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Protection Coordination of Flux-Lock Type

SFCL in a Power Distribution System
Yoo-Jung Cho and Sung-Hun Lim


the OCRs as well as the failure of protection coordination
Abstract— between SFCL and backup protective device [5]-[7].
Precedence studies to improve the trip delay of the OCR is
Index Terms—SFCL (Superconducting Fault Current Limiter), using the current of the addition circuit located in flux-lock
Unsymmetrical ground fault, Over-current relay. type SFCL as the input current of the OCR. However, addition
circuit current is irregular, parameters of the OCR should be
changed. Moreover, unsymmetrical ground faults such as
I. INTRODUCTION single and double line ground faults have to be considered

T he scale of a power system has been expanded because since unsymmetrical ground faults occurs more than
of growing power industry, the fault current is symmetrical ground faults such as triple line ground fault [8]-
increased and interruption ratings of circuit breaker [11].
exceeds the limits. In this situation, the protective devices such In this paper, the solution is locating the addition circuit in
as various types of superconducting fault current limiter flux-lock type SFCL and the OCR with current compensation
(SFCL) are introduced to reduce the fault current. Flux-lock constants. 3 types of ground faults occur in a power
type SFCL, which consists of windings and high-temperature distribution system, the OCR according to the fault type and
superconducting (HTSC) elements, is proposed. Two the protection coordination between the OCRs are suggested.
windings are constructed in auto-transformer type, which can’t A power distribution system was simulated by PSCAD
cause influence on each phase, to get the larger operational /EMTDC and analyzed the improved operation of the OCR
current and limit the impedance of the SFCL by changing the with flux-lock type SFCL. The supplement of current elements
inductance’s ratio of two windings. The SFCL controls the and current compensation constants on the protection
fault current by using the HTSC’s quench [1] –[4]. cooperation of a power distribution systems with the SFCL
However, the operating time of the over-current relay (OCR) was analyzed and the improvement effect was verified.
grows rather than one without the SFCL though the fault
current can be decreased by flux-lock type SFCL. Delayed II. CONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
operating time of the OCR affects the activation of the circuit
breaker (CB) to interrupt, which can cause the malfunction of


This paragraph of the first footnote will contain the date on which you
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article. For example, “This work was supported in part by the U.S.
Department of Commerce under Grant 123456.” The name of the
corresponding author appears after the financial information, e.g.
(Corresponding author: Second B. Author). Here you may also indicate if
authors contributed equally or if there are co-first authors.
The next few paragraphs should contain the authors’ current affiliations,
including current address and e-mail. For example, First A. Author is with the
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA (e-
mail: author@ boulder.nist.gov).
Second B. Author Jr. was with Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
He is now with the Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Fig. 1. Configuration of flux-lock type SFCL
Collins, CO 80523 USA (e-mail: [email protected]).
Third C. Author is with the Electrical Engineering Department, University
of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, on leave from the National Research A. Flux-lock type SFCL
Institute for Metals, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan (e-mail: [email protected]).
Mentions of supplemental materials and animal/human rights statements Fig. 1 presents the configuration of flux-lock type SFCL,
can be included here. which consists of the HTSC elements (RSC) and three windings
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this article are available in auto-transformer. Two windings (N1, N2) are connected in
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org
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parallel and (RSC) are in series with winding 2 (N2), winding 3 Positive, negative sequence 0.182 + j0.391 Ω/km
(N3) and R3 are installed in the addition circuit. Maximum Zero sequence 0.518 + j1.189 Ω/km
convergence resistance of the HTSC resistance is 5 [Ω]. The Line Length Value Unit
auto-transformer is applied in three phases connected into Z1, Z2 5 km
three single phases and each winding in single phase is Load Value Unit
influenced though three single phases are not affected. Load1, Load2 5 MW
The addition circuit current (i3) induction process is as
follows: In normal time, two magnetic fluxes caused by III. OPERATIONAL ALGORITHM OF OCR
winding 1 and 2 (Φ1, Φ2) flow in opposite directions, they
offset and zero voltages are induced in each winding. In this A. Characteristic Equation of OCR
situation, i3 becomes zero but the SFCL is not ideal condition Number equations consecutively with equation numbers in
in this paper, which contains leakages and losses. The currents parentheses flush with the right margin of the column, as in
flow in addition circuit due to remanent fluxes before the fault (1). First use the equation editor to create the equation. Then
occurs. After the fault happens, the quench occurs at the select the “Equation” markup style. Press the tab key and write
HTSC element (RSC) connected with winding 2 and voltages the equation number in parentheses. To make your equations
of N1 and N2 is different value, which causes reduction of N2 more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function,
magnetic fluxes. Therefore, remanent magnetic fluxes exists or appropriate exponents. Use parentheses to avoid
and voltages (N1d Φ1/dt - N2dΦ2/dt) are induced in N3 and i3 ambiguities in denominators. Punctuate equations when they
flows. The parameters of flux-lock type SFCL are described in are part of a sentence, as in
Table 1. Bp + H2 = 40. (1)
TABLE I
Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined
PARAMETERS OF FLUX-LOCK TYPE SFCL
before the equation appears or immediately following.
Components Parameter Italicize symbols (T might refer to temperature, but T is the
N1/ N 2 = 2 unit tesla). When referring to an equation or formula, use
Winding of SFCL
N 1/ N 3 = 4/3 simply “(1),” not “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1),” except at the
N 2/ N 3 = 2/3 beginning of a sentence: “Equation (1) is ... .”
RSC Convergence resistance (Rn) = 5[Ω]
Critical current (IC)= 0,7 [kA]
R3 1 [Ω] B. OCR Algorithm with Current Element
Algorithms should be numbered and include a short title.
They are set off from the text with rules above and below the
B. Power Distribution System
title and after the last line.

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Triple Line Ground Fault

The following list outlines the different types of graphics
Fig. 2. Power distribution system with SFCL
published in IEEE journals. They are categorized based on
their construction, and use of color / shades of gray:
The power system including main transformer, lines, loads,
flux-induced type SFCL, over-current relay (OCR) and circuit
breaker (CB) is shown in Fig 2. Two types of triple line B. Double Line Ground Fault
ground fault, 5[km] from the SFCL (F1) and 10 [km] from the These are figures compiled of more than one sub-figure
SFCL (F2) are executed in Fig 2 power distribution system. presented side-by-side or stacked. If a multipart figure is made
The outcomes according to F1 or F2 are presented in section 3. up of multiple figure types (one part is line art, and another is
Detailed parameters of power distribution system are grayscale or color), the figure should meet the stricter guidelines.
suggested in Table 2.
C. Single line ground Fault
TABLE II
PARAMETERS OF POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Transformer Value Unit V. CONCLUSION
Capacity 60 MVA
Voltage of primary side 154 kV ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Voltage of secondary side 22.9 kV The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in
Line Impedance Value Unit American English is without an “e” after the “g.” Use the
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singular heading even if you have many acknowledgments. [14]Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution.
Chicago, IL, USA: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987, Accessed on: Feb. 28,
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REFERENCES
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J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. [15] Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed., Western Electric
xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year, doi: 10.1109.XXX.1234567. Co., Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 1985, pp. 44–60.
[16] Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual, Motorola Semiconductor
Products Inc., Phoenix, AZ, USA, 1989.
Periodicals using article numbers: [17] R. J. Hijmans and J. van Etten, “Raster: Geographic analysis and
J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, modeling with raster data,” R Package Version 2.0-12, Jan. 12, 2012.
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M.Takeo, H. Okamoto and E. Irie, “Quench characteristics in HTSC State, Country, Rep. xxx, year.
devices,” IEEE Trans. Applied. Superconducd, vol. 9, pp. 1073–1076,
June. 1999, doi: 10.1109/TED.2016.2628402. Example:
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of DC dual reactor type SFCL using switching operation of HTSC earth’s atmosphere,” Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, CA, USA, Tech.
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2006, doi: 10.1109/TED.2016.2628402.
[3] Jiahui Zhu, Nan Zheng, Defu Wei, Miao He, Shuai Wang, Panpan Chen,
Basic format for conference proceedings:
Zhiyong Yan, “Experimental Tests of Critical Current and AC Loss for a
J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf.,
Self-Triggering High Temperature Superconducting Fault Current Limiter
Abbrev. State (if given), Country, year, pp. xxxxxx.
(SFCL) With Magneto-Biased Field”, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol.
31, no. 8, Nov. 2021.
[4] Rong Zhou1 and Yuqin Yao, “Influence of Autotransformer with Small Examples:
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coordination in a power distribution network with the active USA, 1985, pp. 585–590.
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[6] Yu-Hung Guo, Yasunobu Yokomizu and Toshiro Matsumura, “Design interferometric sensors,” presented at the 2nd Int. Conf. Optical Fiber
Guidelines of a Flux-Lock Superconducting Fault Current Limiter with ac Sensors, Stuttgart, Germany, Jan. 2-5, 1984.
Magnetic Field Coil for a 6.6kV Distribution System”, Denki Gakkai [21] PROCESS Corporation, Boston, MA, USA. Intranets: Internet
Ronbunshi, vol. 120-B, no. 3, pp368-374, March. 2000. technologies deployed behind the firewall for corporate productivity.
[7] Fangfang Shi, Zehui Zhang, Zeqing Zhao and Zhaohui Ahang, “Study on Presented at INET96 Annual Meeting. [Online]. Available:
autotransformer’s low voltage side over-current protection with http://home.process.com/Intranets/wp2.htp
circulating current”, ICAMCS, pp.132-135, 2016.
[8] Sung-Hun Lim, Il-Kyoung You, Jae-Chul Kim, “Study on Peak Current Basic format for electronic documents (when available online):
Limiting Characteristics of a Flux-Lock Type SFCL Using Its Third Issuing Organization. (year, month day). Title. [Type of medium]. Available:
Winding”, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 21, no. 3, June 2011. site/path/file
[9] Yu-Hung Guo, Yasunobu Yokomizu and Toshiro Matsumura, “Design
Guidelines of a Flux-Lock Superconducting Fault Current Limiter with ac
Magnetic Field Coil for a 6.6kV Distribution System”, Denki Gakkai
Example:
Ronbunshi, vol. 120-B, no. 3, pp368-374, March. 2000. [22] U.S. House. 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). H. Con. Res.
[10] J. S. Kim, S. H. Lim and J. C. Kim, “Study on protection coordination of 1, Sense of the Congress on Approval of Military Action. [Online].
a flux-lock type SFCL with over-current relay,” IEEE Trans. Applied. Available: LEXIS Library: GENFED File: BILLS
Superconducd, vol. 20, June. 2010, doi: 10.1109/TED.2016.2628402.
[11] Jae-Sun Huh, Hee-Sang Shin, Woon-Sik Moon, Byoung-Wook Kang, Basic format for patents:
Jae-Chul Kim. “Study on Voltage Unbalance Improvement Using SFCL J. K. Author, “Title of patent,” U.S. Patent x xxx xxx, Abbrev. Month, day, year.
in Power Feed Network with Electric Railway System”, IEEE Trans.
Appl. Supercond., vol. 23, no. 3, June. 2013. Example:
[23] G. Brandli and M. Dick, “Alternating current fed power supply,” U.S.
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ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp.
15–64.
[13]W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA, USA:
Examples:
[24] J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect.
Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–135.
Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA, 1993.
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[25] N. Kawasaki, “Parametric study of thermal and chemical nonequilibrium fellowship jobs. Job titles are capitalized. The current job must
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[28] A. Brahms, “Representation error for real numbers in binary computer
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[30] Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5-1968.

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Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, doi:
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