Investigation and Analysis of Green Refrigerant Ze
Investigation and Analysis of Green Refrigerant Ze
1
Energy Technology Program, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat
Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; [email protected]
2
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince
of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; [email protected] (K.M.),
[email protected] (J.T.)
Received:
Accepted:
Abstract:
Introduction
Energy use in Thailand’s business sector is ranked second among overall energy users in
the country, and is thus being targeted for energy-saving options [1 ]. The number of
convenience stores in Thailand numbered to more than 20,000 locations in 2019, and this
continuously increases on an annual basis [2]. The majority are open 24 hours per day, so the
retail sector is the fourth largest consumer of energy in the business sector, consuming more
energy than residences do [3]. The components that contribute to energy consumption of
convenience stores in Thailand, ranked from highest to lowest, are refrigeration systems, air-
conditioning systems, electrical equipment, and lighting [4,5]. However, proportions of
energy use in convenience stores in Taiwan were previously ranked as shown in Figure 1
below [6]. The best options for reducing energy consumption in convenience stores in
Thailand are high energy efficiency and an efficient energy-management system. A good
example of energy savings in refrigeration systems is shown in Figure 2 below [7]. Energy
savings in refrigeration systems can be achieved through decreased power consumption of the
compressor, as this is the component that utilizes the most energy.
Refrigerant trends in Thailand have shown improvements in increasing energy efficiency
and decreasing global-warming potential (GWP), as shown in Figure 3 [8,9], which is related
to the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) phase-down schedule, as shown in Figure 4 [10]. First- and
second-generation refrigerants were composed of natural refrigerants and hydrocarbons
(HCs), both of which do not impact the environment, have low GWP, and zero ozone-
depletion potential (ODP) [11–13]. R744 operates under high pressure, and is highly toxic and
flammable (Figure 5) [14–16]. Following the second generation, third-generation refrigerants
were composed of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) [17–19] and hydrochlorofluorocarbon
(HCFCs) [20–22], which are easy to use, can operate under low pressure, and are nontoxic.
However, they have high GWP and ODP, contributing to ozone depletion and global
warming. Therefore, the development of refrigerants has significantly decreased ODP and
GWP. Moreover, third-generation refrigerants, CFCs and HCHCs, were further developed
into hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants that still possessed low GWP and zero-ODP [23–
25]. Fourth-generation refrigerants are mainly hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) with low GWP and
low capacity [26–28]. Therefore, they are refrigerants that are mixed with HFCs [29–31],
HFOs [32–34], and HCs [35–37]. Natural refrigerants are low-GWP, zero-ODP, high-
capacity, low-pressure, and nontoxic [38–40].
For the refrigerant used in food industry as shown in Figure 5 below, that show the first
refrigerants was R404A of 40%, that have refrigerants develop for R404A [41]. R407A [42],
R407F [43], R407H [44], R410A [45], R442A [46], R448A [47], R449A [48], R452A [49],
R453A [50], and R463A [51] were developed to be retrofitted to replace R404A, and are
mixed with HCs, HFOs, R134A, R32 and R744. These conform to the refrigerant-
development trend and are an alternate option that can be mixed with HFC. The refrigerant
proportion that was mixed with R125 was more or less similar to that of the R32 mixture, and
it also possesses Class A1 nonflammability property [42-51]. Moreover, the second rank of
3
refrigerant used in food industry was R22 of 25% and the refrigerant was the basis for this
research, and it is currently the most used refrigerant, that mean R22 still used in present and
need to retrofit to refrigerants are low-GWP, zero-ODP, high-capacity, low-pressure, and
nontoxic [9]. For the cost of refrigerant as shown in Figure 6 below [43], the refrigerant
should be mixed with HFOs [52-54]. It also highest refrigerant cost but does not include HCs
refrigerant cost compare with HFOs refrigerant cost, which is being presented as a refrigerant
for comparative purposes in this research as it is composed of HCs [55-57] as showed on table
1-2.
The properties of hydrocarbon refrigerant that class A3 high flammability as shown in
Figure 7 below but zero ODP and GWP nearly zero, shown in Table 1 for R170 [58], R290
[59], R600 [60], R600a [61] and Table 2 for R601 [62], R601a [63], R1150 [64], R1270 [65].
The highest boiling of R170 and R1270 were found to be -88.70 °C and -103.8 °C
respectively but the critical temperature was found to be 32.17 °C and 9.5 °C. This means
those are refrigerant that cannot operated in refrigerant in accordance with the
CAN/ANSI/AHRI540 Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI)
standards that standard for this research [66-68]. The R290 and R1270 were found to be
nearly boiling point with R22 at -42.1. °C and -47.7 °C respectively but operate at high
condenser pressure that will affect to refrigerant work and cooling coefficient of performance.
as a result, Therefore, the R600, R600a, R601, R601a should be mix with HFC for alternative
refrigerant.
The properties of all refrigerants, summarized in Tables 4–7, conform to the use of
REFPROP [69-71] and CYCLE_D-HX [72–74] software, as stipulated by the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) [75–77], and are in accordance with the
CAN/ANSI/AHRI540 Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI)
standards, as shown in Table 3 [66-68]. Both software programs can predefine mixtures and
create new refrigerant mixtures. REFPROP can display results related to refrigerant properties
under various conditions, and the CYCLE_D-HX software can also display results related to
refrigerant cycles under various conditions. Results illustrated the relationship of all
parameters for R417A [78], R417B [79], R422A [80], R422B [81], R422C [82], R422D [83],
R424A [84], R437A [85], R438A [86] and R453A [50], such as GWP, boiling point,
refrigerant effect, heat rejection, refrigerant work, evaporator pressure, high pressure, and
cooling coefficient of performance (COPc), as shown in Tables 4–7 [88-91].
4
The results of the boiling point in Figure 8, shown in Figure 8 below, indicate that the
lowest normal boiling point of R422A and R422C were -46.80 °C and R422C were -46.80
and -46.20, respectively, which was lower than that of R22 by 12.82% and 11.69%. This was
due to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) R125 (85.1% and 82.0%) in its composition, which were
consistent with those of R410A and R507. R410A and R507 displayed low boiling points of -
51.6 and -46.74 °C, respectively, and are attractive as an alternative refrigerant to R134A and
R404A, due to HFCs R125 contents of 50%, respectively, The Boiling point of R125 was -
48.1 °C, witch high GWP values at 3,450 that effect to GWP of R422A and R422C displayed
the highest GWP values at 3,143 and 3,185, respectively, The R422A and R422C have
hydrocarbon (HCs) R601a (3%) in its composition. The boiling point and GWP of R601a was
0 and -11.73°C and, respectively, that effect to reduce GWP and add more boiling point. The
Lower GWP compare with R22 in Figure 9 that R453A and R437A were 1,765 and 1,805,
respectively, this was due to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) R134a (53.8% and 78.5%) in its
composition and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) R32 (20%) in its composition for R453A, which
consistent with the R407A, R407H and R407F that combine with R134a and R32 in R744
contents of 6% and 3%, respectively, in their compositions. The Boiling point and GWP will
Inverse by adjusting the composition of the refrigerant that low-high GWP and boiling point.
The result of the refrigerant effect in Figure 10 shows that R453A has the highest
refrigerant effect, at 184.91, 178.36, and 165.49 kJ/kg for low, medium, and high conditions,
respectively. This is 24.99%, 19.17% and 18.74 higher for low medium and high conditions,
respectively, compared to R22. The result of heat rejection, shown in Figure 11, indicates that
the maximal heat-rejection values for R453A were 312.00, 255.92, and 228.96 kJ/kg for the
low, medium, and high conditions, respectively, which were 24.61% ,19.59% and 19.05%
higher for the low, medium and high conditions, respectively, compared to those of R22. The
refrigerant effect and heat rejection of R453A were found to be higher than those of R22 due
to the presence of 20% hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) R32. The R453A combined with
hydrocarbons (HCs) R600 (0.6%) due to the high Qevap (kJ/kg) and high Qcond (kJ/kg) at
235.72 , 261.99 and 255.88 kJ/kg for low, medium, and high conditions, respectively for
Qevap and 400.21 , 371.49 and 348.29 for low medium and high conditions, respectively for
Qcond, and combined with R601a due to the high Qevap (kJ/kg) and high Qcond (kJ/kg) at
221.18 , 248.05 and 244.65 kJ/kg for low, medium, and high conditions, respectively for
Qevap and 374.81 , 350.99 and 331.95 kJ/kg for low medium and high conditions,
respectively for Qcond. The mixed-refrigerant design should be comparable to natural
refrigerants in terms of having a strong refrigerant effect and high heat rejection but for select
hydrocarbons refrigerant type, such as R290 and R1270 refrigerant effect and high heat
rejection. The Qevap for R290 were 221.85, 240.37 and 223.89 kJ/kg for low, medium, and
high conditions, respectively and The Qcond for R290 were 338.96, 349.48 and 314.59 kJ/kg
for low, medium, and high conditions, respectively. The Qevap for R1270 were 232.45,
247.13 and 228.13 kJ/kg for low, medium, and high conditions, respectively and The Qcond
for R1270 were 404.89, 358.77 and 320.62 kJ/kg for low, medium, and high conditions,
respectively. But. The R290 and R1270 high refrigerant work and high operating pressure that
will affect to power consumptions of compressor.
5
The results of the refrigerant work, shown in Figure 12, demonstrate a relationship
between evaporator pressure, shown in Figure 13, and condenser pressure, shown in Figure
14. Refrigerants operated under low pressure display low refrigerant work value; in this case,
the lowest refrigerant work of R422A was found to be 65.48 and 46.99 kJ/kg for low and
medium conditions, respectively. This refrigerant possesses HCs from R600a (3%) in its
composition. R422A also demonstrated the low evaporator pressure at 178.40 and 385.30 kPa
for low and medium conditions, respectively, and operated at the low evaporator pressure of
2,233.50 and 2,149.10 kPa for low and medium conditions, respectively. The R453. The
highest refrigerant work values for R453A were 127.56, 77.56, and 63.47 kJ/kg, which
contained operated at the high evaporator pressure of 121.00, 342.10, and 595.70 kPa for low,
medium and high conditions, respectively, and operated at the highest evaporator pressure of
1808.70, 2002.50, and 2584.30 kPa for low, medium and high conditions, respectively. This
means that a refrigerant system that is operated at low pressure should be mixed with
refrigerants that can operate under low pressure, such as R1234yf, R1234ze, and R134A.
R450A, R456A, R513A and R515A, which were mixed with hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) and
operated under low pressure, achieving similar results to R453A operating under high
pressure with 20% hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) R32 contents in its composition.
The COPc results in Figure 15 show that R453A had the highest COPc at 1.45, 2.3, and
2.607 for low, medium and high conditions, respectively, as R453A did not have the highest
refrigerant effect and heat rejection, nor the lowest boiling point, but could be operated under
low pressure, which has an impact on low refrigerant work. In this case, that show the
hydrocarbon refrigerant mixture in hydrofluorocarbon blend as an alternative Refrigerant to
R22 and COPc was nearly. This was due to hydrofluorocarbons (HCs) R600 (0.6%) and
R601a (0.6%) that operated under low pressure, which has an impact on low refrigerant work
and having a strong refrigerant effect and high heat rejection that affect COPc of R453A was
nearly to R22. Hydrofluorocarbons can also be combined with hydrofluorocarbons (HCs),
which has a lower GWP, boiling point and high COPc. The lower GWP, boiling point and
high COPc are consistent with the evolution of the fourth-generation refrigerants that contain
a mixture of HFCs, HFOs, HCs, and natural refrigerants, which are required to produce a low-
GWP, zero-ODP, high-capacity, low-operating-pressure, and nontoxic refrigerant. This shows
that a mixed-refrigerant design should consider all parameters, such as the GWP, boiling
point, Cp liquid/vapor and liquid/vapor conductivity, refrigerant effect, heat rejection,
refrigerant work, evaporator pressure, high pressure, and COPc.
6
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by Prince of Songkla University and SANYO S.M.I. (Thailand)
Co., Ltd.
Conflict of Interest
1. Jeffrey Kuo, C.-F.; Lin, C.-H.; Lee, M.-H., Analyze the energy consumption
characteristics and affecting factors of Taiwan's convenience stores-using the big data mining
approach. Energy and Buildings 2018, 168, 120-136.
2. Saengsikhiao, P.; Taweekun, J.; Maliwan, K.; Sae-Ung, S.; Theppaya, T.,
Investigation and Analysis of R463A as an Alternative Refrigerant to R404A with Lower
Global Warming Potential. Energies 2020, 13 (6).
3. Shen, H.; Xu, K.; Freihaut, J., A statistical study on energy performance of U.S.
convenience stores: Investigation of factors and bench marking on store energy use. Energy
and Buildings 2019, 183, 792-802.
4. Tassou, S. A.; Ge, Y.; Hadawey, A.; Marriott, D., Energy consumption and
conservation in food retailing. Applied Thermal Engineering 2011, 31 (2), 147-156.
5. Wang, A.-P.; Hsu, P.-L., The network-based energy management system for
convenience stores. Energy and Buildings 2008, 40 (8), 1437-1445.
6. Chou, D.-c.; Chang, C.-S.; Hsu, Y.-Z., Investigation and analysis of power
consumption in convenience stores in Taiwan. Energy and Buildings 2016, 133, 670-687.
7
7. Evans, J. A.; Hammond, E. C.; Gigiel, A. J.; Fostera, A. M.; Reinholdt, L.; Fikiin, K.;
Zilio, C., Assessment of methods to reduce the energy consumption of food cold stores.
Applied Thermal Engineering 2014, 62 (2), 697-705.
8. Mota-Babiloni, A.; Navarro-Esbrí, J.; Makhnatch, P.; Molés, F., Refrigerant R32 as
lower GWP working fluid in residential air conditioning systems in Europe and the USA.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2017, 80, 1031-1042.
9. Cardoso, B. J.; Lamas, F. B.; Gaspar, A. R.; Ribeiro, J. B., Refrigerants used in the
Portuguese food industry: Current status. International Journal of Refrigeration 2017, 83, 60-
74.
10. Sánchez, D.; Cabello, R.; Llopis, R.; Catalán-Gil, J.; Nebot-Andrés, L., Energy
assessment and environmental impact analysis of an R134a/R744 cascade refrigeration plant
upgraded with the low-GWP refrigerants R152a, R1234ze(E), propane (R290) and propylene
(R1270). International Journal of Refrigeration 2019, 104, 321-334.
11. Calleja-Anta, D.; Nebot-Andrés, L.; Catalán-Gil, J.; Sánchez, D.; Cabello, R.; Llopis,
R., Thermodynamic screening of alternative refrigerants for R290 and R600a. Results in
Engineering 2020, 5, 100081.
12. Massuchetto, L. H. P.; Nascimento, R. B. C. d.; Carvalho, S. M. R. d.; Araújo, H. V.
d.; d'Angelo, J. V. H., Thermodynamic performance evaluation of a cascade refrigeration
system with mixed refrigerants: R744/R1270, R744/R717 and R744/RE170. International
Journal of Refrigeration 2019, 106, 201-212.
13. Zhang, L.; Yang, C.; Liu, H.; Du, P.; Gao, H., Theoretical Investigation on the
Properties of R744/R290 Mixtures. Procedia Engineering 2017, 205, 1620-1626.
14. Mečárik, K.; Masaryk, M., Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants R11, R12, R13,
R14, R22, R23, R113, R114, R500 and R502. Heat Recovery Systems and CHP 1991, 11 (2),
193-197.
15. Bao, Z. Y.; Fletcher, D. F.; Haynes, B. S., Flow boiling heat transfer of Freon R11 and
HCFC123 in narrow passages. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2000, 43 (18),
3347-3358.
16. Chen, S.; Liu, J.; Liu, X.; Hou, Y., An experimental comparison of heat transfer
characteristic between R134-a and R22 in spray cooling. Experimental Thermal and Fluid
Science 2015, 66, 206-212.
17. Fatouh, M.; Ibrahim, T. A.; Mostafa, A., Performance assessment of a direct
expansion air conditioner working with R407C as an R22 alternative. Applied Thermal
Engineering 2010, 30 (2), 127-133.
18. Kuczynski, W.; Bohdal, T.; Meyer, J. P.; Denis, A., A regressive model for dynamic
instabilities during the condensation of R404A and R507 refrigerants. International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 2019, 141, 1025-1035.
19. Kuczynski, W., Experimental research on condensation of R134a and R404A
refrigerants in mini-channels during impulsive instabilities. Part I. International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 2019, 128, 728-738.
20. Kondou, C.; Umemoto, S.; Koyama, S.; Mitooka, Y., Improving the heat dissipation
performance of a looped thermosyphon using low-GWP volatile fluids R1234ze(Z) and
R1234ze(E) with a super-hydrophilic boiling surface. Applied Thermal Engineering 2017,
118, 147-158.
21. Colombo, L. P. M.; Lucchini, A.; Molinaroli, L., Experimental analysis of the use of
R1234yf and R1234ze(E) as drop-in alternatives of R134a in a water-to-water heat pump.
International Journal of Refrigeration 2020.
22. Sun, Z.; Cui, Q.; Wang, Q.; Ning, J.; Guo, J.; Dai, B.; Liu, Y.; Xu, Y., Experimental
study on CO2/R32 blends in a water-to-water heat pump system. Applied Thermal
Engineering 2019, 162, 114303.
8
23. Hu, X.; Yang, T.; Meng, X.; Wu, J., Isothermal vapor liquid equilibrium
measurements for difluoromethane (R32) + fluoroethane (R161) + trans-1,3,3,3-
tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E)) ternary mixtures. International Journal of Refrigeration
2017, 79, 49-56.
24. Ju, F.; Fan, X.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, H.; Wang, T.; Tang, X., Performance assessment of
heat pump water heaters with R1233zd(E)/HCs binary mixtures. Applied Thermal
Engineering 2017, 123, 1345-1355.
25. Longo, G. A.; Mancin, S.; Righetti, G.; Zilio, C.; Steven Brown, J., Assessment of the
low-GWP refrigerants R600a, R1234ze(Z) and R1233zd(E) for heat pump and organic
Rankine cycle applications. Applied Thermal Engineering 2020, 167, 114804.
26. Zhu, J.; Elbel, S., Experimental investigation into the influence of vortex control on
transcritical R744 ejector and cycle performance. Applied Thermal Engineering 2020, 164,
114418.
27. Zhang, Y.; Wang, X.; Yin, J., Viscosity of saturated mixtures of 1-hexyl-3-methyl-
imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide with R600a and R152a. The Journal of
Chemical Thermodynamics 2020, 141, 105970.
28. Longo, G. A.; Righetti, G.; Zilio, C., Heat-transfer assessment of the low GWP
substitutes for traditional HFC refrigerants. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
2019, 139, 31-38.
29. Shaik, S. V.; Babu, T. P. A., Theoretical Computation of Performance of Sustainable
Energy Efficient R22 Alternatives for Residential Air Conditioners. Energy Procedia 2017,
138, 710-716.
30. La Rocca, V.; Panno, G., Experimental performance evaluation of a vapour
compression refrigerating plant when replacing R22 with alternative refrigerants. Applied
Energy 2011, 88 (8), 2809-2815.
31. Kasera, S.; Bhaduri, S. C., Performance of R407C as an Alternate to R22: A Review.
Energy Procedia 2017, 109, 4-10.
32. Elgendy, E.; Melike, M.; Fatouh, M., Experimental assessment of a split air
conditioner working with R-417A under different indoor and outdoor conditions. International
Journal of Refrigeration 2018, 85, 268-281.
33. Fernández-Seara, J.; Uhía, F. J.; Diz, R.; Dopazo, J. A., Vapour condensation of R22
retrofit substitutes R417A, R422A and R422D on CuNi turbo C tubes. International Journal of
Refrigeration 2010, 33 (1), 148-157.
34. Aprea, C.; Maiorino, A., An experimental investigation of the global environmental
impact of the R22 retrofit with R422D. Energy 2011, 36 (2), 1161-1170.
35. Oruç, V.; Devecioğlu, A. G., Thermodynamic performance of air conditioners
working with R417A and R424A as alternatives to R22. International Journal of Refrigeration
2015, 55, 120-128.
36. Chen, X.; Liu, C.; Yang, J.; Chen, J., Experimental study on R-22, R-427A, R-161 and
R-290 in air-source heat pump for space heating at low ambient temperatures. International
Journal of Refrigeration 2018, 96, 147-154.
37. Devecioğlu, A. G.; Oruç, V., The influence of plate-type heat exchanger on energy
efficiency and environmental effects of the air-conditioners using R453A as a substitute for
R22. Applied Thermal Engineering 2017, 112, 1364-1372.
38. Yang, M.; Zhang, H.; Meng, Z.; Qin, Y., Experimental study on R1234yf/R134a
mixture (R513A) as R134a replacement in a domestic refrigerator. Applied Thermal
Engineering 2019, 146, 540-547.
39. Makhnatch, P.; Mota-Babiloni, A.; López-Belchí, A.; Khodabandeh, R., R450A and
R513A as lower GWP mixtures for high ambient temperature countries: Experimental
comparison with R134a. Energy 2019, 166, 223-235.
9
57. Longo, G. A.; Mancin, S.; Righetti, G.; Zilio, C.; Brown, J. S., Assessment and
optimisation of low-GWP refrigerants during two-phase heat transfer inside small-diameter
smooth tubes. International Journal of Refrigeration 2020, 117, 61-70.
58. Wang, D.; Liu, Y.; Kou, Z.; Yao, L.; Lu, Y.; Tao, L.; Xia, P., Energy and exergy
analysis of an air-source heat pump water heater system using CO2/R170 mixture as an
azeotropy refrigerant for sustainable development. International Journal of Refrigeration
2019, 106, 628-638.
59. Berkah Fajar, T. K.; Restu Bagas, P.; Ukhi, S.; Alhamid, M. I.; Lubis, A., Energy and
exergy analysis of an R410A small vapor compression system retrofitted with R290. Case
Studies in Thermal Engineering 2020, 21, 100671.
60. Yang, L.; Gong, M.; Guo, H.; Dong, X.; Shen, J.; Wu, J., Isothermal (vapour+liquid)
equilibrium measurements and correlation for the {n-butane (R600)+1,1,1,3,3-
pentafluoropropane (R245fa)} system at temperatures from (303.150 to 373.150)K. The
Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 2016, 95, 49-53.
61. Qiu, J.; Zhang, H., Experimental investigation on two-phase frictional pressure drop of
R600a and R600a/3GS oil mixture in a smooth horizontal tube. International Journal of
Refrigeration 2020, 117, 307-315.
62. Pratama, F.; Reyseliani, N.; Syauqi, A.; Daud, Y.; Purwanto, W. W.; Wulan, P. P. D.
K.; Hidayatno, A., Thermoeconomic assessment and optimization of wells to flash–binary
cycle using pure R601 and zeotropic mixtures in the Sibayak geothermal field. Geothermics
2020, 85, 101778.
63. Li, J.; Liu, Q.; Duan, Y.; Yang, Z., Performance analysis of organic Rankine cycles
using R600/R601a mixtures with liquid-separated condensation. Applied Energy 2017, 190,
376-389.
64. Wu, X.; Yang, Z.; Wang, X.; Lin, Y., Experimental and theoretical study on the
influence of temperature and humidity on the flammability limits of ethylene (R1150). Energy
2013, 52, 185-191.
65. Zhang, Y.; He, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wu, X.; Jia, M.; Gong, Y., Experimental Investigation
of the Performance of an R1270/CO2 Cascade Refrigerant System. International Journal of
Refrigeration 2020.
66. CAN/ANSI/AHRI540, Performance Rating of Positive Displacement Refrigerant
Compressors and Compressor Units. Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute
(AHRI) (E) 2015, 5.
67. Aprea, C.; Maiorino, A.; Mastrullo, R., Change in energy performance as a result of a
R422D retrofit: An experimental analysis for a vapor compression refrigeration plant for a
walk-in cooler. Applied Energy 2011, 88 (12), 4742-4748.
68. Lumpkin, D. R.; Bahman, A. M.; Groll, E. A., Two-phase injected and vapor-injected
compression: Experimental results and mapping correlation for a R-407C scroll compressor.
International Journal of Refrigeration 2018, 86, 449-462.
69. Tomassetti, S.; Coccia, G.; Pierantozzi, M.; Di Nicola, G.; Brown, J. S., Vapor phase
and two-phase PvTz measurements of difluoromethane + 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene. The
Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 2020, 141, 105966.
70. Miyara, A.; Alam, M. J.; Kariya, K., Measurement of viscosity of trans-1‑chloro‑3,3,3-
trifluoropropene (R-1233zd(E)) by tandem capillary tubes method. International Journal of
Refrigeration 2018, 92, 86-93.
71. Fouad, W. A.; Vega, L. F., Transport properties of HFC and HFO based refrigerants
using an excess entropy scaling approach. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 2018, 131, 106-
116.
11
72. Bell, I. H.; Domanski, P. A.; McLinden, M. O.; Linteris, G. T., The hunt for
nonflammable refrigerant blends to replace R-134a. International Journal of Refrigeration
2019, 104, 484-495.
73. Domanski, P. A.; Brignoli, R.; Brown, J. S.; Kazakov, A. F.; McLinden, M. O., Low-
GWP refrigerants for medium and high-pressure applications. International Journal of
Refrigeration 2017, 84, 198-209.
74. Brignoli, R.; Brown, J. S.; Skye, H. M.; Domanski, P. A., Refrigerant performance
evaluation including effects of transport properties and optimized heat exchangers.
International Journal of Refrigeration 2017, 80, 52-65.
75. Abas, N.; Kalair, A. R.; Khan, N.; Haider, A.; Saleem, Z.; Saleem, M. S., Natural and
synthetic refrigerants, global warming: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 2018, 90, 557-569.
76. Zhang, H.; Gao, B.; Li, H.; Zhao, Y.; Wu, W.; Zhong, Q.; Dong, X.; Chen, Y.; Gong,
M.; Luo, E., Saturated liquid density equation for pure refrigerants including CFCs, HCFCs,
HFCs, HCs, HFOs, HFEs, PFAs and ISs based on the scaling law and the law of rectilinear
diameter. International Journal of Refrigeration 2018, 87, 65-77.
77. Vaghela, J. K., Comparative Evaluation of an Automobile Air - Conditioning System
Using R134a and Its Alternative Refrigerants. Energy Procedia 2017, 109, 153-160.
78. Zhang, X., Heat transfer and enhancement analyses of flow boiling for R417A and
R22. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 2011, 35 (7), 1334-1342.
79. Llopis, R.; Torrella, E.; Cabello, R.; Sánchez, D., HCFC-22 replacement with drop-in
and retrofit HFC refrigerants in a two-stage refrigeration plant for low temperature.
International Journal of Refrigeration 2012, 35 (4), 810-816.
80. Oruç, V.; Devecioğlu, A. G.; Berk, U.; Vural, İ., Experimental comparison of the
energy parameters of HFCs used as alternatives to HCFC-22 in split type air conditioners.
International Journal of Refrigeration 2016, 63, 125-132.
81. Wang, F.; Wang, F.; Fan, X.; Lian, Z., Experimental study on an inverter heat pump
with HFC125 operating near the refrigerant critical point. Applied Thermal Engineering 2012,
39, 1-7.
82. Arora, A.; Sachdev, H. L., Thermodynamic analysis of R422 series refrigerants as
alternative refrigerants to HCFC22 in a vapour compression refrigeration system.
International Journal of Energy Research 2009, 33 (8), 753-765.
83. Saeed, M. U.; Qureshi, S. R.; Hashmi, K. J.; Khan, M. A.; Danish, S. N., Performance
assessment of alternate refrigerants for retrofitting R22 based air conditioning system.
Thermal Science 2018, 22 (2), 931-941.
84. Devecioǧlu, A. G.; Oruç, V., The experimental comparison of environmental impacts
of some hfc's used instead of hcfc-22. Isi Bilimi Ve Teknigi Dergisi/ Journal of Thermal
Science and Technology 2016, 36 (1), 99-105.
85. Subiantoro, A.; Ooi, K. T.; Junaidi, A. Z., Performance and suitability comparisons of
some R22 possible substitute refrigerants. In 8th International Conference on Compressors
and their Systems, Woodhead Publishing: 2013; pp 67-76.
86. Hari Sankar, R.; Basnth, S.; Ajay Ghosh, K. J.; Sivan, M.; Vyshak Dileep, K.,
Research on environment friendly alternatives for R22, R12 and R409A refrigerants.
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 2019, 8 (1 Special Issue 4), 265-
271.
87. Shaik, S. V.; Babu, T. P. A., Theoretical Performance Investigation of Vapour
Compression Refrigeration System Using HFC and HC Refrigerant Mixtures as Alternatives
to Replace R22. Energy Procedia 2017, 109, 235-242.
12
88. Saengsikhiao, P., Taweekun, J., Maliwan, K., Sae-ung, S., Theppaya, T. (2020a). The
improvement of energyefficiency for refrigeration system in Thailand convenience store by
digital scroll compressor. Journal of
Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 74(1), 144–150. DOI
10.37934/
arfmts.74.1.144150.
89. Saengsikhiao, P., Juntakan, T., Kittinan, M., Somchai, S., Thanansak, T. (2020). The
replacement of the R404A refrigeration system with the environmentally friendly R448A, to
improve convenience store energy efficiency in Thailand. Journal of Advanced Research in
Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 75(1), 137–146. DOI10.37934/arfmts.75.1.137146.
90. Saengsikhiao, Piyanut, Juntakan Taweekun, Kittinan Maliwan, Somchai Sae-ung, and
Thanansak Theppaya. " The Performance Simulation of the New R463A HFC-HFO-Carbon
Dioxide Refrigerant with lower GWP, as an Alternate Option for the R404A Refrigeration
System." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 76, no. 1
(2020): 113-123.
91. Saengsikhiao, P., Taweekun, J., Maliwan, K., Sae-ung, S., & Theppaya, T. (2021).
Development of Environmentally Friendly and Energy Efficient Refrigerants for
Refrigeration Systems. Energy Engineering, 118(2), 411--433.
List of Tables
(°C)
ODP 0 0 0
GWP 2,330 2,440 1,805
Class A1 A1 A1
Lubricant type MO/AB/POE MO/AB/POE MO/POE
N/ 109.1 119.1 110.7
Qevap (kJ/kg) 79.66 88.62 A 90.78 99.74 90.03 6 7 7
152.4 135.6 N/ 194.6 174.7 156.7
Qcond (kJ/kg) 4 1 A 167.43 149.68 131.16 9 9 0
N/
Work (kJ/kg) 72.79 46.99 A 77.09 49.95 41.13 85.53 55.62 45.93
N/
COPc 1.09 1.89 A 1.17 2.00 2.19 1.28 2.14 2.41
Evaporator 140.5 385.3 N/ 254.8 448.0
Pressure (kPa) 0 0 A 117.00 329.10 566.50 87.60 0 0
Condenser 1,961. 2,149. N/ 1,743. 1,915. 2,465. 1,422. 1,568. 2,031.
Pressure (kPa) 70 10 A 60 10 80 10 30 60
Evaporator
Temp glide N/
(°C) -2.10 -2.10 A -2.20 -2.40 -2.00 -1.80 -2.00 -1.90
Condenser
Temp glide N/
(°C) 2.10 2.00 A 2.90 2.80 2.30 2.60 2.50 2.20
glide (°C)
Condenser Temp
glide (°C) 3.90 3.70 3.10 5.00 4.80 4.20
List of Figures