Grammar Hero’s Reference Sheet

Slope of a Line Triangle Sum Theorem

Let (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) be two points on the

line. The sum of the three interior angles in a triangle is always
180°: ∠a + ∠b + ∠c = 180°
change in y 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
Slope = m = change in x =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Quadratic Formula

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

Note: ax2 + bx + c = 0 and a ≠ 0

Pythagorean Theorem

Equations of Lines In any right triangle, the sum of the squares of the legs is
equal to the square of the hypotenuse: a2 + b2 = c2
Standard Form: Ax + By = C

Slope-Intercept Form: y = mx + b
where m = slope and b = y – intercept

Point-Slope Form: y – y1 = m (x – x1)

Distance Formula

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 Area of a Triangle

1
d = distance between points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2). 𝐴= 𝑏ℎ
2

Midpoint Formula

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑀=( , )
2 2

M = point halfway between points (x1, y1)

and (x2, y2). b = the base of any triangle
h = perpendicular height of any triangle

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 Simple Interest Formula Distance, Rate, and Time Formula

𝐼 = 𝑝𝑟𝑡 𝑑 = 𝑟𝑡

p = Principal (i.e., loan or investment amount) d = distance,

I = Interest earned r = rate
r = Rate of interest per year in decimal form t = time
t = Time in terms of years
Rate and time must be in proportional units
(e.g., if rate is given in terms of miles per hour,
Order of Operations (PEMDAS) time must be in terms of hours)

Order of operations refers to the order in Percent Change

which calculations are performed to evaluate
an expression. The acronym PEMDAS is useful 𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑂𝑙𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
for remembering it. 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑥 100
𝑂𝑙𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
P Parenthesis PC = Percent Change
E Exponents If PC is positive, there was an increase.
M Multiplication and Division (Left to If PC is negative, there was a decrease
D Right)
A Addition and Subtraction (Left to Right)
S
Statistics
Note: Multiplication and division have equal
precedence, so their calculations are Sum of all Data Points
performed as they appear in the expression 𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐧 =
Number of Data Points
from left to right. Likewise, addition and
subtraction have equal precedence, so their Range = Maximum Value – Minimum
calculations are performed as they appear Value
from left to right.
Mode = The value in the data set that
occurs the most often
Perimeter
To find the perimeter of any polygon, Median = The value in the middle of the
excluding circles, you simply add up all of its data set
sides. For example:
To find the median of a data set, arrange
the observations in order from smallest to
largest value. If there is an odd number of
observations, the median is the middle
value. If there is an even number of
observations, the median is the average of
the two middle values.
Note: The perimeter of a circle is its
circumference.

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 Circles
Area of a Circle: Circumference of a Circle: r = radius of a circle
𝐴 = π𝑟2 𝐶 = π𝑑 or 𝐶 = 2π𝑟 d = diameter of a circle
π = 3.14 or 22/7

Converting Units Weight and Mass

Larger unit → smaller unit Multiply 1 Ton (T) 2,000 pounds
Smaller unit → Larger unit Divide 1 pound (lb) 16 ounces (oz)

Linear Units Time

12 inches (in) 1 foot (ft) 1 day 24 hours
3 feet 1 yard (yd) 1 hour (hr) 60 minutes (min)
36 inches 1 yard 1 minute 60 seconds (sec)
63,360 inches 1 mile (mi) 1 year (yr) 365.25 days
5,280 feet 1 mile 1 week 7 days
1,760 yards 1 mile 1 year 12 months (mon)
1440 minutes 1 day
3600 seconds 1 hour
Capacity
8 fluid ounces 1 cup Polygons
2 cups 1 pint (pt) Shape Number of Sides Sum of Interior Angles
2 pints 1 quart (qt) Triangle 3 180 degrees
4 quarts 1 gallon Quadrilateral 4 360 degrees
Pentagon 5 540 degrees
Hexagon 6 720 degrees
Heptagon or 7 900 degrees
Septagon
Octagon 8 1080 degrees
Any Polygon n S = 180(n - 2)

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 Multiplication Rules
The product and the quotient of one and any number is that number.

7x1=7

100 ÷ 1 = 100

Zero times any number equals zero.

0×2=0

858 x 0 = 0

Zero divided by any nonzero number is zero.

0÷3=0

Dividing a number by zero is undefined.

5
= undefined
0

When multiplying or dividing with positives and negatives, use the signs charts.

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 Quadrilaterals
Square Perimeter: P = 4s
Area: A = s2

Note: To find the perimeter of any quadrilateral, you

simply add up all of its sides.
Rectangle Perimeter: P = 2l + 2w
Area: A = lw

Note: To find the perimeter of any quadrilateral, you

simply add up all of its sides.
Parallelogram Perimeter: P = 2a + 2b
Area: A = bh

Note: To find the perimeter of any quadrilateral, you

simply add up all of its sides.
Trapezoid Perimeter: P= a + b1 + c + b2
1
Area: A = (b1 + b2 ) ∙ h
2

Note: To find the perimeter of any quadrilateral, you

simply add up all of its sides.

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 Formulas for Volume (V) and Surface Area (SA)
Cube V = a3

SA = 6a2

Rectangular Solid V= lxwxh

SA = 2(l x w) + 2(w x h) + 2(h x l)

l = length
w = width
h = height
Cylinder V = π𝑟2 h

SA = 2π𝑟h + 2π𝑟2

Sphere 4
V= 𝜋𝑟 3
3

SA = 4π𝑟2

Rectangular Pyramid 1
𝑉= 𝑎𝑏ℎ
3

Note: ab is the area of the base of the pyramid

Cone 1
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3

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 Basic Probability
1. For any event A: 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1

2. P(impossible event) = 0.

3. P(sure event) = 1.

Desired outcome
4. P(A) = Total number of outcomes

5. P(not A) = 1 - P(A)

6. P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B) Independent (Replacement) vs. Dependent Events (No Replacement)

7. P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) (Exclusive Events )

8. P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B) (Non-Exclusive Events)

Prime Numbers Times Table

Perfect Squares

12 = 1 62 = 36 112 = 121 162 =256

22 = 4 72 = 49 122 = 144 172= 289
32 = 9 82 = 64 132= 169 182= 324
42 = 16 92= 81 142= 196 192= 361
52 = 25 102= 100 152= 225 202= 400

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 Laws of Exponents
Zero-Exponent Rule

a0 = 1

Anything raised to the zero power is 1.

Power Rule

(am)n = amn

To raise a power to a power you need to multiply the

exponents.

Negative Exponent Rule

Negative exponents in the numerator get moved to

the denominator and become positive exponents.
Negative exponents in the denominator get moved to
the numerator and become positive exponents.

Product Rule
am ∙ an = am + n

To multiply two exponents with the same base, you

keep the base and add the powers.

Quotient Rule

To divide two exponents with the same base, you keep

the base and subtract the powers.

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 Writing Equations of Lines

Given the following, you can write equations of lines using these steps:

1. The slope of the line and the y-intercept

a. Slope = m
b. Y-intercept = b
c. Plug the m and b values into y = mx + b

2. The slope of the line and a point that lies on the line
a. Slope = m
b. Substitute the point (x, y) in for x and y in the equation y = mx + b and solve for b.
c. Plug the m and b values into y = mx + b

OR

a. Slope = m
b. Substitute the slope and the point (x, y) in for x1 and y1 in the point-slope equation:
y - y1 = m(x - x1)
c. Solve the equation for y.

3. Two points that lie on the line

change in y 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
a. Using the slope formula: m = change in x = , find the slope.
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
b. Substitute the slope and either point (x, y) in for x1 and y1 in the point-slope equation:
y - y1 = m(x - x1)
c. Solve the equation for y.

Fractions
Adding and Subtracting Fractions
𝑎 𝑐 (𝑎 ∙ 𝑑) + (𝑐 ∙ 𝑏)
+ =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 ∙𝑑

Multiplying Fractions
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 ∙𝑐
∙ =
(Multiply straight across) 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 ∙𝑑

Dividing Fractions
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 ∙𝑑
÷ =
(Keep, Change, Flip) 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 ∙𝑐

Converting Mixed Numbers to Improper Fractions

𝑏 (𝐴 ∙ 𝑐) + 𝑏
𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑐

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 Combined Rates & Work

Step 1: A problem involving combined rates or work can be solved using the formula:

T = time working together

A = the time it takes for one person or thing to complete the task by
themselves
B = the time it takes for one person or thing to complete the task by
themselves
Step 2: Adjust the formula in accordance with the problem and solve

Example: Walter and Helen are asked to paint a house. Walter can paint the house by
himself in 12 hours and Helen can paint the house by herself in 16 hours. How
long would it take to paint the house if they worked together?

Step 1: A problem involving work can be solved using the

formula:

Step 2: Solve the equation created in the first step. This

can be done by first multiplying the entire problem by the
common denominator and then solving the resulting
equation. In this case, the least common denominator is
48.

Step 3: Answer the question asked of you in

the problem and be sure to include units with your
answer.

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 Angle Types & Special Angle Pairs

Acute Angle: An angle whose measure is less than 90

degrees.

Right angle: An angle whose measure is 90 degrees.

Obtuse angle: An angle whose measure is bigger than 90

degrees but less than 180 degrees.

Straight angle: An angle whose measure is 180 degrees.

Thus, a straight angle look like a straight line.

Complementary angles: Two angles that have a sum of 90

degrees.

∠ 1 + ∠2 = 90°

Supplementary angles: Two angles that have a sum of

180 degrees.

∠ 1 + ∠2 = 180°

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 Properties of Radicals

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 Factoring Guide

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 Factorials

n! = n x (n – 1) x (n – 2) x … x 1
0! = 1
1! = 1
2! = 2 x 1 = 2
3! = 3 x 2 x 1 = 6
4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24
5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120
6! = 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 720
7! = 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 5,040

Prime Numbers & Divisibility Rules

A number is divisible by… Divisible Not Divisible
2 – if the last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6, or 8). 3,978 4,975
3 – if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3. 315 = 3 + 1 + 5 = 9 139 = 1 + 3 + 9 = 13
4 – if the last two digits are divisible by 4. 8,512 7,511
5 – if the last digit is 0 or 5. 14,975 10,999
6 – if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3. 48 20
9 – if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9. 711 = 7 + 1 + 1 = 9 93 = 9 + 3 = 12
10 – if the last digit is 0. 15,990 10,536

Since a number is considered prime is if it is only divisible by one and itself, you can use these divisibility rules to
quickly determine if a number is NOT prime. In other words, if a number is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, or 10, then
it cannot be prime. For example:

1. 10,995 – this number is not prime because its last digit is 5, which means it is divisible by 5 (i.e., by
something other than one and itself).

2. 988 – this number is not prime because its last digit is 8, an even number, which means it is divisible by
2 (i.e., by something other than one and itself).

3. 333 – this number is not prime because the sum of its digits (3 + 3 + 3 = 9) is divisible by 3, which means
it is divisible by 3 (i.e., by something other than one and itself).

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 Reciprocals of Fractions, Whole Numbers, and Mixed Numbers

To find the reciprocal of a fraction, simply swap the numerator and denominator.

2 5
(The reciprocal of 2/5 is 5/2)
5 2

To find the reciprocal of a whole number, we rewrite whole number as a fraction by placing it over
one and then swap the numerator and denominator.

5 1
5=1 (The reciprocal of 5 is 1/5)
5

To find the reciprocal of a mixed number, we rewrite the mixed number as an improper fraction and
then swap the numerator and denominator.

2 7 5
15 = 5 (The reciprocal of 1 2/5 is 5/7)
7

Like Terms

Like terms have the same letter variables and are raised to same powers. Like terms can be combined
into a single term.

Like Terms Not Like Terms

2x and -5x 6x and 6y

2a2 and -5a2 y and 6y2

-2xy2 and 8xy2 X and 7

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 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

When adding polynomials, you simply combine like terms. For example:

(x2 – x + 5) + (6x2 + 2x – 10)

x2 – x + 5
+ 6x2 + 2x – 10
7x2 + x – 5

When subtracting polynomials, you rewrite subtraction as addition by distributing the negative sign
to every term in the second polynomial and then combine like terms. For example:

(3x2 – 8x + 7) – (2x2 – 6x + 12)

= (3x2 – 8x + 7) + (-2x2 + 6x - 12)

3x2 – 8x + 7
+ -2x2 + 6x - 12
x2 - 2x - 5

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 The Fundamental Counting Principle
The Fundamental Counting Principle is a way to quickly determine the total number of ways different
events can occur.

Event M can occur m number of ways The total number of ways they can occur is:
Event N can occur n number of ways mxn

For example:
A new restaurant opened, and it offers lunch combos for $5.00. With the combo meal, you get one
choice of a sandwich, one choice of a side, and one choice of a drink. How many different
combinations can you make for lunch? The choices are below.

Sandwiches: Chicken Salad, Turkey, Grilled Cheese

Sides: Chips, French Fries, Fruit Cup
Drinks: Soda, Water

Using a tree diagram to answer this question is slow and inefficient!

Applying the Fundamental Counting Principle to answer it takes 30 seconds or less:

3 choices of sandwiches x 3 choices of sides x 2 choices of drinks

3 x 3 x 2 = 18 possible combinations

Example 1
Sarah goes to a local deli, which offers a soup, salad, and sandwich lunch combo. There are 3 soups, 3
salads, and 6 sandwiches from which to choose. How many different lunches can be formed?
3 soups × 3 salads × 6 sandwiches = 54 different lunch combos
Example 2
A website offers 5 sizes, 8 colors, and 25 logos for their t-shirts. How many different t-shirts can be
created, given these options?
5 sizes × 8 colors × 25 logos = 1,000 combinations of shirts

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 Converting Celsius (C) to Fahrenheit (F) and Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius (C)

For the ASVAB, you generally do not have to memorize these formulas. Rather, you must understand
that, algebraically, you can use either of these formulas to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit as well as
Fahrenheit to Celsius.

9
𝐹 = 𝐶 + 32
5

5
𝐶 = (𝐹 − 32)
9
For example: Convert 30 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit using both formulas.

Using the First Formula Using the Second Formula

9 5
𝐹 = 𝐶 + 32, 𝐶 = 30 𝐶= (𝐹 − 32), 𝐶 = 30
5 9

9 5
𝐹 = (30) + 32 30 = (𝐹 − 32)
5 9

9 30 9 5 9
𝐹= ⋅ + 32 ⋅ 30 = ⋅ (𝐹 − 32)
5 1 5 9 5

270
𝐹= + 32 9 30 5 9
5 ⋅ = ⋅ (𝐹 − 32)
5 1 9 5
𝐹 = 54 + 32 270
= 𝐹 − 32
5
𝐹 = 86
54 = 𝐹 − 32
54 + 32 = 𝐹
𝐹 = 86

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