçabTenHKWman
PUmiPaKEdlmandUcCa can qñaMg eTon eRKÓgEdk sIum:g; Edl BiFRI twmRtÚvEdlmankarcUlrYmBIRbCaCn.Tak;TgnwgkargarCa
RbCaCn RtÚvkar. ral;kardwkCBa¢ÚnTal;EtmanlixitGnuBaØat Gñkkan;ly u sakSI)anbBa¢ak;fakalenaHxønÜ min)aneFVkI argar
ecjBIfañ k;elIxagEpñkesdækci K© W vn: evtehIymanmnÞrI k-22 enHeTedaysarfñak;elI)anhamXat;min[cayluyvij.
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 57
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
cMeBaHkardwkCBa¢ÚnsmÖar³RtÚvEtmansMbuRtsñamEdlecj CMnuMCRmHrYcmkelakRsIecARkm xatRra:yt_ )anbBa¢ak;fa
eday tam:uk b¤xagPUmiPaKehIysmÖar³TaMgenaHRtÚv)andwk GgÁCMnuMCRmH)anTTYlÉksarrbs;emFavIEdldak;mkenaHrYc
CBa©ÚneTAdl;extþkMBg;qñaMg nigextþtaEkvCaedIm. sakSI)an ehIy buE: nþenAeBlemFavIeFVkI areyageTAelIÉksarNamYy
erobrab;fa xønÜ )anCYb nYn Ca eBl eTAyk]bkrN_ePøgeTAdak; enaHRtÚvbBa¢ak;faetIÉksarenaHRtÚv)andak;enAcMeBaHmuxGgÁ
enAbu:sÒ×viTüú. cMeBaHEpñkBaNiC¢kmμnirtIenaHmanCab;Bak;B½n§ CMnCMu RmHb¤stiß enAkñgú bBa¢ÉI ksarrs;PaKINamYyedIm,I[GgÁCnM Mu
CamYyxagPUmiPaK ehIyRbFanXøaMgrdæenAeBlenaHman CRmHeFVIkarsRmc ehIyPøamenaH elakemFavIGHGagfa
eQμaHerOg.bnÞab;mkelakemFavIGnÒrCati )aNaeb)ansak ÉksarmYyEdlxøÜn)andak;enaH KWmanenAkñúgbBa¢Irbs;
sYrbnÒTak;Tg nwgkarCMnYstMENg v:n evt eday exov sMpn. shRBHGaCJa bu:EnÒÉksarmYyeTotminmanenAkñúgbBa¢ÍeLIy
sakSI )anerobrab;faenHCakarsnñdi aæ nrbs;xnÜø edaysarEtva ehIyxøÜnminmankatBVkic©kñúgkarbgðajB½t’manTaMgenaHeT.
minmanÉksarNaEdlniyay[c,as;las;enaHeLIy. elakRsIecARkm)anbBa¢ak;CafμImþgeTotfa elakemFavIGac
3¦karsaksYredayecARkm LaEv:j saksYredayeFVkI areyagEtelIÉksarEdlmanenAkñgú bBa¢.I
eRkayBI)anbBa©bk; arsaksYredayemFavInaMmxu tMNag bnÞab;BIkarbBa¢ak;rbs;elakRsIecARkmelakemFavI)anGHGag
edImbNþgw rdæb,evNI elakecARkm LaEv:j )aneFVkI arsaksYr fa sMNYrEdlxøÜnnwgsYrsakSIKWEp¥keTAelIÉksarTaMgBIr
Tak;TgnwgRsúkkMeNItrbs; tam:uk. sakSI)anbBa¢al;fa edayminGacxVHmYyNa)an dUecñHxøÜnnwgminmansMNYreTAsakSI
tam:ku manRsúkkMeNItenAkñgú PUmCi amYyxønÜ .tam:ku )anniyay enaHeLIy. cMENkemFavIkarBarkþTI aMgBIrRkúmepSgeTot k¾)an
faxμaMgKWCaGñkEdlRbqaMgnwgbdivtþ ehIyGñkEdlRbqaMgRtÚv bBa¢ak;BICMhmineFVIkarsaksYreTAkan;sakSIEdr. muneBl
RbyuT§Kña ehIyxøwmsarBaküeBcn_rbs; tam:uk )anman\T§i bBa©bk; ci d© eM NIrkar nItvi Fi eI lakRbFanGgÁCnM CMu RmH)anRbkas
BlmkelImnusSeRcIneTIbGackan;GMNac)an. sakSI)an nUvesckþRI Bmandl;RkúmemFavIkarBarkÒrI bs;CnCab; ecaT nYn Ca
erobrab;faxøÜn)anCYb nYn Ca )anmþgenAeBlEdlxøÜneTArk enAkñúgdMeNIrkarsvnakarkñúgsMNuMerOg002 edayGgÁCMnuM
]bkrN_ePøgeTAdak;enAbu:sþ_viTúü. ral;kardwk\v:an;ecjBI CRmHeFVIkarkt;smÁal;eTAelITegVIrbs;RkúmemFavIkarBarkÒI
XøaMgKWmanlixitGnuBaØtBImnÞIrk-22Edlman erOg CaGñk cMnYnbIcMNucdUcCa ³
RbFanXøaMg. kardwkCBa¢ÚneTAkMBg;esam KWdwktamrfePøIg - karrMelaPedayectnaelIesckþIbgÁab;nanarbs;
ehIytYnaTIrbs;xøÜnKWdwkCBa¢ÚnBIPUmiPaKnirtIeTAPñMeBj nig GgÁCnM CMu RmH
PñMeBjeTAPUmiPaKnIrtIvijEtbu:eNÑaH. -karbeBa©jÉksarsmat; b¤smat;bpM tu eTAsarB½t’
4¦karsaksYredayRkúmemFavIkarBarkþI nYn Ca manedayKμankarGnuBaØatnig
eRkayeBlbBa©b;karsaksYredayelakecARkm - kareFVIesckþIEføgkarN_nanakñúgtulakarmineKarB
LaEv:j elakRbFanGgÁCMnuMCRmH)anpþl;evTikaCUnRkúm dl;tlu akarb¤mni Rsbtamniyam nigRkmsIlFm’vCi a¢ CIv³c,ab;
emFavIkarBarkþI nYn Ca edIm,IeFVIkarsaksYrsakSIbnþ. elak EdlmankarTTYlsÁal;eLIy.
emFavI epsþemn eFVIkarcab;epþImedayelIkeLIgBIsMeNI GMeBI nigKMreU nH nwgRtÚvGgÁCnM CMu RmHbBa¢nÚ eTAkan;KN³
rbs;xøÜnEdldak;CUnGgÁCMnuMCRmHTak;EdlTak;TgnwgÉksarfμI emFavItamviFan38énviFanépÞkñúg.eRkABIenaHelakRbFan
cMnnY BIrehIymkTl;eBlenHxønÜ minTan;)anTTYldMNgw NamYy )anRbkasGMBIkarp¥akkic©dMeNIrkarnItiviFIEdlnwgbnþeFVIenA
BIGgÁCnM CMu RmHeLIy. bnÞab;BmI ankarBiPakSarbs;RkúmRbwkSa éf¶T1I 6 Exkkáda qña2M 012elIkarsaksYrGñkCMnajKW elak
58 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
edvId eqndø½r. ecaTsYrsakSIdEdlenHmþgeTotkñúgeKalbMNgsYrp©aj;.
bBaað epSg² b:uEnþminRtÚv)anGgÁCMnMuCRmHGnuBaØat edayelakpþl;sMGag
kñgú GMLgú eBlsvnakarsþab;skçkI mμrbs;sakSI nI kn ehtufaCasMNYrRcMEdl.
cMnYnbIéf¶eBj CnCab;ecaT eGog sarI )anlHbg;siT§icUlrYm bBaðamYyeTotKYr[kt;smÁal; KWBak;B½n§nwgkarecaT
svnakaredaypÞal; edayseRmccUlrYmsvnakarBIcm¶ay sMNYrsakSIedaytMNagshRBHraCGaCJaCati. elak)an
tamry³RbB½n§esatTsSn_EdlRtÚv)anerobcMTukenAbnÞb;rg ecaTsMNYrmYycMnYneTAelak eGOn tan EtsMNYrTaMgenaHmin
caMenAeRkambnÞb;salsvnakar. mUlehtuénkarlHbg;siT§i )anTTYlcemøIyeLIy edaysakSIbBa¢ak;fa KWCasMNYrEdl
enHKWedaysarCnCab;ecaT eGog sarI manbBaðasuxPaB hYsBIsmtßPaBEdlelakGaceqøIy)an. PøamenaH elak
edayminGacGgÁúy enAkñúgbnÞúb;salsvnakar)an. dUecñH emFavI ém:eXIl xaNav:as; elIkeLIgfa tMNagshRBHraCGaCJa
CnCab;ecaTeGogsarI RtÚv)antMNagedayemFavI TaMgBIrrUb )ansYrsMNYr CaeRcInEdlx<s;CagtMENgEdlsakSIGac
rbs;xøÜnenAkñúgkic©dMeNIrkarsYrsakSIkñúgry³eBlbIéf¶eBj dwg. dUecñHKb,IsYrsMNYrNaEdlRsbnwgdMENgrbs;
enH.cMENkCnCab;ecaTnYn CaEtgEtesñsI cuM lU rYmsvnakar sakSIGacdwg)an eBalKWminGacsYrelIGgÁehtuTaMgmUlén
BIcm¶ayenAbnÞb;rgcaMenAeBlresolbnÞab;BIxøÜn)ancUlrYm sMNMuerOgedIm,I[sakSIbBa¢ak;)aneLIy. bnÞab;BIkar
svnakaredaypÞal;enAeBlRBwkedaypþl;ehtufa manbBaða elIkeLIgrbs;elakemFavI xaNav:as; RbFanGgÁCMnMuCRmH
suxPaBminGacGgÁúykñúgbnÞb;svnakar)an. manEtCnCab
;ecaT exov sMpn Etmñak;Kt;EdlGaccUlrYmsvnakareday
pÞal;kñúgry³eBlmYyéf¶eBjCaerogral;éf¶.
kñúgGMLúgeBlsYredjedalsakSI eGOn tan
KWmanbBaðamYycMnYnKYr[kt;smÁal;dUcCa³
muneBlekaHehAsakSI eGOn tan cUlkñgú salsvna
kar elakemFavI ém:eXIl xaNav:as; esñsI kuM arENnaMBGI gÁCnM uM
CRmH [ )anc,as;GMBIkareRbIR)as;cemøIyrbs;sakSIkñúgkar
sYrp©aj;. sMeNIenHeFVeI LIgbnÞab;BGI gÁCnM CuM RmHseRmcTTYl
ykkarCMTas;rbs;tMNagshRBHraCGaCJa cMeBaHsMNYr
rbs;RkúmemFavIkarBarkþICnCab;ecaT nYn Ca. sMeNIenH
minRtÚv)anGgÁCMnMuCRmHseRmckñúgGMLúgeBlsvnakarenH ecARkm nil Nun
eLIy edayGgÁCMnMuCRmHbgÁab;[elakemFavI xaNav:as
bBa¢ak;CalaylkçGkSr[)anc,as;GMBIeKalbMNgrbs;xøÜn bBa¢ak;bEnßmfa {>>>sMNrY EdlBak;Bn½ § KWmanenAkñgú kMNt;ehtu
kñúgkaresñIsMuedIm,I[GgÁCMnMuCRmHseRmcenAeBleRkay. CamUldæanénGñkesIbu Gegátrbs;kariyal½yshecARkmesIbu
KYrrMB£kfa enAeBlsvnakarsþab;skçIkmμrbs;sakSI xwwm gn Gegát)anerobcMrYcehIy. sMNYrCamUldæan fasakSINadwg
RkúmemFavIkarBarkþICnCab;ecaT nYn Ca )anykcemøIyEdl erOgGI!CamUldæanCasMxan;enaH. sakSINadwgGgÁehtuTUlM
elak xwm gn pþl;CUntMNagshRBHraCGaCJarYcehIymk TUlaytaMgBIedImrhUtdl;cb;? rhUtGgÁCMnMuCRmHseRmc
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa 59
segátkarN_ ³ dMeNIrkat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm
[taMgsMNYredjedalelIsakSIenaHkñúgvisalPaBénsMNMu pþl;CUn. \LÚvenHRBHraCGaCJaKat;)anpþl;CUnnUvcMNuc
erOg002TaMgmUl. dUcCasakSIpþl;skçIkmμkalBImSil c,as;² cMNucCak;lak;EdlsakSIKat;mincaMenaHeT. dUecñH
mijehIysakSIepSg²eTotKWmanmUldæankt;smÁal;eday ´Kitfa karCMnMuCRmHenHminGaceFVIeTAdUecñH)anenaHeT eyIg
GñkesIubGegátrYcehIy faKat;sÁal; Kat;dwgCak;c,as;Bak;B½n§ minGacRKan;EtGankMNt;ehtuBImunrbs;sakSI ehIyyk
eTAnwgGgÁehtu b¤RBwtþehtuNamYyenAkñúgdIkadMeNaHRsay mk[Kat;eqøIyenaHeT. eyIgRKan;EtGaneLIgvij ehIysYr
EdlBak;B½n§nwgkareFVIskçIkmμrbs;Kat;. sUmtRmg;Tis[ fa etIGIcwgmaneT b¤minEmnGIcwgenaH KWGaceFVI)anedaymin
cMbBaða minsYredIm,I[)anEtsYrenaHeT KWsrY edIm,I)ancemøy I caM)ac;mansakSIenaHeT. ´minyl;GMBIviFIsa®sþrbs;sh
EdlqøúHbBa©aMgkarBiteTAnwgGgÁehtuEdlecaTRbkan;eTAnwg RBHraCGaCJaeLIy dUecñH´sUm[shRBHraCGaCJaBnül;
bTelμIsEdlecaTRbkan;CaPsþútagEdlqøúHbBa©aMgfaman GMBIviFIsa®sþenH}. CakareqøIytb elak tarIk bBa¢ak;fa{ ´
BirTu P§ aB b¤Kaμ nBirTu P§ aB EdlCamUldæankñgú karBicarNaseRmc RKan;EtsYrbBa¢ak;GMBIcemøIyrbs;Kat; edayehtufaKat;)an
cugeRkayénsalRkmrbs;GgÁCnM CuM RmH. sUmkMNt;eKaledA eqøIy4qñaMknøgeTAehIyenaH KWfavaGacmanPaBxusKñakñúg
kñgú kartaMgsMNrY [)anc,as;las; kmμvtßéú nkarsYrcMeBaHsakSI kMriténkarcgcaMrbs;Kat;. dUecñHehIy)anCa´cg;[sakSI
mYy[)anRtwmRtÚv nigqab;rh½s.>>>elaktaMgsMNrY bnþeTot emIlcemøy I rbs;Kat; ehIy[Kat;bBa¢ak;fa etIRtwmRtÚveday
ecosvagsMNrY naMmxu sMNrY RcMEdlsMNrY ]bmaviFI sN M rY eRkA esμaHRtg;Edrb¤Gt;>>>}. bnÞab;BkI arbMPrWø bs;tN
M agshRBH raC
GgÁehtuCaedIm. sMNYrKYrEtxøI²edIm,I[sakSIEdlKat;Gac GaCJa GgÁCMnMuCRmH)anseRmcbdiesFkarelIkeLIgrbs;
eqøy I )an minEmnsMNrY sYrsMxan;srY rhUtsakSIsaþ b;mni yl; elakemFavIkarBarkþI edayelakbBa¢ak;faPaKIGaceFVdI eU cñH )an.
sMNYrfasMNYrenaHvaGs©acarüenaHeT}.
bBaðacugeRkay KWBak;B½n§nwgkarbgðajÉksaredIm,I
rMB£kdl;karcgcaMrbs;sakSI. CaTUeTAkñúgkarsYredjedal
sakSI GgÁCMnMuCRmHGnuBaØat[PaKIykcemøIyEdlsakSI)an
pþls; kçkI mμenAcMeBaHmuxshecARkmesIbu GegátmksYrbBa¢ak;
enA cMeBaHmuxxønÜ ¬GgÁCnM uM CRmH¦edIm,IrMB£kkar cgcaMrbs;sakSI.
eTaHbImankarGnuvtþCaTUeTAdUecñHk¾edayb:Eu nþenAEtmanPaBmin
c,as;las;sRmab; PaKImYycMnYnenAkñúg erOgkþI. Cak;Esþgkñúg
karsYredjedalsakSI eGOn tan tMNagshRBHraCGaCJa
dak;bgðajÉksarEdlsakSIrUbenH)anpþls; kçkI mμCnU sh
ecARkmesIubGegát edIm,IsrY bBa¢ak;sarCafμIenAcMeBaHmuxGgÁ
CMnCuM RmH. b:Eu nþRtÚv)an elak GakTY Ev:kEKn CaemFavIkarBarkþI
CnCab;ecaT exov sMpn eFVIkarCMTas; ehIyelak)anesñI[
tMNagshRBHraCGaCJaBnül;GMBImUlehtukñúgkardak;bgðaj sisSkMBugykÉkB½tmantulakarxøH²muncUlbnÞb;svnakar
ÉksarenH edayelakelIkeLIgfa{>>>shRBHraCGaCJa)an
eRbIskçIkmμEdlfasakSImincaMGMBIesckþIlm¥itEdlKat;)an BinitünigepÞógpÞat;eday v:an;fan; eBAdar:a
60 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
Bnül;BaküsMxan;² mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<Cú a
s-21 ³ mnÞIrsnþi)als-21 KWCamnÞIrsnþisuxsm¶at; RbGb;sMbuRtelx1110/ PñMeBj RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
rbs;nKr)alEdlmanTItaMgenATIRkúgPñMeBj.
GKÁesnaFikar ³ TIbBa¢akarCan;x<s;énkgT½Bbdivtþkm<úCaEdl TUrs½BÞ ³ ¬855¦ 23 211 875
dwknaMeday sun esn sßitenATIRkúgPñMeBj. TUrsar ³ ¬855¦ 23 210 358
k-1 ³ lMenAdæanmYyrbs;smaCiknanaénKN³kmμaFikar GuIEm:l ³ [email protected]
Gcié®nþy_ nigCakEnøgeFVkI arrbs; b:ul Bt. eKhTMB½r ³ www.dccam.org b¤ www.cambodiatribunal.org
k-2 ³ elxkUdsmÁal;sRmab;RksYgsgÁmkic.© KeRmagenHTTYlCMnYyhirBaØvtßúBImUlniFi
k-3 ³ lMenAdæanmYyrbs;smaCiknanaénKN³kmμaFikar John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and
Gcié®nþy_ nigCakEnøgeFVkI arrbs; nYn Ca nig
British Embassy-Cambodia .
exov sMpn.
l>r eQμaHedIm eQμaHbdivtþ elxsm¶at; RbPBÉksar
1 saLút s b:ul Bt/ bgb:ul/ bgTI1/ 870/ 87 D427, E1/56.1
nYn Ca
sun esn