Title: Exploring Athlete’s Preparation Practices at Palawan National School

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies local or foreign taken from

some books, journals, published thesis and dissertations, and from the internet.

A. Sleep Recovery Practices

Post-exercise recovery is crucial for athletes to optimize performance and adapt to

training stress. The regulation of exercise performance involves the central and peripheral

nervous systems, and fatigue is associated with changes in the central nervous system.

Athletes at Palawan National School (PNS) experience stress from training, competition,

and lifestyle factors, leading to acute and residual fatigue. Effective recovery strategies

can include physiological, pharmacological, and nutritional approaches. Sleep is a vital

recovery modality and has a restorative effect on the immune and endocrine systems,

cognitive function, and physical recovery. Sleep disorders can impact athletes' health and

performance. Sleep quality can be assessed through self-report ratings, sleep diaries, and

actigraphy. Nutrition also plays a crucial role in recovery, and the timing and composition

of meals can affect circadian rhythms and neurotransmitters involved in the sleep-wake

cycle. Optimal nutrition practices are essential for maximizing recovery and muscle

adaptations. This study aims to investigate the quality, quantity, and timing of sleep,

recovery practices, and nutrition habits among sub-elite and elite athletes at PNS,

comparing the differences between the two groups. It is hypothesized that elite athletes

will exhibit superior sleep, recovery, and nutrition practices compared to sub-elite athletes.
 The concept of this study revolves around the importance of sleep and Recovery

strategy to athlete the article provides comprehensive insights into the importance of sleep,

recovery, and nutrition for athletes and discusses various strategies to optimize

performance and adaptation. While the specific citation may not be available in the

provided article, it serves as a valuable reference for understanding the key concepts and

principles related to the study's focus on athlete preparation practices, sleep quality,

recovery, and nutrition.

The study itself is important and impressive with all those detailed calculations of

their respondents and variable's in their study, but it would be better if the study is

qualitative and instead of conducting a survey they interviewed those elite athlete's from

different countries to get a much more realistic perception on their sleep and Recovery

Practices.

The concept between our study Athlete's Preparation Practices at Palawan National

School and their study the Sleep and Recovery Practices of Athletes is somewhat similar

because sleep and Recovery Practices are part of Athletes’ preparation practices but they

are different because the study sleep and Recovery Practices of athletes is a quantitative

type study and focuses on athlete's sleep and Recovery Practices while our study focuses

on the whole preparation practices of athlete and a qualitative type study.

This study is vital for current and future athletes because proper sleep and

Recovery is very delicate for an athlete without proper rest and recovery one cannot

perform at their best condition. The study looks into the athletes' sleep and recovery

routines, which are important for their performance and general well-being.

The study looks into the athletes' sleep and recovery routines, which are important

for their performance and general well-being. Sleep is crucial for athletes since it is

important for their immune system, emotional health, physical and cognitive recuperation,

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and injury prevention. The study probably looks at a variety of topics linked to athletes'

sleep, including sleep duration, sleep quality, and the methods they use to get the best

sleep and recover. Understanding how athletes recover from workouts and sleep can point

out potential areas for growth and guide the creation of therapies that will increase

performance and general well-being. The study may provide light on how common sleep-

related problems are among athletes and emphasize the significance of treating these

problems in sports science and training plans.

This study the Sleep and Recovery Practices of athletes is connected to our study

Athlete's Preparation Practices at Palawan National School because sleep and recovery is

part of preparation practices and is the most crucial and delicate part of the preparation of

an athlete before a competition, because the performance of an athlete depends on his

sleep and recovery without a proper and complete sleep and recovery one cannot perform

to their peak performance and may even suffer injury before the compitition. Overall this

study focuses on understanding the sleep Practices and recovery of elite and sub elite

athlete's through conducting a survey and identifying the differences and similarity

between their recovery and sleeping routines, although our study types are a bit different

because their study is quantitative and our study is a qualitative type. But the concept and

goal of our study is still connected and this study can help provide us information and help

support our study.

B. Dietary and Nutritional Requirements

Athletes have unique dietary and nutritional requirements to support their intense

physical activity, energy needs, and muscle growth and repair. Proper nutrition can help

improve athletic performance, prevent injuries, and promote overall health and wellbeing.

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Therefore, it is important for athletes to understand their individual nutritional needs and

develop a well-balanced diet that meets those needs. Research in the field of sports

nutrition has provided valuable insights into the dietary and nutritional requirements of

athletes. Studies have shown that the optimal nutrition for athletes should provide

sufficient energy, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals, and hydration to meet the

increased demands of their training and competition schedules.

The concept explored in the research article by Mercado et al. (2018) is the

assessment of nutritional knowledge and dietary habits among collegiate athletes and non-

athletes in Letran Manila. The study aimed to determine the differences in nutritional

knowledge and dietary habits between athletes and non-athletes, as well as the factors that

may influence these differences. The research is based on the assumption that proper

nutrition is important for athletes to optimize their performance and maintain good health,

and that nutritional knowledge and dietary habits may vary between athletes and non-

athletes due to differences in their lifestyle, physical activity, and other factors. The study

utilized a survey questionnaire to gather data on the participants' nutritional knowledge

and dietary habits, and analyzed the results to determine the differences and factors that

may affect them. The concept explored in this research article is relevant to the field of

sports nutrition, as it highlights the importance of assessing and improving athletes'

nutritional knowledge and dietary habits to enhance their performance and overall health.

The study by Mercado et al. (2018) did not provide enough information about the

sample size and characteristics of the participants, making it hard to know how

representative they were. Additionally, the study relied on self-reported data, which may

not be accurate, and the questionnaire used was not validated. Finally, the study did not

assess the actual dietary intake or nutrient status of the participants. Despite these

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limitations, the study provides some insight into the differences in nutritional knowledge

and dietary habits between athletes and non-athletes in Letran Manila.

The study by Mercado et al. (2018) aimed to investigate the differences in

nutritional knowledge and dietary habits between collegiate athletes and non-athletes in

Letran Manila. In contrast, the study "Exploring Athletes' Preparation Practices and

Performances at Palawan National School" explores the preparation practices and

performance outcomes of high school athletes in Palawan National School. While the

study by Mercado et al. focuses on nutritional knowledge and dietary habits, the study on

Palawan National School athletes delves into other aspects of athlete preparation, such as

training and competition routines, hydration practices, and injury prevention strategies.

Additionally, the studies differ in terms of the sample population and research design. The

Mercado et al. study included collegiate athletes and non-athletes in Letran Manila, while

the study "Exploring Athletes' Preparation Practices and Performances at Palawan

National School" focused on high school athletes in a specific school setting. Moreover,

the Mercado et al. study used a self-reported questionnaire to collect data on nutritional

knowledge and dietary habits, while the Palawan National School study employed a

mixed-methods approach, which included interviews, observations, and surveys.While

both studies offer insights into athlete preparation and performance, they approach the

topic from different perspectives and use different research methods.

This study can be useful in developing nutrition education programs for athletes

and non-athletes in Letran Manila, and possibly in other institutions, to improve their

dietary habits and nutritional knowledge. Furthermore, this study highlights the

importance of proper nutrition for athletes, as they require optimal nutrition to support

their training, performance, and recovery.

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 According to the American College of Sports Medicine, "adequate nutrition is

necessary for health, optimal physical performance, and recovery from exercise"

(Rodriguez et al., 2009). Therefore, understanding the nutritional knowledge and dietary

habits of athletes and non-athletes is important for promoting health and performance.

Additionally, a study by Mitchell et al. (2018) found that athletes who had higher

nutritional knowledge had better dietary habits and were more likely to meet their nutrient

requirements, indicating the importance of nutrition education for athletes. Furthermore, a

study by Ranchordas et al. (2017) showed that inadequate nutrition can lead to negative

effects on athletic performance, such as fatigue, decreased endurance, and increased risk

of injury. Therefore, understanding the dietary habits and nutritional knowledge of athletes

and non-athletes can help in developing effective nutrition education programs to improve

their health and performance.

The study "Exploring Athletes' Preparation Practices and Performances at Palawan

National School" focuses on understanding the preparation practices and performances of

athletes, while the study "Nutritional Knowledge and Dietary Habits among Collegiate

Athletes and Non-Athletes in Letran Manila" examines the dietary habits and nutritional

knowledge of collegiate athletes and non-athletes. Although they have different focuses,

the two studies are connected in that proper nutrition is a key aspect of athletes'

preparation practices and performance. The findings from the Letran Manila study could

be useful in informing nutrition education programs for athletes at Palawan National

School, and the study "Exploring Athletes' Preparation Practices and Performances at

Palawan National School" could help identify areas where nutrition education could be

improved to better support athletes' dietary habits and nutritional knowledge. Overall, both

studies highlight the importance of proper nutrition for athletes and the potential benefits

of improving nutrition education for this population.

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 This study highlights the importance of proper nutrition for athletes and non-

athletes alike. It suggests the need for nutrition education programs to improve dietary

habits and nutritional knowledge among the population. The findings of this study can be

used to inform nutrition education interventions targeted towards collegiate athletes and

non-athletes. Overall, this study provides important insights into the dietary habits and

nutritional knowledge of collegiate athletes and non-athletes, which can inform

interventions aimed at improving their health and performance.

C. Training Methods

In order to assess effective training regimes and methods used by basketball

athletes at Palawan National School, it is critical to know the training conditions that affect

the outcomes of a basketball game and what effective techniques that could improve the

athletes’ level of fundamental skills, enhance their abilities, increase their performance,

reach their full potential, and perform at their best. This research theme focuses on

addressing the common and essential methods of planning and systematic principles of

physical training in basketball.

As suggested by the Frontiers in Sport Research, functional adaptation to

stimulation is a powerful technique for increasing the effectiveness of physical training.

Athletes' physical function systems should adapt to the demands of the sport in which they

compete, and the athlete's physical level plays an important role in this adaptation.

Consistent long-term and intense training can help athletes achieve the desired level of

adaptation. This type of training implies that athletes undergo positive changes in multiple

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organs and systems due to external stressors such as training or competition. Through

constant stimulation, adaptation, improvement, and re-stimulation, athletes' physical

fitness can improve repeatedly.

The statement is a reasonable summary of the concept of functional adaptation to

stimulation in the context of athletic training. However, it is important to note that the

concept of adaptation is complex and multifaceted, and there are many factors that can

influence the effectiveness of training methods. One potential limitation of the statement is

that it focuses primarily on the importance of long-term and intense training for achieving

functional adaptation. While consistent training is certainly important for athletic

development, it is also important to consider other factors such as individual differences,

optimal timing. and training variations.

The concept between our study Athlete's Preparation Practices at Palawan National

School and the related study about the principles and Method of basketball Physical

Fitness Training is nearly similar and important. Both topics are concerned with preparing

athletes to perform at their best. The principles and methods of basketball fitness training

aim to improve the physical abilities necessary for success in basketball, while athlete

preparation practices take a broader approach to preparing athletes for a variety of sports.

The difference between both studies is the principles and methods of basketball physical

fitness training are focused on the physical development of basketball athletes, while

basketball athlete preparation practices include a broader range of activities. Basketball

athlete preparation practices may include training in other areas such as skill acquisition,

strategy development, and teamwork.

The concept of functional adaptation to stimulation has been backed by research

and is widely acknowledged as an effective strategy for enhancing physical fitness and

athletic performance in the context of sports training. The underlying assumption is that

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with continuous, long-term training, athletes' bodies may adapt to the stresses imposed on

them and that these adaptations can lead to increases in physical function and

performance.

In addition, according to the study published in the Journal of Applied Physiology,

resistance training is an efficient method for promoting functional adaptability in athletes.

The study found that resistance training can increase athletes' muscle strength, power, and

endurance. These gains are the result of the body reacting to the stress of training by

expanding the size of muscle fibers and strengthening the neuromuscular system's

effectiveness. By incorporating resistance training into their training programs, athletes

can gradually increase the intensity, volume, and frequency of training over time to

facilitate functional adaptation and achieve their performance goals.

The Study “Exploring Athlete’s Preparation Practices and Performances at

Palawan National School” focuses on effective training methods, injury prevention

strategies, and mental preparation techniques that can help the performance of the athletes

while the study Espinosa, M. J. S. ., & Sampaga, M. R. B. . (2020), focuses on the skills,

body conditioning and master of the athletes on the game’s mental aspects. The study

“Exploring Athlete’s Preparation Practices and Performances at Palawan National School”

and “The Effect of Plyometric Training Program Basketball Players’ Agility” could help

athletes in basketball by providing insight into their preparation practices and

performance. By analyzing the behaviors and habits of successful basketball players,

athletes can gain valuable insights into what strategies and techniques are most effective

for improving their own skills and performance. Overall, these findings could help athletes

to optimize their training and improve their performance on the court.

D. Injury Prevention Strategies

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 Injury prevention strategies are important measures that individuals and organizations

can take to reduce the risk of injury and promote safety. Basketball is a popular sport that

demands immense physicality and agility from its players. However, the fast-paced nature

and high-intensity movements involved in basketball also expose athletes to a greater risk

of injuries. As the number of basketball players continues to rise at Palawan national

school, it becomes imperative to develop effective injury prevention strategies that not

only optimize players' performance but also safeguard their well-being throughout their

careers. It aims to explore and analyze various injury prevention strategies specifically to

basketball players, with a focus on reducing the incidence of common injuries such as

ankle sprains, knee injuries, and overuse injuries and what they need to do on their

preparations before their game. By examining the Related literatures , conducting

interviews and giving questionnaires, this study seeks to provide evidence-based

recommendations that can be implemented by athletes, coaches, and sports medicine

professionals to mitigate injury risks and enhance the longevity and productivity of

basketball players of Palawan national School.

Basketball players have one of the highest overall injury rates among non-collision

sports participants (Springer, 2020.). Injury prevention strategies typically focus on

modifiable risk factors, such as rules, equipment, and physical fitness, and prevention

strategies may be tailored to a specific sport or injury (Abernethy L, Bleakley C., 2007).

Exercise training involves learning proper exercise techniques, such as understanding the

limits of range of motion of each joint and avoiding joint positions that place the anatomic

structures of the joint at risk for injury.40 Exercise training usually involves some

combination of strength, proprioceptive, balance, and neuromuscular training that is

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important for improving athletic performance and preventing injuries (Brachman A,

Kamieniarz A, Michalska J, et al., 2017).

According to Abernethy L, Bleakley C. (2007) Injury prevention is important for

reducing long-term health consequences, such as disability, and minimizing the economic

burden of treatment. Although most sports injuries are not severe enough to require

hospitalisation, they are frequent and have a major economic impact through direct

medical costs, treatment and rehabilitation, and indirect costs, including parents taking

time off to care for injured offspring. In addition, injury prevents future involvement in

physical activity, and about 8% of adolescents drop out of recreational sporting activities

annually because of injury (Grimmer KA, Jones D, Williams J., 2000). There are long-

term public health consequences associated with inactivity in terms of cardiovascular

disease, obesity, etc, but injury may also interfere with the potential benefits of greater

self-esteem, relaxation, socialisation, teamwork and fitness associated with sport

participation at this age (Ekland E, Heian F, Hagan KB, et al., 2004).

While injury prevention strategies for basketball players have been extensively

researched and are generally effective in reducing the incidence and severity of injuries.

many injury prevention strategies for basketball players focus on physical factors such as

strength, conditioning, and equipment, there is a growing recognition of the importance of

psychological factors in injury prevention. Factors such as stress, anxiety, and sleep can

impact injury risk, and therefore, injury prevention strategies should also address these

factors. Even the most effective injury prevention strategies for basketball players may be

ineffective if they are not implemented and adhered to properly. It is important that

coaches, trainers, and players are educated on the importance of injury prevention and that

injury prevention strategies are integrated into practice and game routines.

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 In addition, Basketball is a multidirectional sport, requiring excellent agility, power

and strength during intermittent bouts of high intensity activity (Ben Abdelkrim et al.,

2010; Dick et al., 2007; Petway et al., 2020). basketball has the second highest

participation rate of any team-sport, second only to football, with nearly half a million

young people (16–24 year olds) playing per year (Sport England, 2022). Injuries can have

a detrimental effect on a young athlete's physical and mental health (Maffulli et al., 2010;

Putukian, 2016), impair academic achievement (Russell et al., 2019) and lead to cessation

of sport and physical activity (Ardern, Taylor, Feller, & Webster, 2012).

This study is the most in-depth examination of the injury risk in English youth

basketball to date. Basketball is one of the most popular sports among adolescents and

because of its apparent 'non-contact' nature, it is reasonable to assume that basketball

injuries are not a public health concern. Basketball games cause far more injuries than

training, with the majority of injuries occurring around the ankle and knee. The injury risk

indicated in this study is comparable to that of contact sports such as rugby, and when

combined with high participation rates, it is possible that they affect more young athletes

than previously thought.

Warm-up is often considered essential for preparing the body for training or

competition . The goal of a warm-up protocol is usually to improve subsequent

performance by increasing body temperature and neuromuscular activation (Bishop,

2003a,b). In addition, warm-up programs also have the potential of leading to long-term

performance changes, such as improved landing (Aerts et al., 2015) or change of direction

technique (Weir et al., 2019). It has been previously established that injury risk in youth

basketball is high, and the ankle and knee are the most frequently injured body parts

(Borowski et al., 2008; Pasanen et al., 2017). Previous studies have demonstrated that

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neuromuscular training (NMT) warm-up programs are effective in both improving

performance (Faude et al., 2017; Hanlon et al., 2020) and reducing the risk of lower

extremity injuries (Lauersen et al., 2014; Emery et al., 2015; Brunner et al., 2019).

However, the lack of real-world adoption of these programs remains a problem

(Donaldson et al., 2018). While stakeholders from the athlete to the national and

international governing bodies need to be involved in injury prevention (Emery et al.,

2006), coaches play a particularly key role in the adoption of NMT warm-up programs

(White et al., 2014).

Injury prevention in basketball requires a holistic approach that considers both

physical and psychological factors. Physical factors such as strength, conditioning,

exercise techniques, and balance training, and appropriate equipment play a significant

role in enhancing athletic performance and reducing the risk of injuries. It is equally

important to recognize the impact of psychological factors like stress, anxiety, and sleep

on injury prevention. Addressing both physical and psychological factors can contribute to

minimizing injury risks and promoting the overall well-being of basketball players. It is

crucial to educate coaches, trainers, and players about the importance of injury prevention

and incorporate preventive strategies into their practice and game routines. Moreover, the

economic and long-term health consequences of sports injuries highlight the significance

of injury prevention. Injuries incur direct medical costs, treatment expenses, and

rehabilitation expenses, as well as indirect costs like lost wages for parents who need to

take time off work to care for injured athletes. Furthermore, injuries can hinder future

involvement in physical activity, leading to decreased fitness levels and potential health

issues later in life.

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 By adopting a comprehensive approach to injury prevention and actively involving

coaches and stakeholders, Palawan National School can effectively safeguard the well-

being and longevity of its basketball players. Implementing evidence-based injury

prevention strategies will not only support the athletes in optimizing their performance but

also minimize the risk of injuries, ensuring their long-term health and success in the sport.

E. Mental Preparations

Mental preparation is an essential part of an athlete's success in sports. It helps

them to focus, stay motivated, and perform at their best. This paper aims to explore the

importance of mental preparation for athletes and its impact on their performance.

One of the essential concepts in mental preparation is visualization or mental

imagery. Visualization is a technique used by athletes to imagine themselves successfully

performing their skills or tasks before actual competition or training. According to

research, visualization can improve an athlete's performance by enhancing their

confidence, reducing anxiety, and improving their ability to focus.

While visualization is an essential tool for mental preparation, it may not work for

everyone. Some athletes may find it difficult to visualize, which can cause frustration and

anxiety, leading to a decrease in performance. Moreover, visualization alone may not be

sufficient for an athlete to reach their full potential. It is also essential to combine mental

preparation techniques with physical training and proper nutrition.

Another technique used in mental preparation is mindfulness. Unlike visualization,

mindfulness focuses on being present and aware of one's thoughts and feelings, rather than

imagining a specific outcome. Mindfulness can help athletes manage stress, enhance

concentration, and improve emotional regulation.

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Mental preparation is crucial for athletes to perform at their best. However, it is essential

to use a combination of techniques tailored to an individual athlete's needs. Visualization

and mindfulness are valuable tools, but they may not work for everyone, and athletes

should explore other techniques that work for them.

Research has shown that mental preparation, including visualization and

mindfulness, can have a positive impact on an athlete's performance. A study conducted

on college basketball players found that those who used mental imagery techniques, such

as visualization, had better free-throw shooting performance than those who did not use

mental preparation techniques. Additionally, a study on adolescent athletes found that

mindfulness-based interventions improved their athletic performance and reduced anxiety.

We aim to explore the impact of mental preparation on the performance of elite

swimmers. We plan to use a combination of techniques, including visualization and

mindfulness, to prepare the athletes mentally. We will assess their performance in

competition and training and compare it to their performance before using mental

preparation techniques.

In conclusion, mental preparation is an essential aspect of an athlete's success in

sports. Visualization and mindfulness are valuable tools that can enhance an athlete's

performance, but it is important to tailor the techniques to the individual athlete's needs.

Combining mental preparation techniques with physical training and proper nutrition can

help athletes reach their full potential.

Synthesis

Theme 1. Sleep Recovery Practices

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 1. Sleep and recovery have a direct impact on physical performance. Adequate

sleep allows the body to repair and rebuild muscles, restore energy levels, and optimize

cardiovascular and respiratory function. When players prioritize quality sleep and

incorporate recovery strategies such as rest days, stretching, and proper nutrition, they

experience improved stamina, strength, agility, and overall performance on the basketball

court.

2. Sleep is essential for emotional well-being and cognitive function. Sufficient

sleep allows athletes to regulate their emotions effectively and maintain optimal cognitive

performance, including attention, memory, and decision-making abilities. Lack of sleep

has been associated with increased emotional instability, decreased cognitive function, and

impaired reaction times, all of which can negatively impact athletic performance.

3. Fatigue and inadequate recovery increase the risk of injuries for basketball

players. Insufficient sleep impairs reaction time, decision-making, and coordination,

making players more prone to accidents and mistakes. Additionally, sleep deprivation

weakens the immune system, leaving players susceptible to illnesses and infections. By

prioritizing sleep and recovery, players can minimize fatigue-related injuries and maintain

their physical health throughout the season.

Theme 2. Dietary and Nutritional Requirements

1. The study highlights the need for nutrition education programs for athletes and

non-athletes to improve their dietary habits and nutritional knowledge. Nutrition education

plays a crucial role in helping individuals understand the significance of proper nutrition,

make informed food choices, and adopt healthy eating habits. By providing targeted

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education, athletes and non-athletes can enhance their performance, support their overall

health, and prevent potential negative effects of inadequate nutrition.

2. Athletes with higher nutritional knowledge tend to have better dietary habits and

are more likely to meet their nutrient requirements. Optimal nutrition is essential for

athletes to fuel their bodies, optimize physical performance, and support recovery from

exercise. By improving their nutritional knowledge and dietary habits, athletes can

maximize their performance potential, enhance endurance, reduce fatigue, and minimize

the risk of injuries.

3. Proper nutrition is not only important for athletic performance but also for

overall health and well-being. Inadequate nutrition can negatively impact athletes, leading

to fatigue, decreased endurance, increased risk of injuries, and compromised immune

function. By developing and implementing nutrition education programs, athletes and non-

athletes can improve their dietary habits, meet their nutrient needs, enhance their overall

health, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

Theme 3. Training Methods

1. Functional adaptation to stimulation is a powerful technique for increasing the

effectiveness of physical training. Athletes' physical function systems should adapt to the

demands of the sport in which they compete, and the athlete's physical level plays an

important role in this adaptation.

2. Resistance training can increase athletes' muscle strength, power, and endurance.

These gains are the result of the body reacting to the stress of training by expanding the

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size of muscle fibers and strengthening the neuromuscular system's effectiveness. By

incorporating resistance training into their training programs, athletes can gradually

increase the intensity, volume, and frequency of training over time to facilitate functional

adaptation and achieve their performance goals.

3. Basketball by providing insight into their preparation practices and performance.

By analyzing the behaviours and habits of successful basketball players, athletes can gain

valuable insights into what strategies and techniques are most effective for improving their

own skills and performance. Overall, these findings could help athletes to optimize their

training and improve their performance on the court.

Theme 4. INJURY PREVENTION STRATEGIES

1.) Injury prevention is important for reducing long-term health consequences,

such as disability, and minimizing the economic burden of treatment. Although most

sports injuries are not severe enough to require hospitalization, they are frequent and have

a major economic impact through direct medical costs, treatment and rehabilitation, and

indirect costs, including parents taking time off to care for injured offspring.

2. Warm-up is often considered essential for preparing the body for training or

competition. The goal of a warm-up protocol is usually to improve subsequent

performance by increasing body temperature and neuromuscular activation. In addition,

warm-up programs also have the potential of leading to long-term performance changes,

such as improved landing or change of direction technique. In addition, injury prevents

future involvement in physical activity, and about 8% of adolescents drop out of

recreational sporting activities annually because of injury.

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 3. It is important that coaches, trainers, and players are educated on the importance

of injury prevention and that injury prevention strategies are integrated into practice and

game routines. Basketball is a multidirectional sport, requiring excellent agility, power and

strength during intermittent bouts of high intensity activity. Many injury prevention

strategies for basketball players focus on physical factors such as strength, conditioning,

and equipment, there is a growing recognition of the importance of psychological factors

in injury prevention. Factors such as stress, anxiety, and sleep can impact injury risk, and

therefore, injury prevention.

Theme 5. Mental Preparations

1 Mental preparation, including visualization and mindfulness, can improve an

athlete's performance. Visualization allows athletes to mentally rehearse their skills or

tasks, increasing their confidence and reducing anxiety. By visualizing success, athletes

can create a positive mindset and enhance their ability to focus during competitions.

Additionally, mindfulness helps athletes manage stress, stay present, and regulate their

emotions, leading to improved concentration and performance.

2. Mental preparation techniques can be tailored to each athlete's specific needs.

While visualization may not work for everyone, there are various other techniques that can

be explored. By recognizing and implementing the techniques that resonate best with each

athlete, coaches and trainers can optimize their mental preparation strategies. This

individualized approach ensures that athletes can develop mental resilience and perform at

their best.

3. Studies have demonstrated the positive impact of mental preparation on athletic

performance. The example of college basketball players using visualization techniques for

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free-throw shooting highlights how mental imagery can improve specific skills. Similarly,

research on adolescent athletes showed that mindfulness-based interventions positively

influenced athletic performance and reduced anxiety. These findings provide empirical

evidence supporting the significance of mental preparation in sports.strategies should also

address these factors.

B. Theoretical Discussion
This study is anchored on Practice or play in sport by Spencer Vickery, theory

suggests that gaining expertise in sport is based on two key factors. The first of these is

that previous sporting experiences of expert-level athletes should be specific to the sport in

which expertise is accomplished (i.e. a sole focus on the sport that expertise is gained in).

Baker, Cote, and Abernethy (2003) carried out a study with the aim of analyzing the

effects of sport-specific practice in the development of expertise in sports. The theory

suggesting gaining expertise in a particular skill or task is closely related to athletes’

preparation practices, as it is commonly believed that athletes achieve their high level of

performance through deliberate and consistent practice and training. This theory of

expertise development suggests that expertise is gained through deliberate practice, which

involves setting specific goals, receiving feedback, and continually adjusting and refining

one's skills through repetition and focused training sessions.

This study is anchored on Repeated Sprints, High-Intensity Interval Training, and

Small-Sided Games: Theory and Application to Field Sports by Hoffmann, J. J., Jr, Reed,

J. P., et.al (2014). Due to the broad spectrum of physical characteristics necessary for

success in field sports, numerous training modalities have been used to develop physical

preparedness. Sports like rugby, basketball, lacrosse, and others require athletes to be not

only strong and powerful but also aerobically fit and able to recover from high-intensity

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intermittent exercise. This provides coaches and sports scientists with a complex range of

variables to consider when developing training programs. This Study can be related to the

“Exploring Athletes’ Preparation Practices and Performance of Palawan National School”

The study of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) relates to basketball athletes in terms

of their preparation practices and performance. Basketball is a high-intensity sport that

requires explosive movements, agility, and endurance. Therefore, HIT can be a valuable

tool for basketball athletes to improve their physical conditioning and enhance their

performance. The use of HIT can be very beneficial in basketball athletes' preparation

practices and improve their performance on the court. By incorporating HIT into their

training plan, basketball athletes can enhance their physical conditioning and develop the

necessary attributes to excel in the sport.

This study is founded on the theory of Woods, C.T., McKeown, I., O’Sullivan,

M. et al. Theory to Practice: Performance Preparation Models in Contemporary High-

Level Sport Guided by an Ecological Dynamics Framework. The theory stated that an

important direction of constraint on athlete self-regulation in performance concerns the

exploitation of inherent self-organizing tendencies for individuals to locally adapt and

adjust to emerging competition demands, from an internally driven source. From an

ecological ontology, ‘self-regulation’ refers to the development and exploitation of deeply

intertwined, functional relationships between a performer’s actions, perceptions,

intentions, emotions, and the environment. This study or theory can support the research

study “Exploring Athletes’ Preparation Practices and Performance of Palawan National

School” The theory of performance preparation models in contemporary high-level sports

can be related to the study by providing a framework for understanding and improving

athlete preparation. In this context, performance preparation models can be seen as a set of

guidelines or best practices that athletes and their coaches can use to improve their

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performance. The study of athletes' preparation practices and performance can help to

refine and improve performance preparation models, by providing insights into what

specific strategies and techniques are most effective for different athletes and sports.

C. Gaps in the Literature

There are several potential gaps in the literature regarding exploring athletes'

preparation practices, these include Limited research on specific sports. While there is

ample research on athlete preparation in certain sports, such as football or basketball, there

may be less information available on other sports. This could make it challenging to

understand the nuances of preparation practices for athletes in those sports.

Lack of diversity in athlete populations, much of the research on athlete

preparation has been conducted on male athletes, and there may be less information

available on female athletes or athletes from diverse cultural backgrounds. This could limit

the applicability of findings to different athlete populations. Emphasis on physical

preparation. While physical preparation is essential for athletes, there may be less research

on other aspects of preparation, such as mental and emotional preparation. Understanding

these aspects of preparation could help coaches and athletes develop more comprehensive

preparation plans.

Limited longitudinal studies. Many studies on athlete preparation are cross-

sectional and only provide a snapshot of preparation practices at a specific time. More

longitudinal studies that track changes in preparation practices over time could provide

valuable insights into how athletes' preparation evolves. Lack of collaboration between

researchers and coaches. There may be a disconnect between the research on athlete

preparation and the practical knowledge held by coaches. More collaboration between

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researchers and coaches could help ensure that research findings are translated into

practical recommendations for athletes.

Conceptual Framework

This study aims to understand the concept of preparation practices and the

performance of athletes at Palawan National School by collecting information on their

training, exercises, nutritional habit, the specific routines they do, and many more. We

plan to conduct an interview with those athletes specifically basketball players to know

and understand the preparation practices they currently do and identify the effect and

benefits of those preparation practices on their performances.

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 Input Process Output
Basketball athletes' preparation practices and Basketball athletes'
performances at Palawan National School. Basketball athletes'
preparation practices and preparation practices
influencing basketball athletes preparation
performances at Palawan and performances at
practices and performances.
National School. Palawan National
Training Methods: of basketball athlete's at
Palawan National School
School.
1.) Identification and
The training methods employed significantly analysis of the possible 1) Insights into the
impact an athlete's performance. Basketball respondents in the research.
training typically includes a combination of
training methods and
skill development, tactical training, strength techniques employed
and conditioning exercises, and game-specific
2.) Examination of the
drills. The right training methods help method of data collection to by athletes at Palawan
improve basketball-specific skills such as be used in the research. National
shooting, dribbling, passing, and defensive
techniques. Additionally, training focuses on
3.) Analyzing the data and 2.) Understanding of
agility, speed, endurance, and overall fitness,
allowing athletes to perform at their best information that we want to the relationship
during games.
collect on the respondents. between athletes'
Physical Conditioning: of basketball athlete's preparation practices
at Palawan National School 4.) Examination of the
and their performance
information collected on
Physical conditioning is essential for
the respondents.
outcomes.
basketball players to meet the demands of the
sport. Basketball is a fast-paced game that
requires explosive movements, agility, speed, 5.) Determine the training 3.) Identification of
and endurance. Conditioning programs help methods, physical key factors
athletes improve their aerobic and anaerobic
fitness levels, strength, power, and flexibility. conditioning, psychological influencing athletes'
A well-conditioned athlete can sustain high- factors and nutrition and preparation practices
intensity efforts throughout the game, reduce
hydration practices of and performances.
the risk of injuries, and recover quickly
between games or training sessions. basketball athlete's at
Palawan National School. 4.) For improving
Psychological Factors: of basketball athlete's
at Palawan National School
athletes' training
6.) Identification and programs, including
The psychological aspect of basketball is analysis of the Factors
crucial for athletes' performance. Mental
areas such as skill
influencing and affecting
toughness, focus, confidence, and resilience development,
are vital attributes that can be developed basketball athlete's
through specific psychological training preparation practices and psychological
techniques. Psychological factors influence an
performance at Palawan preparation, and
athlete's decision-making abilities,
concentration, and ability to handle pressure National School. nutritional guidance.
situations. Skills such as goal setting,
visualization, positive self-talk, and stress
management can enhance an athlete's mental
game, leading to improved performance on the
court.

Nutrition and Hydration: of basketball

Proper nutrition and hydration are

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 Figure 2. Research Paradigm

Figure 2 depicts the research paradigm for this study, which aims to investigate
preparation practices and athlete performance at Palawan National Schools. The study
seeks to explore the training methods and techniques utilized by athletes, evaluate their
performance outcomes, and analyze the factors that influence preparation practices and
performance.

The inputs for this study include data gathering on athlete preparation practices and
identification of factors such as coaching methods, psychological factors, diet, and support
systems that impact performance. The process involves investigating the training methods
and techniques employed by athletes, evaluating their performance results, and analyzing
the factors that affect preparation practices and performance.

The outcomes of this study comprise insights into training methods and techniques,
an understanding of the relationship between preparation practices and performance
outcomes, identification of key factors that influence preparation practices and athlete
performance, and recommendations for improving training programs. Overall, this study
aims to provide valuable insights and recommendations to enhance training programs and
optimize athlete performance at Palawan National Schools.

Definition of Terms

In order to facilitate a common understanding of the information conveyed in this

research study, these terms are hereby defined operationally and theoretically. For

clarification, the important term used in the study has been defined.

Sleep Recovery Practices - are methods to improve sleep quality and recover from sleep

disturbances.

Dietary and Nutritional Requirements - it refer to the specific amounts and types of food and

nutrients that an individual needs to consume.

Training Regimes and Methods - are specific techniques or strategies used to improve physical

fitness, skill acquisition, or performance.

Injury Prevention and Strategies - refers to a set of measures and actions taken to reduce the risk

of injuries, accidents, and their consequences.

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Mental Preparation- it refers to the process of mentally training and conditioning oneself to

perform at one's best during athletic competitions.

Functional Adaptation - is to optimize an athlete's physical potential and prepare them for the

demands of their chosen sport.

Resistance Training - is a type of physical exercise that involves using weights, resistance bands,

or bodyweight exercises to improve muscular strength, endurance, and size.

Injury Prevention - it refers to the practice of taking proactive measures to reduce the risk of

injuries during athletic activities.

Warm-up - is a period preparatory exercises or activities that are done before engaging in physical

activity or competition.

Neuromuscular System - it refers to the complex network of neurons, muscles, and other tissues

involved in the control and movement of the body.

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