4

4.1 Discharge
Volume Flow Rate (m3/sec):
𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗
Mass Flow Rate (kg/sec):
𝒎̇ = 𝝆𝑸 = 𝝆𝑨𝑽
Weight Flow Rate (N/sec):
𝑾 = 𝜸𝑸 = 𝜸𝑨𝑽

4.2 Continuity Equation

𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐

4.3 Energy Heads

Velocity Head: Pressure Head: Elevation Head:
𝟐 𝑷
𝒗 𝒁
𝟐𝒈 𝜸

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4.3 Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem

𝑬𝟏 + 𝑬𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 + 𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒕/𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝑬𝟐

Energy Equation without HEAD LOST:

𝑬 𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐
𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸

Energy Equation with HEAD LOST:

𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 + 𝑯𝑳𝟏−𝟐
𝑬𝟏 − 𝑯𝑳𝟏−𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐

𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 − 𝑯𝑳𝟏−𝟐 = + + 𝒁𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸

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Energy Equation with PUMP:

𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 − 𝑯𝑳 + 𝑯𝑨 = + + 𝒁𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸

Energy Equation with TURBINE :

𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 − 𝑯𝑳 − 𝑯𝑬 = + + 𝒁𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸

Sample Problem 1:
Water enters a pump through a 150-mm diameter intake pipe leaves through a
200-mm diameter discharge pipe. If the average velocity in the intake pipeline is 1 m/s:
a. Calculate the average velocity in the discharge pipeline.
b. What is the flowrate through the pump?

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Solution:
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝜋 𝜋
(0.15)2 (1) = (0.2)2 (𝑣2 )
4 4
𝒎
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓 (𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓)
𝒔
𝜋 2( )
𝒎𝟑
( )
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 0.15 1 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟕 (𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓)
4 𝒔𝒆𝒄
Sample Problem 2:
Two pipes of diameter 175 mm and 225 mm converge into a 350 mm diameter
pipe. If the velocity at the smallest pipe is 1.6 times the velocity of the biggest pipe,
find:
a. Total flow rate in the system in gal/sec if the velocity at 225 mm diameter pipe
is 4 m/s.
b. The velocity of the smallest pipe
Solution:

𝑑1 = 175 𝑚𝑚; 𝑑2 = 225 𝑚𝑚; 𝑑3 = 350 𝑚𝑚

𝑚
𝑣1 = 1.6𝑣3 ; 𝑣2 = 4 𝑠

𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 𝑄3
𝐴1 𝑣1 + 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴3 𝑣3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(0.175)2 (1.6𝑣3 ) + (0.225)2 (4) = (0.350)2 (𝑣3 )
4 4 4
Solving for v3: 𝑣3 = 2.755 𝑚𝑠
𝜋 𝑚3 3.28 𝑓𝑡 3 7.48 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝒈𝒂𝒍
Thus, 𝑄3 = (0.350)2 (2.755) = 0.265 ×( ) × = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 (𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓)
4 𝑠 1𝑚 1 𝑓𝑡 3 𝒔

𝒎
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝒗𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟔(𝟐. 𝟕𝟓𝟓) = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟎𝟖 (𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓)
𝒔

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Sample Problem 3:
Water is flowing in an open channel at a depth of 2 m and velocity of 3 m/s. It
flows down a chute into another channel where the depth is 1 m and the velocity is 10
m/s. Neglecting friction, determine the difference in elevation of the channel.
Solution:

𝐸1 = 𝐸2

𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

(3)2 𝛾(2) (10)2 𝛾(1)

+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
2(9.81) 𝛾 2(9.81) 𝛾

(10)2 (3)2
𝑍1 − 𝑍2 = +1− − 2 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟖 𝒎 (𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓)
2(9.81) 2(9.81)

Sample Problem 3:
A 50 mm diameter siphon is drawing oil (SG=0.82) from a reservoir, as shown.
If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.5 m and from point 2 to point 3 is 2.4 m, find
the discharge of oil from the siphon and the oil pressure at point 2.
Solution:
𝑯𝑳𝟏−𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎
𝑯𝑳𝟐−𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝒎

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Using point 1 as datum: (from 1-2)

𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2
𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑍1 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑣22 𝑃2
−1.5 = + +2
2𝑔 𝛾
𝑣22 𝑃2
+ = −1.5 − 2 = −3.5 → 𝑒𝑞𝑛 1
2𝑔 𝛾
(from 2-3):
𝐸2 − 𝐻𝐿2−3 = 𝐸3

𝑣22 𝑃2 𝑣32 𝑃3
+ + 2 − 2.4 = + −5
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑣32 𝑃3
−3.5 + 2 − 2.4 = + − 5 (𝑃3 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. 3)
2𝑔 𝛾
𝑚
𝑣3 = 4.645
𝑠
𝜋 2
𝒎𝟑
𝑄3 = 𝐴3 𝑣3 = (0.05) (4.645) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗 (𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓)
4 𝒔
𝑄2 = 𝑄3
𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴3 𝑣3 (𝐴2 = 𝐴3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠)
𝑚
𝑣2 = 𝑣3 = 4.645
𝑠
from eqn 1:
𝑣22 𝑃2
+ = −3.5
2𝑔 𝛾
(4.645)2 𝑃2
+ = −3.5
2(9.81) 0.82(9.81)
𝑷𝟐 = −𝟑𝟕. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂 (𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓)

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Sample Problem 5:
Water enters a motor through a 600 mm diameter pipe under a
pressure of 14 kPa. It leaves through a 900 mm diameter exhaust pipe
with a pressure of 4 kPa. A vertical distance of 2.5 m separates the centers
of the two pipes. Compute the power supplied to the motor.

Solution:
𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐸 = 𝐸2
𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑍1 − 𝐻𝐸 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝐷1 = 0.6 𝑚; 𝐷2 = 0.9 𝑚
𝜋 𝑚
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 ; 0.5 = 4 (0.6)2 (𝑣1 ); 𝑣1 = 1.7684 𝑠
𝜋 𝑚
𝑄 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 ; 0.5 = (0.9)2 (𝑣2 );𝑣2 = 0.7859
4 𝑠

(1.7684)2 14 (0.7859)2 4
+ + 2.5 − 𝐻𝐸 = + +0
2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81) 9.81
𝐻𝐸 = 3.647 𝑚
𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾𝐻 = (0.5)(9810)(3.647) = 17,889.870 𝑊 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑾 (𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓)

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