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General English

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>kj[kaM yksd lsok vk;ksx (JPSC)

General
English
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 JPSC DLP fo"k; lwph (Contents)

1. Part–A : Grammar & Usage 5 – 104

zzParts of Speech 5
‹‹ Noun 5
‹‹ Pronoun 10
‹‹ Adjective 14
‹‹ Verb 18
‹‹ Adverb 24
‹‹ Preposition 27
‹‹ Conjunction 32
zzArticle 35
zzWord Formation 38
zzTense & Sequence of Tenses 40
zzSentence 46
zzVoice 47
zzNarration 51
zzVocabulary 56
zzSynonym 63
zzAntonym 68
zzIdioms and Phrases 73
zzSentence Rearrangement 80
zzSentence Completion 82
zzFill in the Blanks 83
zzError Correction 86
zzTheme Detection 88
zzModals 90
zzOne Word Substitution 95
zzWords often Confused and Misused 102
2. Part–B : Comprehension, Translation & Precise Writing 105 – 136
3. Part–C : Composition and Letter Writing 137 – 150
 Part–A : Grammar & Usage

1. Parts of Speech

os 'kCn lewg tks ,d iw.kZ vFkZ dk cksèk djkrs gSa] Example:

sentence dgykrs gSaA fdlh sentence ds 'kCnksa dks muds He wrote the article quickly.
mi;ksx ds vkèkkj ij fuEufyf[kr oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k This flower is very beautiful.
tkrk gS] ftUgsa Parts of Speech dgrs gSaA Parts of Speech Preposition
vkB çdkj ds gSa& A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a
1. Noun 5. Adverb pronoun to show how the person or things denoted
2. Pronoun 6. Preposition by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something
3. Adjective 7. Conjunction else. i.e. in, on, after, into, of, by etc.
4. Verb 8. Interjection Example:
Noun There is a monkey in the room.
A noun is a word used as the name of a person, The girl is fond of music.
place or thing. i.e. Ram, Delhi, City etc.
Conjunction
Example:
Gandhi was a great leader. A conjunction is a word used to join words as
sentences. i.e. but, and, or, so, yet etc.
Delhi is on the banks of the river Yamuna.
Example:
Pronoun I ran fast but missed the bus.
A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. i.e. Gayatri and Smita are friends.
he, she, you, they, I etc.
Example: Interjection
Anit is absent, because he is ill. An Interjection is a word which expresses some
sudden feeling. i.e. wow!, oh!, hurrah!, ouch! etc.
Adjective
Example:
An adjective is a word used to add something to
the meaning of a noun or pronoun. Hurrah! we have won the game.
Example: Alas! she is dead.
Rahul is a brave boy. dqN 'kCn nks Parts of Speech dh rjg mi;ksx fd;s
There are five girls in this room. tk ldrs gSa vkSj fcuk mudk mi;ksx fuf'pr fd;s ;g
Verb dguk dfBu gksxk fd fn;k x;k 'kCn fdl Part of Speech
A verb is a word used to express an action or a ls lacaèk j[krk gSA
state. i.e. want, win, sing etc. Example:
Example: They arrived soon after. (Adverb)
Uday wrote a letter to his friend. They arrived after us. (Preposition)
Allahabad is a good city.
Adverb (i) Noun
An adverb is a word used to add something to
A noun is a word used as the name of a person,
the meaning of a verb. i.e. really, soon, frequently,
rarely, fast etc. place or thing. i.e. Ram, Delhi, City etc.
10 General English

EXPLANATIONS Example: Ram is absent because he is ill.

Pronouns are classified as follows:
1. 'hundreds' ds LFkku ij 'hundred' gksxkA 1. Personal Pronoun
2. 'cattle' – 'cattles' 2. Reflective and Emphatic Pronoun
3. 'is' – 'are' 3. Demonstrative Pronoun
4. 'have' – 'has' 4. Indefinite Pronoun
5. 'has' – 'have' 5. Distributive Pronoun
6. No error. 6. Relative Pronoun
7. 'fishes' – 'fish' 7. Interrogative Pronoun
8. 'somebody'e else' – 'somebody else's'. 8. Reciprocal Pronoun
9. 'advices' – 'advice' 9. Exclamatory Pronoun
10. 'was' – 'were' 10. Impersonal Pronoun
11. (a) 'brother-in-laws' – 'brothers-in-law'
1. Personal Pronoun
12. (b) 'have' – 'has'
I, We, You, He, She, It, They dks Personal
13. (a) 'is' – 'are'
Pronoun dgrs gSa] D;ksafd ;s rhu Persons dks n'kkZrs gSaA
14. (c) 'sheeps' – 'sheep'
15. (d) No error. 1. tks Lo;a dqN dg jgk gksA – First Person
2. ftlls dqN dgk tk jgk gks@dgk x;k gksA
(ii) Pronoun
 – Second Person
A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. 3. ftlds ckjs esa dqN dgk tk,A – Third Person

Forms of Personal Pronoun

PRONOUN CHART
Subjective Objective Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns Pronouns
1st Person I me my mine myself
2nd Person you you your yours yourself
3rd Person (Male) he him his his himself
3rd Person (Female) she her her hers herself
3rd Person it it its not used itself
1st Person (Plural) we us our ours ourselves
2nd Person (Plural) you you your yours yourselves
3rd Person (Plural) they them their theirs themselves

2. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronoun She Herself

fdlh subject }kjk Lo;a ds fy;s fd;s x, dk;Z dks self They Themselves
}kjk çdV djus gsrq Reflexive Pronoun dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA It Itself
Subject Reflexive Pronoun One Oneself
I Myself Example:
We Ourselves Raju stitches the clothes himself.
You Yourselves zzReflexive Pronoun dk ç;ksx ‘by’ preposition
He Himself yxkdj Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
14 General English

EXPLANATIONS A word used with a noun to describe or point out,

the person, animal, place or thing which the noun
names, or to tell the number or quality, is called an
1. The man who
adjective.
2. No error.
3. No error. Kinds of Adjectives
4. 'their' ds LFkku ij 'his' gksxkA 1. Adjectives of Quality (or descriptive adjective)
5. 'only' ls igys 'the' dk ç;ksx gksxkA The word used to show the kind or quality of a
6. Between you and me D;ksafd 'Between ......... and ds person or thing.
lkFk 'Possessive Pronoun' dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Example: Allahabad is a clean city.
7. I, you and he D;ksafd all the three persons are given 2. Adjectives of Quantity
in a sentence and they made a mistake, so the order The word used to show how much of a thing is
of the persons is 123. meant.
8. 'one' should always be followed by 'one's' so one's Example: Give me some water.
duty. He did not eat any rice.
9. No error. 3. Adjectives of numbers
10. 'one another' ds LFkku ij 'each other' vk,xk] D;ksafd The word used to show how many person or thing
;gk¡ ij nks O;fDr;ksa dh ckr dh tk jgh gSA are meant, or in what order a person or thing stands.
11. (a) You, we and they ds LFkku ij 'we, you and they' Example: Few cats like cold water.
gksxk] D;ksafd all the three persons are given in a All men must die.
single sentence and all are in plural form, then the Adjectives of numbers are of three kinds–
order is 123.
(i) Definite numeral adjectives e.g., one, two etc.
12. (d) No error.
(ii) Indefinite numeral adjectives e.g., All, no, many,
13. (b) 'their' ds LFkku ij 'her' gksxkA few.
14. (a) 'who' ds LFkku ij 'which' gksxkA (iii) Distributive numeral adjectives e.g., Each,
15. (c) 'Virat Kohli's' ds LFkku ij 'Virat Kohli' vk,xkA Every, Either, Neither etc.
16. (d) 'his' – 'him' 4. Demonstrative Adjectives
17. (b) 'the only' The word used to point out which person or thing
18. (c) 'Each other' ds LFkku ij 'one another' vk,xk] D;ksfa d is meant.
;gk¡ ij nks ls vfèkd O;fDr;ksa dh ckr dh tk jgh gSA Example: This boy is stronger than Hari.
19. (d) me – I I hate such things.
20. (b) Let me speak D;ksfa d 'Let' ds lkFk ges'kk possessive 5. Interrogative Adjectives
pronoun vkrk gSA What, Which & Whose, when they are used with
nouns to ask questions called interrogative Adjectives.
(iii) Adjective Example: Which way shall we go.

zzKinds of Adjectives 6. Emphasizing Adjectives

zzFormation of Adjectives The word used to give emphasis on something.
zzComparison of Adjectives
Own & very are used as emphasizing adjectives.
‹‹Formation of comparative & superlative Example: Mind your own bussiness.
‹‹Irregular Comparison 7. Exclamatory Adjectives
‹‹Interchange of degree of comparison The word ‘what’ is sometimes used as an
zzAdjectives used as nouns exclamatory adjective.
zzNouns used as adjectives Example: What an idea!
zzPosition of adjectives What a shot!
18 General English

14. (i) He always (iv) Verb

(ii) prefers coffee than
(iii) tea. A verb is a word used to tell or assert something
about some person or thing.
(iv) No error
(a) (i) (b) (iii) dk;Z dk gksuk ;k çxfr ij gksuk n'kkZus okys 'kCn Verb
(c) (ii) (d) (iv) dgykrs gSAa
15. (i) On your next birthday, Example: He writes.
A verb may tell us–
(ii) I will send you
1. What a person or thing does.
(iii) much chocolates.
eg.: Hari laughs.
(iv) No error.
2. What is done to a person or thing.
(a) (i) (b) (iii)
eg.: Hari is scolded.
(c) (ii) (d) (iv)
3. What a person or thing is.
Answer Key eg.: The cat is dead.
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (b) Types of Verb
Verbs nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa&
EXPLANATIONS
1. Transitive Verb
2. Intransitive Verb
1. 'badly' ds LFkku ij 'bad' gksxkA
Transitive Verb
2. 'worth reading' needs to come after 'novel' i.e. This
is a novel worth reading during travelling. A transitive verb is a verb that denotes an action
which passes over from the does or subject to an
3. low – lower object.
4. 'as – as' needs to be removed i.e. this book is eg.: Manoj is eating food.
getting cheaper day by day.
mi;qZDr okD; esa Verb– eating ([kk jgk gS) dk çHkko
5. 'most' should be removed.
Food, tks Object gS] ij iM+ jgk gSA vr% Verb Transitive
6. much – very
Verb gSA
7. 'sincere' ds igys 'most' vk,xkA Intransitive Verb
8. No error. An intransitive verb is a verb that denotes an
9. hard – hardly action which does not pass over to an object, or which
10. the most – more expresses a state or being.
eg.: The baby sleeps.
11. (b) 'junior' is always followed by 'to' not by 'than'.
The different forms of verb are:
12. (c) better – best
(a) First Form (Present Tense)
13. (d) 'senior' is always followed by 'to'.
(b) Second Form (Past Tense)
14. (c) 'prefer' is always followed by 'to'.
(c) Third Form (Past Participle)
15. (b) much – many (d) ‘ing’ form (Present Participle)

Forms of Verbs
1st Form 2nd Form 3rd Form
'ing' Form
(Present Tense) (Past Tense) (Past Participle)
Abuse Abused Abused Abusing
Act Acted Acted Acting
24 General English

12. One of my relatives are going on a foreign trip. 21. Each boy is doing his work.
(a) One of my relatives (b) are going (a) Each boy (b) is doing
(c) on a foreign trip. (d) No error. (c) his work. (d) No error.
13. The President, together with his wife, greet the 22. Each of the students are shouting in the class.
nation cordially. (a) Each of the
(a) The President (b) students are shouting
(b) together with his wife (c) in the class.
(c) greet the nation cordially. (d) No error.
(d) No error. 23. Not only the teachers but also the students is happy
with the results.
14. Millions of people lives in this country.
(a) Not only the teachers
(a) Millions of (b) people lives
(b) but also the students
(c) in this country. (d) No error. (c) is happy with the results.
15. Meena along with his family want to go to see the (d) No error.
museum.
Answer Key
(a) Meena along with his family
(b) want to go to 11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b)
(c) see the museum. 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
(d) No error. 21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (c)
16. Each of us want to do well in our life.
(a) Each of us EXPLANATIONS
(b) want to do well
1. waited 13. (c) greet – greets
(c) in our life.
2. were 14. (b) lives – live
(d) No error.
3. rests 15. (b) want – wants
17. Everybody are tired due to this hectic schedule. 4. state – states 16. (b) want – wants
(a) Everybody are 5. are – is 17. (a) are – is
(b) tired due to this 6. is – are 18. (b) are – is
(c) hectic schedule. 7. were – was 19. (b) is – are
(d) No error. 8. was – were 20. (c) work – works
18. A pair of spectacles are broken due to an accident. 9. are – is 21. (d) No error.
(a) A pair of 10. are – is 22. (b) are – is
(b) spectacles are broken 11. (d) No error. 23. (c) is – are
(c) due to an accident. 12. (b) are – is
(d) No error.
(v) Adverb
19. Ram and Shyam is going to the movies.
(a) Ram and Shyam (b) is going to
Definition
(c) the movies. (d) No error.
A word that modifies the meaning of a verb, an
20. The director, with all the crew members, work adjective or another Adverb is called Adverb.
very hard. The words quickly, very and quite are therefore
(a) The director adverbs.
(b) with all the crew members Example:
(c) work very hard. Rama runs quickly.
(d) No error. The sun shines brightly.
Part–A : Grammar & Usage 27

8. I _____ went to meet anybody. Kinds of Preposition

(a) rarely (b) always
(c) little (d) more Prepositions dks fuEufyf[kr lewgksa esa ck¡Vk tk
9. You must learn to behave _____ in the face of ldrk gS&
danger. Simple Prepositions
(a) manful (b) manfulness At, by, far, from, in, of, off, on, out, through, till,
(c) manfully (d) None of these. to, up, with.
10. A soldier is always trained never to fight in a Compound Prepositions
_____ manner.
bUgsa lkekU;r% fdlh Noun, adjective ;k adverb
(a) coward (b) cowards
(c) cowardness (d) cowardly
ds vkxs Prefix tksM+dj cuk;k tkrk gSA (lkekU;r% a =
no, be = by)
Answer Key
Eg.: About, above, across, along, amidst, among,
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d) amongst, around, before, behind, below, beneath,
beside, between, beyond, inside, outside, underneath,
within, without.
EXPLANATIONS
Phrase Prepositions
1. carefully 6. (a) much
,d Preposition ds LFkku ij 'kCn lewg dk mi;ksx
2. gently 7. (b) late
gksus ij Phrase Preposition dgrs gSaA
3. too 8. (a) rarely Eg.: According to, in accordance with, agreeably
4. as well 9. (c) manfully to, in addition to, in reference to, along with, by virtue
5. as 10. (d) cowardly of, in favour of, with an eye to, in order to.
zzBarring, concerning, considering, during, not
(vi) Preposition withstanding, pending, regarding, respecting,
touching vkSj dqN vU; leku 'kCn verb ds present
Definition participles gSaA ;s fcuk noun ;k pronoun ds
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or
a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing
ç;qDr gksrs gSaA lHkh O;kogkfjd ç;ksxksa esa ;s 'kCn
denoted by its stands in regard to something else. Preposition dh rjg mi;ksx gksrs gSaA bUgsa Participle
Eg.: There is a cow in the field. Preposition Hkh dgrs gSaA
The cat jumped off the chair. Eg.:
zzPreposition ds lkFk ç;qDr Noun ;k Pronoun dks Barring accident, the mail will arrive tomorrow.
Touching this matter, I have not as yet made up
Object dgrs gSaA
my mind.
zzPreposition ds lkFk nks ;k vfèkd object gks ldrs
Relations expressed by Preposition
gSaA
zzlkekU;r% preposition dks object ls igys j[krs gSa Place Went about the world
ijarq dHkh&dHkh object ds ckn Hkh preposition dk Time After his death
ç;ksx gksrk gSA Agency, Instrumentality Sell goods at auction
Eg.: What are you looking at? Manner Faught with courage
That is the man I was spearing of. Cause, Reason, Purpose died of fever
zzFor, From, in, on vkfn dks Nouns of
Preposition Possession There was no money
Place or time ds igys ls gVk fn;k tkrk gSA on him.
Eg.: I cannot walk a yard. Measure, Standard, Rate, He charges interest by
Wait a minute. Value four percent.
32 General English

18. The girl filled the pitcher ______ water. 20. (d) superior to
(a) of (b) with 21. (c) pip cgqr de varj ls gjkuk
(c) in (d) for
22. (c) called on
19. Throw a stone ______ the fierce dog.
23. (b) before
(a) at (b) upon
(c) on (d) above (vii) Conjunction
20. Is not learning superior ________ wealth?
(a) than (b) from
(c) by (d) to Definition
21. She pipped her rival _____ the gold medal. A conjunction is a word which merely joins
(a) to (b) near together sentences and sometimes words.
(c) for (d) with Example: Our hoard is little, but our hearts are
22. The smell of the sea called _____ memories of great.
her childhood.
(a) for (b) back Conjunctions }kjkµ
(c) on (d) up z 'kCnksa dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
23. Cowards die many times ______ their death. z fdlh okD; ds vyx&vyx Hkkxksa dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
(a) about (b) before
(c) after (d) for ⇒ dqN conjunctions tksM+s esa iz;qDr gksrs gSa] bUgsa

Answer Key correlative conjunctions dgrs gSaA

eg., Either – or, Either take it or leave it.
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) Neither – nor, It is neither useful nor
16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (d) ornamental.
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (b) Both – and, We both love and honour him.
Though – yet, Though he is suffering much
EXPLANATIONS pain, yet he does not
complain.
1. of Whether – or, I do not care whether you go
2. on or stay.
3. in Not only-but also. He is not only foolish, but
4. agree to a proposal also obstinate.
5. devoted to z dqN okD;ka'k Hkh conjunctions dh rjg iz;qDr gksrs
6. for gSa] bUgsa compound conjunctions dgrs gSaA
7. born of eg.:
8. since In order that – The notice was published in
9. no trace of order that all might know
10. cast off udkjuk the poet.
11. (c) make over iqufuZekZ.k Even if – Such an act would not be
kind even if it were just.
12. (d) prevail on
So that – He saved same bread so that
13. (a) part from – fcNM+uk he should not go hungry-
14. (d) among tomorrow.
15. (d) off the shore Provided that – You can borrow the book
16. (a) grieved at provided that you return it
17. (c) go through the mind soon.
18. (b) with As well as – Raju as well as vinay was
19. (a) at present there.
Part–A : Grammar & Usage 35

2. Articles 2. tc singular noun }kjk iwjs oxZ dks n'kkZ;k tk jgk gksA
Example: The Cow is a useful animal.
'kCn ‘a’ ;k ‘an’ vkSj ‘The’ dks Article dgrs gSaA z Man vkSj woman nouns dks lkekU; vFkks± esa ‘The’
;s Noun ds igys vkrs gSaA article ds fcuk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
A ;k An dks ‘Indefinite Article’ dgrs gSa] D;ksafd Example: Example: Man is the only animal that
;s lkekU;r% vfuf'pr O;fDr ;k oLrq dks bafxr djrs gSaA used fire.
Woman is man's mate.
Example: A doctor (vFkkZr~ dksbZ Hkh Doctor)
z vktdy iz;ksx gksus okyh vaxzs”kh esa a woman vkSj
‘The’ dks Definite Article dgrs gSa] D;ksafd ;g
a man dk iz;ksx lkekU; gSA
lkekU;r% fuf'pr O;fDr ;k oLrq dks bafxr djrk gSA
Example: A woman is man's mate.
Example: He saw the doctor. (vFkkZr~ fdlh Hkh
fuf'pr Doctor ds laca/ esa) 3. dqN proper nouns ds igys&
Example:
Singular countable noun ds igys indefinite article
(a) 
egklkxj vkSj lkxjksa ds uke ls igys& The pacific,
dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
The Black Sea.
Example: A book, An organ
(b) unh& The Ganga, The Yamuna.
Singular countable nouns, plural countable nouns
(c) ugj& The panama Canal.
vkSj uncountable nouns ds igys definite article dk
(d) e#LFky& The Sahara.
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(e) }hi lewg& The West Indies.
Example: The book, The books, The milk
(f) ioZr Ük`a[kyk& The Himalaya.
Indefinite Article ‘a’;k ‘an’ esa fdldk iz;ksx
(g) 
oqQN ns'kksa ftuds uke esa Republic, Kingdom
fd;k tk,xk ;g èofu ij fuHkZj gSA ;fn Noun dk izkjaHk
bR;kfn vkrk gS] ds igys vkSj The Ukrain, The
Vowel èofu ls gks rks ‘An’ dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,xkA ogha] Netherlands.
;fn Noun 'kCn dk izkjaHk Consonant èofu ls gks rks
4. dqN iqLrdksa ds uke ls igys&
‘a’ dk iz;ksx lgh gSA Example: The Vedas, The Puranas,
Example: An ass, an enemy, an orange, an inkpad, The Ramayana.
an umbrella, an hour, an honest man,
an heir. 5. vf}rh; izdkj dh oLrqvksa ds uke ls igys&
Example: The Sun, The Moon, The Sky, The Sea.
;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd honest, hour, heir, 'kCnksa
dks cksyus ij Vowel mPpkj.k vkrk gS] Consonant ‘h’ 6. tc dksbZ Proper Noun fdlh fo'ks"k.k ds ;ksX; gks
dh èofu silent jgrh gS] vr% ‘an’ dk iz;ksx mfpr gSA rks mlds vkxs ‘The’ yxkuk mfpr gSA
Example: The great caesar.
University, Union bR;kfn 'kCnks a ds mPpkj.k
Consonant èofu ls izkjaHk gksrk gS] vr% buds vkxs ‘a’ 7. Superlative form ds lkFk&
dk gh iz;ksx gksxkA Example: The darkest cloud.
The best book of mathematics.
Definite Article dk iz;ksx 8. Øelwpd okD;ksa esa&
‘The’ dk iz;ksx fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa gksrk gS& Example: The sixth chapter of the book is very
interesting.
1. tc fdlh fuf'pr O;fDr ;k oLrq dh ckr dh tk
jgh gks vFkok tc mlh O;fDr dks bafxr djuk gks 9. ok| ;a=kksa ds uke ls igys&
ftldk iwoZ izlax vk pqdk gks rks ‘The’ dk iz;ksx Example: He can play the flute.
djrs gSaA 10. fdlh Noun ds igys] mldks Superlative dh rjg
Example: The book you want is out of print. cukus gsrq&
The boy cried. Example: The verb is the word in the sentence.
38 General English

EXPLANATIONS Note: Most of the words in English language are

only Primary words. A Primary word may be of the
1. the 13. (b) the Netherlands type of noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, adverb etc.
2. an 14. (c) an hour The Formation of words has few rules which
3. An 15. (a) The President, the determine the nature of the words found thus.
4. the nation 2. Compound words:
16. (c) t h e p i a n o , t h e The compound words are formed by joining two
5. the best
guitar or more Primary words. A compound word may be of
6. a the type of noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, adverb,
17. (a) The British conjunction, preposition etc.
7. an, the
18. (d) No article Example:
8. the
19. (b) the camera Moonlight, Undertake, nevertheless, man-of-
9. the
20. (a) a better war, misunderstanding etc. .......
10. the most
21. (c) the hammer An addition to the beginning of a word is a
11. (d) no article
22. (d) no article prefix.
12. (a) the An addition to the end of a word is a suffix.
23. (b) an
Formation of compound words of Nouns,
3. Word Formation Adjectives and verbs:
Compound words – Nouns
In English language, word formation refers to the
ways in which new words are made on the basis of 1. Noun + Noun
other words. Example:
Word formation can denote either a state or a ‹‹Postman, Railway, Teaspoon, Horse – Power,
process. Common examples of expressive compound table – cloth, maid – servant, Tax – payer, Chess
words include sun-stroke, pick – pocket, elbow – –board, bread – winner
room, land –lord, humming – bird etc. 2. Adjective + Noun
The two parts of a compound word are usually Example: Sweetheart, Nobleman, Blackboard,
separated by a hyphen. However, in the case of many Quicksilver, Stronghold
common compound words, the component parts have 3. Verb + Noun
become so closely connected that they are now written Example: Makeshift, Telltale, break–fast, Pass-
as one word without any hyphen between them. port, dare – devil, Pick – packet
For example, pass time is now written as pastime. 4. Gerund + Noun
The formation of words has few rules which Example: Drawing – room, Looking – glass,
determine the nature of the words formed thus. Writing – desk, Walking – stick,
Words can be classified into four types as follows: Skipping – rope
1. Primary words 5. Adverb (or preposition) + Noun
2. Compound words ‹‹Outlaw, Afternoon, Foresight, Overcoat,
Afternoon, Downfall, Bypass, Inside.
3. Primary Derivatives
6. Verb + Adverb
4. Secondary Derivatives
Example: Drawback, Lock – up, Go – between,
1. Primary words Die – hard, send – off.
Words which are not derived or compounded or
7. Adverb + Verb
developed from other words are called Primary words.
They belong to the original stocks of the words. Example:Outset, Upkeep, Outcry, Income,
Outcome
Example: Walk, net, dash, dot, book, pen, month,
school, boy, girl, she, it, etc.......... Compound words – Adjective
40 General English

PREFIXES Ledge – knowledge

Ness – darkness, goodness, boldness
z A – on, in Red – hatred, kindred
Abed, aboard, ashore, asleep Ship – friendship, hardship, lordship
z A – out, from Th – health, stealth, growth
Arise, awake, alight
3. Denoting diminutives
z Be – by
El – kernel
Beside, betimes, besmear, bedaub
Le – girdle, handle
z For – thoroughly
En – maiden, kitten, chicken
Forbear, forgive
Ie – dearie, birdie
z Grain – against
Kin – napkin
Gainsay
Let – leaflet
z In – in
Ling – darling, weakling
Income, inland, inlay
Ock – hillock, bullock
z Mis – wrong, wrongly
Misdeed , misunderstanding, mislead, misjudge II. Suffixes of Adjectives
z Over – above, beyond Ed – having
Overflow, overcharge Eg: Gifted, talented, learned
z To – this En – made of
To–day, to–night, to–morrow Eg: wooden, golden, woollen, earthen
z Un – not Ful – full of
Untrue, Unkind, Unholy Eg: Hopeful, fruitful, joyful
z Un – to reverse an action Ish – somewhat like
Unite, Undo, Unfold Eg: Reddish, girlish
z Under – beneath, below Less – free from
Undersell, Undercharge, undergo, underground Eg: Fearless
z With – back, against Ly – Like
Withdraw, withhold, withstand Eg: Manly, Godly, Sprightly

SUFFIXES 4. Tense & Sequence of Tenses

I. Suffixes of Nouns The word Tense is derived from latin word
“Tempus” which means time. A verb indicates the
1. Denoting the doer time of an action, event or condition by changing its
Er – Painter, baker forms.
Ar – beggar
Or – sailor Present Tense (orZeku dky)
Yer – lawyer Present tense expresses an unchanging, repeated
Ster – spinster, punster or reoccurring action or situation that exists only now.
Ter – daughter, sister A verb that refers to present time.
Ther – Brother, mother, Father (fØ;k (verb) dk og :i tks orZeku le; dks lwfpr
2. Denoting state, action, condition, being etc. ....... djsaA)
Dom – freedom, wisdom Simple Present
Hood – manhood, childhood is used to describe an action, an event or condition
Head – gohead that is occurring in the present i.e. at the moment of
Lock – wedlock speaking or writing.
46 General English

5. Sentence (os okD; tks iz'u iwNs ;k fdlh ds ckjs esa [kkst djs]
iz'uokpd okD; dgykrs gSaA)
A sentence is a set of words, which makes Interrogative Sentences nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa&
complete sense. izR;sd Sentence (okD;) ds nks Hkkx
z Sentences Starting with “Helping Verb”–
gksrs gSa& 1. Subject, 2. Predicate.
1. Subject (dÙkkZ)% The Part which names the
lgk;d fØ;k ls izkjaHk gksus okys okD;ksa dk mÙkj gk¡
person or thing is called the subject of the sentence. ;k uk esa vkrk gSA
(okD; dk og Hkkx ftlesa fdlh O;fDr ;k oLrq dh Example: Shall they be reading?
tkudkjh gks] dÙkkZ dgykrk gSA) Is Rohan an honest boy?

2. Predicate (fo/s;)% The Part which tells z Sentences Starting with “Question Word”–
something about the subject is called the predicate of iz'uokpd 'kCnksa ls izkjaHk gksus okys okD;ksa esa fdlh
the sentence.
rF; dh iw.kZ [kkst dh tkrh gSA
(okD; dk og Hkkx tks dÙkkZ ds ckjs esa dqN dgs] Example: Where do you live?
fo/s; dgykrk gSA) Who is your Chief Minister?
Example:
Tejas (Subject) + is playing football (Predicate) 3. Imperative Sentence (vkKklwpd okD;)
lkekU;r;k okD; ds ik¡p izdkj gksrs gSa& A sentence which shows order, advice, suggestion,
prohibition and request is called imperative sentence.
1. Assertive sentence; 2. Interrogative sentence;
3. Imperative sentence; 4. Optative sentence; (os okD; ftlesa vkKk] lykg] lq>ko] izkFkZuk vkfn
5. Exclamatory sentence gks] vkKklwpd okD; dgykrs gSaA)
1. Assertive Sentence (fu'p;kRed okD;) Example: Please, come fast (order)
A sentence that makes a statement or declaration Go there. (request)
is called Assertive sentence. Don't smoke. (Prohibition)
(os okD; ftlesa lk/kj.k :i ls dksbZ ckr ;k dFku dgk
4. Optative Sentence (dkeuklwpd okD;)
tk,] mUgsa lk/kj.k ;k fu'p;kRed okD; dgrs gSaA)
A sentence which shows a wish, a blessing or a
Assertive Sentence nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa&
prayer is known as optative sentence.
z Affirmative Sentence (ldkjkRed okD;)% A
(,sls okD; tks bPNk] izkFkZuk ;k 'kqHkdkeuk vkfn n'kkZrs
sentence which states something which shows
affirmation is called affirmative sentence. gksa] dkeuklwpd okD; dgykrs gSaA ,sls okD; Wish/May
(os okD; ftuesa Lohdkj ;ksX; dFku dgk x;k gks] ls 'kq: gksrs gSaA)
Example: Wish you a happy journey.
ldkjkRed dgykrs gSaA)
May God help you!
Example: Tejas is an intelligent student.
z Negative Sentence (udkjkRed okD;)% A 5. Exclamatory Sentence (foLe;kfncks/d okD;)
sentence which states something which shows A sentence that expresses strong feeling is called
denial is called negative sentence. an exclamatory sentence.
(os okD; ftuesa udkjkRed 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gks] (okD; tks vpkud vk, gq, fopkjksa ;k ekufld Hkkoukvksa
udkjkRed okD; dgykrs gSaA) dks izdV djsa] foLe;kfncks/d okD; dgykrs gSaA)
Example: Aradhya is not an intelligent girl. Example: Oh! Vipul is here.
Hurrah! Our team has won the match.
2. Interrogative Sentence (iz'uokpd okD;)%
A sentence that asks a question or enquires about Note: foLe;kfncks/d okD;ksa ds var esa foLe;kfncks/d fpÉ
something is called interrogative sentence. yxkrs gSaA
Part–A : Grammar & Usage 47

6. Voice 3. lHkh Tenses ds fy;s] Passive voice ds sentences

esa] dsoy verb ds 3rd form (Past Participle) dk
Voice is the term used to describe whether a verb iz;ksx eq[; fØ;k ds :i esa djrs gSaA
is active or passive. The voice of a verb tells us
whether the subject of the verb is acting or acted Verb ds base form ;k present participle dk
upon. passive voice esa dHkh iz;ksx ugha gksrkA
Voice nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa& 4. vf/dka'k cases esa passive voice esa “by” 'kCn dk
1. Active Voice; 2. Passive Voice iz;ksx ges'kk subject ds igys djrs gSaA gkyk¡fd “by”
1. Active Voice: In Active voice the subject is 'kCn dk iz;ksx ges'kk ugha gksrkA dHkh&dHkh “with,
active or the subject actively performs the actions. In
this the object receives the action of the verb and the to, etc” 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh passive voice esa subject
focus is on Subject. ds vkxs djrs gS tks sentence ds subject ds Åij
Subject + Verb + Object
fuHkZj djrk gSA ijarq ;s words dqN gh cases esa iz;ksx
Example: fd;s tkrs gSaA
The cow is eating grass. 5. Active voice esa sentence ds tenses ds vuqlkj passive
Subject Verb Object voice esa Auxiliary verb ifjo£rr gks tkrs gSaA
Active voice esa Subject (dÙkkZ) lfØ; gksrk gS mi;qZDr fu;eksa esa] fliZQ Rule 5 dks NksM+dj ckdh
vFkkZr~ dÙkkZ Lo;a dk;Z djrk gS ,oa è;ku dk eq[; dsaæ lHkh fu;e Active voices dks passive voices esa cnyus
subject gh gksrk gSA gsrq basic rules ekus tkrs gSaA
2. Passive Voice: In passive voice, the subject Rule 5, tks fd auxiliary verbs ds iz;ksx ds ckjs esa
is no longer active or the subject is acted upon by the
verb. gS] og sentence ds izR;sd tense ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx
Object + Helping verb + 3rd form of Verb + by + Subject
gksrk gSA
Example: 1. Present Tense
Grass is being eaten by the cow. A. Simple Present Tense
Subject Verb Object
Auxiliary verbs used in Passive voice: is/are/am.
Passive Voice esa Subject fuf"Ø; gksrk gS vFkkZr~
Active Voice Passive Voice
tc verb ls ,slk izdV gks fd dÙkkZ Lo;a dk;Z ugha dj
Subject + 1st form of Object + is/am/are
jgk gS cfYd dksbZ mlds fy;s dk;Z dj jgk gS rks ;g
Verb + Object + Verb's 3rd form + by
passive voice dgykrk gSA
+ Subject
tc okD; esa dÙkkZ fØ;k dk laiknu ugha djrk gS
zzHe lights a candle. zzCandle is lighted by him.
cfYd fØ;k mlh ij laikfnr gksrh gS rks iz;qDr Verb dks
zzHe does not light a Candle is not lighted by
Passive Voice esa gksuk le>k tkrk gSA
candle. him.
Note: ;gk¡ ;g egÙoiw.kZ ugha gS fd dk;Z fdlus fd;kA zzDoes he light a zzIs a candle lighted by
blesa dÙkkZ deZ (Object) ij vf/d tksj fn;k tkrk gSA candle? him?
vFkkZr~ object gh fØ;k dk dÙkkZ cu tkrk gSA
B. Present Continuous Tense
Fundamental Rules Auxiliary verbs used in Passive voice: Is being/
1. Subject ,oa object ds LFkku vkil esa cny fy;s Are being/Am being.
tkrs gSaA Active Voice Passive Voice
2. Passive voice esa ges'kk Subject dk gksuk ”k:jh ugha Subject + is/am/are/1st Object + is/am/
gksrkA Passive voice okD; dks fcuk fdlh subject form of are + being + 3rd
ds fy[kk tk ldrk gS vxj blds fcuk i;kZIr vFkZ Verb + ing + Object form of verb + by
fudy ik jgk gksA + Subject
Part–A : Grammar & Usage 51

Answer Key Direct Speech dks Indirect Speech

esa cnyus ds fu;e&
Rule-1: ‘Comma’ ,oa ‘Inverted Comma’ dks
1. Active voice: Non-collegiate students should
fill the applications only. gVkdj Conjunction 'kCn “that” dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
2. Passive voice: Your assignments must be Example: He said, “I write a letter.”
submitted. He said that he wrote a letter.
3. Passive voice: English is spoken all over the Rule-2: Pronoun es a ifjorZ u (Changes in
world by the people. Pronoun)- okD; ds pronoun esa Hkh ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj
4. By whom were you given the money?
ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gSA
5. By whom had you been laughed at?
z Reported Speech dk pronoun (or subject)
6. Her lessons are learnt daily by Sita.
7. Was an excursion to mountains planned by him?
dHkh&dHkh reported verb ds pronoun (or subject)
8. By whom were the curtains torn yesterday?
;k object ds vuqlkj ifjo£rr fd;k tkrk gSA
9. Circumstances will oblige me to go. z Passive Pronouns (tSls& his, her, my, their, your
10. Let the door be shut. etc,) dks Hkh first sentence ds object ;k subject
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (d) ds according ifjo£rr dj ldrs gSaA
16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (a)
Direct Speech ds nks Components gksrs gSa&
7. Narration 1. Reporting Verb: oDrk ds okLrfod 'kCnksa (actual
words)ds igys vkus okyk] izFke okD; dk verb,
English Language esa fdlh O;fDr ds dFku&'kCnksa Reporting verb dgykrk gSA
dks c;ku djus ds nks rjhds gSa& 1. Direct Speech, 2. Reported Speech: Second sentence (Speaker ds
2.Indirect Speech actual words) tks inverted comma ;k quotation
Direct Speech ls f?kjk jgrk gS] Reported Specch dgykrk gSA
In this kind of speech the actual words of the
speaker is reported exactly without any changes by A. Direct Speech dk 1st Person Pronouns (I, We),
some other person. Reporting verb ds Subject ds according
(tc fdlh dFku dks fcuk cnys] oDrk ds 'kCnksa esa cnyrk gSA
v{kj'k% dgk tk, rks bls Direct Speech dgrs gSaA) Example:
z oDrk ds okLrfod 'kCnks a (Actual Words) dks She said to me, “I like your book.”
Inverted Commas ;k Quotation Marks ls ?ksjdj She told me that she liked my book.
can djrs gSAa ;gk¡ ij “said” ds ckn ges'kk ,d Comma They said, “We will not permit this.”
yxkrs gSa tks oDrk ds dFku&'kCnksa dks n'kkZrk gSA They said that they would not permit this.
Example: Vaibhav said, “I am watching a movie.”
nks fLFkfr;ksa esa ‘We’ dks change ugha fd;k tkrk&
Indirect Speech
In this kind of speech, the actual words of the 1. tc ‘We’ dk iz;ksx lkekU; vFkks± esa gksA
speaker are changed by the narrator without changing 2. tc Object ‘me’ subject ds :i esa gksA
its meaning.
We said, “We need to buy some clothes.”
(bl izdkj ds Speech esa oDrk ds okLrfod 'kCnksa We said that we needed to buy some clothes.
dks fcuk mlds vFkZ esa ifjorZu yk,] Narrator }kjk
ifjo£rr dj fn;k tkrk gSA) B. Direct Speech dk 2nd Person Pronoun (You),
z oDrk ds 'kCnksa dks Inverted Commas ;k Quotation Indirect speech esa Reporting verb ds object ds
Marks ls ugha ?ksjrsA oDrk ds Spoken words ds vuqlkj cnyrk gSA
vkxs “that” yxkrs gSaA He said to me, “You have to come with me.”
Example: He said that he was watching a movie. He told me that I had to go with him.
56 General English

15. Ravi asked me, "Have you seen the Taj Mahal?"
8. Vocabulary
(a) Ravi asked me if I have seen the Taj Mahal.
(b) Ravi asked me if I saw the Taj Mahal. Word Meaning
(c) Ravi asked me did I see the Taj Mahal.
Abandon NksM+ nsuk] R;kxuk
(d) Ravi asked me if I had seen the Taj Mahal.
Ascend p<+uk] Åij dks tkuk
16. "Do your duty", the father told his son.
Amateur 'kkSfd;k
(a) The father advised his son to do his duty.
Affluent èkuoku
(b) The father ordered that his son should be doing
duty. Animosity cSj] dVqrk
(c) The father ordered to his son to do his duty. Autonomy Lok;Ùkrk
(d) The father told to his son to do his duty. Admonish fèkDdkjuk] Mk¡Vuk
17. Mr. Pradhan said, "I shall go to Delhi tomorrow." Arrogant vfHkekuh
(a) Mr. Pradhan said that he should go to Delhi Audacious nq%lkglh] fuMj
tomorrow.
Apparent Li"V] çdV
(b) Mr. Pradhan said that he would go to Delhi
the next day. Anxious O;kdqy] fparktud
(c) Mr. Pradhan said that he should have gone to Agony ;kruk] d"V
Delhi the next day. Affluence le`f¼
(d) Mr. Pradhan said that he must go to Delhi the Affirmation leFkZu
next day.
Atheist ukfLrd
18. He said, "As your mother is ill, you must leave at
once." Applaud ljkguk
(a) He told him that as his mother is ill, he may Antipathy ?k`.kk
leave at once. Apocryphal 'kadk;qDr
(b) He told him that as his mother is ill, he should Affable feyulkj] fç;Hkk"kh
to leave at once.
Acquitted vijkèkeqDr
(c) He told him that as his mother was ill, he
should leave at once. Adamant vVy
(d) He told him that as his mother will be ill he Altruistic ijksidkjh
had to leave at once. Agitate mÙksftr djuk] mdlkuk
Answer Key Adversity eqlhcr
1. Indirect: He asked had the train been delayed. Appropriate mi;qDr
2. Indirect: The teacher said that the earth moves Accusation nks"kkjksi.k
round the sun. Abrupt vpkud
3. Direct: The officer said to the cadets, “Do not
Accomplish fu"ikfnr djuk] laiw.kZ djuk
stop.”
4. The teacher advised the student to be patient Adulteration vifeJ.k] feykoV
and wait for the letter. Amorphous vkdkjghu
5. Jane asked me if I wanted to dance.
Accord lgefr
6. The lady asked the way to the post office.
7. She asked if she could have a cup of coffee. Alleviate de djuk] èkhek djuk
8. Mike advised me not to fly via Paris. Accolade iqjLdkj] ljkguk
9. I asked him whether he was the manager. Acquit cjh djuk
10. The teacher told the students to look at their books.
Aversion ?k`.kk
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d)
16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (c) Amnesty {kek] ekiQh ;k nks"k eqfDr
Part–A : Grammar & Usage 63

Word Meaning Hindi

Word Synonyms
Wade Meaning
(dkiQh xgjs] ikuh] dhpM+ vkfn dks)
cM+h esgur ls iSny ikj djuk Eternal ges'kk ds Forever, Perpetual,
fy;s Persistent,
Wage e”knwjh] osru Unremitting,
Waif nqcyk&iryk] NksVk cs?kj O;fDr Indestructible,
(çk;% cPpk) Imperishable,
Wail fcy[k&fcy[k dj jksuk] foyki djuk Incessant
Walkover [ksy ;k çfrLi¼kZ esa vklku thr Acquire vftZr djuk Procure, Hustle,
Wangle
Wangle xk¡B ysuk] pkiywlh ;k frxM+e jpkdj
Panacea jkeck.k nok Cure all, Nostrum
fdlh ls dqN çkIr dj ysuk
Wary Stroll ?kweuk Walk, Excursion,
lkoèkku] lrdZ] pkSdUuk] [krjukd
Ramble, Saunter
Waterway tyekxZ
Annoy ijs'kku djuk Offend, Agitate,
Whim lud] >d] ekSt Exasperate, Perturb,
Xenophobia fons'kh lekt vkSj laLÑfr ds çfr Hk; Peeve, Gall
;k ?k`.kk dk Hkko Mistake xyrh Error, Omission,
Xerox Nk;kçfr Aberration, Snafu,
Gaffe
Yank >Vds ds lkFk [khapuk] >Vdk
Brutal ccZjrkiw.kZ Savage, Barbarous,
Yearn ykylk] yyd Callous, Ferocious,
Yelp ph[kuk Ruthless
Yield mRiknu] iSnkokj Filthy xank Dirty, Mucky,
Zest mRlkg] vkuan Muddy, Unclean
Zone {ks=k&fo'ks"k Bane 'kki Curse, Malediction,
Zenith Voodoo, The evil eye
f'kjksfcanq
Drizzle cwank&ckanh@ Sprinkle, Mizzle,
iqQgkj Fine rain, Shower
9. Synonym
Vocation is'kk@ Occupation,
A word or phrase that means exactly or nearly vkthfodk Profession, Calling,
the same as another word or phrase in the same Life's work
language. For example ‘smart’ is the synonym of Crusade èkeZ ;q¼@ Campaign, Holy
‘clever’; ‘irrelevant’ is the synonym of ‘useless’. In vkanksyu war, Movement,
both cases, meaning of words and their synonym are Drive
similar. In other words we can define synonym that Lousy [kjkc] Hkn~nk Awful, Terrible,
different words which have the same meaning (or Abysmal, Frightful
similar meaning) are called synonyms. Result ifj.kke Outcome,
Words and their synonyms: Consequence,
Upshot, Conclusion
Hindi
Word Synonyms Offensive vlH;@ Insolent, Impolite,
Meaning
vkØked Rude
Indignant Øksfèkr Aggrieved / Resentful
Enigma igsyh Riddle, Mystery,
Devastation fouk'k Destruction, Puzzle, Paradox
Ravages, Ruin, Genuine vlyh] lPpk Authentic, Real,
Depredation Actual, Original
68 General English

10. Antonym
An Antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word. For example the antonym of 'Wet' is
'dry'. The root words for the word ' antonym' are the words 'anti' meaning 'against' or 'opposite' and onym
meaning ' name'.
Below is the list of words and their Antonyms
Word Hindi Meaning Antonym Hindi Meaning
Urbane lH;] f'k"V opaque vikjn'khZ
Rare nqyZHk] fojy Combine / Unite tqM+k gqvk
Transparent ikjn'khZ Extrovert cfgeqZ[kh
Fragmented fc[kjk gqvk Descend mrjuk
Save cpkuk] lqjf{kr j[kuk Lose R;kxuk
Mortal u'oj Immortal vu'oj
Awkward iwQgM+] cs<axk Graceful 'kksHkk;eku
Diligently deZBrkiwoZd Negligently csijokgh ls
Persist MVs jguk] dk;e jguk Discontinue #duk] NksM+ nsuk
Traitor diVh] ns'knzksgh Ally fe=ki{k] eS=kh djuk
Enrich le`¼ cukuk] lEiUu Deprive oafpr djuk
Amateur 'kkSfd;k Professional is'ksoj
Heavenly vykSfdd Earthly ykSfdd
Perfect lEiw.kZ Imperfect viw.kZ
Variable vfLFkj] ifjorZuh; Invariable fLFkj] vifjorZuh;
Vertical yEcor~ Horizontal {kSfrt
Ability ;ksX;rk Inability v;ksX;rk
Precise lVhd] Bhd Imprecise xyr
Constructive l`tu] fufeZr oLrq Destructive fo?oaldkjd
Extravagant [kphZyk] vfrO;;h Thrifty fdi+Qk;rh
Pretentious vkMacjiw.kZ Unpretentious vkMacjjfgr
Odd vleku] varj Even leku
Mitigate de djuk Increase c<+uk
Accumulated lafpr Squandered yqVk;k ;k mM+k;k x;k
Fickle vfLFkj Firm fLFkj
Visionary dkYifud Realistic okLrfod
Theoretical lS¼kfUrd Practical O;kogkfjd
Barren catj Fertile mitkmQ
Transience {kf.kd gksuk Eternity vuar dky
Minuscule cgqr NksVk] NksVk v{kj Majuscule cM+k] cM+k v{kj
Detest ?k`.kk djuk Adore cgqr pkguk
Invincible vts;] vijkts; Conquerable fots;
Vanquish thruk Surrender leiZ.k] gkj
Efficacious izHkko'kkyh Inefficacious vizHkkoh
Part–A : Grammar & Usage 73

11. Idioms and Phrases

Idioms and Phrases Meaning (vFkZ) Sentences

A.
An apple of discord | cause of >xM+s dh otg cuuk The right to host the next Olympic games has
quarrel become an apple of discord between the two
countries.
An iron will | strong will n`<+ bPNk 'kfDr She is a lady of iron will.
An olive branch | any offering of >xM+k 'kkar djus gsrq 'kkafr Offer an olive branch and apply damage
peace or conciliation çLrko control.
Apple of one's eye | something or dksbZ tks cgqr I;kjk ;k His new baby girl was the apple of his eye.
someone very precious or dear dherh gks
Add fuel to the flames | To make a fdlh leL;k dks vkSj Shouting at a crying child just adds fuel to
problem worse [kjkc djuk the flames.
Achilles' heel | A weak point or fault fdlh O;fDr dh dksbZ He was very brave, but fear of spiders was his
in someone de”kksjh Achille's heel.
At Arm's length | At or occupying igq¡p ds vanj John always keeps his friends at arm's length,
a distance so that no one gets close enough to hurt his
feelings.
A lick and a promise | To do rs”kh ,oa ykijokgh ls dksbZ I haven't time to do a good job of vacuuming,
something especially cleaning dke djuk ;k liQkbZ djuk just enough for a lick and a promise.
quickly and carelessly
B.
By hook or by crook | by one means ,d ;k vU; lkèkuksa ds He would have to see her again by hook or
or another }kjk by crook.
Black and Blue | to beat mercilessly csjgeh ls ihVuk I was beaten black and blue by the boxing
team players.
Bad Blood | bitter relations fj'rksa esa dM+okgV There has always been bad blood between
the two families.
Bell the Cat | to take first step at [krjk mBkus dh igy This task is really dangerous. But someone
personal risk djuk has to bell the cat.
Break the ice | to speak first after yach pqIih ds ckn cksyuk Someone suggested that we play a party game
prolonged silence to break the ice.
Build castle in the air | to make dkYifud ;kstuk,¡ cukuk What he is talking about is just a castle in the
visionary schemes air.
Bird's eye view | an overview or a foga x koyks d u ;k Å¡ p s This website gives you a bird's eye view of
view from a high angle dks.k ls fdlh ph”k dks the idioms used in Indian exam system since
ns[kuk British times.
You get a good bird's eye view of the town
from the top of the church tower.
Bated breath | Eagerly or anxiously mRlqdrko'k ;k fparko'k They listened with bated breath for the
announcement about the winner.
Bite the dust | to be defeated gkj ekuuk I am not going to bite the dust so easily
because throughout my life I have been a
fighter.
80 General English

17. After getting a severe scolding from his mother, 1. 1: India has been a land
Raghu got down to business. P: but in the sense that learning has always been
(a) started a business very highly valued
(b) became businesslike Q: not indeed in the sense that education has
(c) began to work seriously been universal
(d) joined his father's business R: and the learned man has been held in higher
18. The young servant goes about with the old master.
esteem
(a) moves around
S: of learning throughout the ages
(b) goes around
(c) tries to know more about 6: than the warrior or the administrator.
(d) adjusts well Code:
19. took to her heels (a) PQSR (b) RQPS
(a) bent down (c) RSQP (d) SQPR
(b) ran off 2. 1: Religion has been used
(c) kicked off her shoes P: both as a weapon of isolation
(d) rubbed her heels Q: to dull awareness
20. was plain sailing R: about real problems
(a) was very easy S: and as morphia
(b) was complicated 6: like education, health and employment.
(c) was competitive Code:
(d) was uncomfortable (a) PQRS (b) PSQR
21. a bolt from the blue (c) QPSR (d) SQPR
(a) struck by thunder 3. 1: Science does not merely add new truths
(b) a piece of bad luck
P: destroy some old truths and
(c) a flash of lighting
Q: discovers new truths that
(d) a complete surprise
R: thereby upsets the way of
Answer Key S: to old one's, it also
1. Repel 2. Tasty 3. folly 4. made up 6: men's thinking and their lives.
5. Someone works late at night. Code:
6. Complimented (a) QSRP (b) RPSQ
7. eminent
(c) PSRQ (d) SQPR
8. fruitless pursuit
9. worthless 4. 1: Hobbies can fill our spare
10. keep away extreme poverty P: Physical fatigue and
11. expressed 12. save Q: moments with enjoyment
13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (d) R: and pleasure, they also relieve
18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (d) S: mental tiredness and
6: do not hinder our regular work.
12. Sentence Rearrangement
Code:
Directions (1–10): In the following questions, (a) RQPS (b) QRSP
the first and the last parts of the sentence/sentences (c) SQPR (d) PQSR
of the passage are numbered as 1 and 6. The rest of
5. 1: India has a vibrant space science programme
sentence/passage is split into four parts and are named
as P, Q, R and S. These four parts are not given in P: the Indian space science programme has been
their proper order. Read the jumbled parts of the working
sentence/sentences and find out which of the four Q: formulating an industrial participation poli-
combinations is correct. Then find the correct answer. cy to
82 General English

Which one of the following sequences is correct? 19. It is a wonder that migratory birds (P) without
(a) SRQP (b) QPSR every getting lost (Q) always manage to find
(c) RSQP (d) QRSP their home (R) flying thousands of kilometers
13. As a maestro appeared to be enjoying every bit (S)
of it (P) and followed every composition the (Q) Which one of the following sequences is correct?
thunderous applause from (R) an appreciative (a) PQRS (b) SPQR
audience preceded (S) (c) SQRP (d) PSQR
Which one of the following sequences is correct? 20. The natives of Caribbean regarded the papaya
(a) PQSR (b) RSQP (P) because of its ability (Q) as a magic tree (R)
(c) PSQR (d) RQSP to keep them healthy (S)
14. Travel to where you don't know the local lan- Which one of the following sequences is correct?
guage (P) and see how your (Q) a foreign coun- (a) PRSQ (b) PRQS
try, even a region of India (R) hands and expres- (c) RPQS (d) RPSQ
sions do the talking (S) Answer Key
Which one of the following sequences is correct?
(a) SQPR (b) RPQS 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d)
(c) SPQR (d) RQPS 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (d)
15. If fair play fair trade and the protection of the 11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c)
planet, (P) is going to encompass (Q) in sport's 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (b)
many codes of conduct (R) these should be
enshrined (S) 13. Sentence Completion
Which one of the following sequences is correct?
(a) QSPR (b) RPSQ Directions (1–5): Sentence completions test the
(c) QPSR (d) RSPQ ability to use the information found in complex, but
16. While the recent century show the June rainfall incomplete, sentences in order to correctly complete
is (P) of a drought, India's rainfall data for over the sentences. Sentence completions test two separate
a (Q) rain may have soothed concerns (R) no aspects of verbal skills; vocabulary and ability to
predictor of the monsoon's outcome (S) follow the internal logic of sentences. In sentence
Which one of the following sequences is correct? completion question, each question contains one or
two blanks and have to find the best answer choice.
(a) PSRQ (b) RQPS
(c) PQRS (d) RSPQ Complete the sentence by filling up the blank:
17. There are from different walks of life as human 1. ‘My father did not approve of some of my
rights (P) so much is written by so many person friends and he said that I was _______________
(Q) very few subjects in (R) contemporary times in choosing them.’
on which (S) 2. ‘With his ______eyesight, Raghav spotted the
Which one of the following sequences is correct? military jet streaking in the sky.’
(a) QSRP (b) RPQS 3. ‘Moyna is ___________writing stories because
(c) QPRS (d) RSQP she was well honed by her jobs as a reporter in
18. The difference and development on the other a leading newspaper.’
affects (P) in the relationship between death and 4. ‘Anamika is very ______________ when
birth-rates on the one hand (Q) but the age attending meetings because she feels not
structure of the population (R) not just the rate showing up on time is slighting other
of population growth (S) participants.’
Which one of the following sequences is correct? 5. James Hadely chase was a ___________ writer
(a) SRQP (b) QPSR who intrigued readers with his plots that took
(c) SPQR (d) QRSP unexpected twists.
Part–A : Grammar & Usage 83

Directions (6–16): Sentence completions test the 12. Football evokes a ________ response in India
ability to use the information found in complex, but compared to cricket, that almost _________ the
incomplete, sentences in order to correctly complete nation.
the sentences. Sentence completions test two separate (a) tepid–boils
aspects of verbal skills; vocabulary and ability to (b) lukewarm–electrifies
follow the internal logic of sentences. In sentence (c) turbid–fascinates
completion question, each question contains one or (d) apocryphal–genuinely fascinates
two blanks and have to find the best answer choice.
13. When children become more experienced with
6. _________ by nature, Jones spoke very little words as visual symbols, they find that they can
even to his own family members. gain meaning without making _______ sounds.
(a) garrulous (b) equivocal (a) aural (b) vocal
(c) taciturn (d) arrogant (c) audible (d) intelligible
7. The peasant were the least _________ of all 14. She hadn’t eaten all day and by the time she got
people, bound by tradition and _________ by home she was ________ .
superstitions
(a) blighted (b) confutative
(a) free-fettered
(c) ravenous (d) blissful
(b) enfranchised-rejected
15. The movie offended many of the parents of its
(c) enthralled-tied
younger viewers by including unnecessary
(d) pinioned-limited _________ in the dialogue.
8. The artists differed markedly in their temp- (a) vulgarity (b) verbosity
eraments; Palmer was reserved and courteous, (c) vocalizations (d) tonality
Frazer _________ and boastful.
16. His neighbours found his _______ manner
(a) phlegmatic (b) choleric
bossy and irritating, and they stopped inviting
(c) constrained (d) tractable him to backyard barbeques.
9. The intellectual flexibility inherent in a (a) insentient (b) magisterial
multicultural nation has been ___________ in (c) reparatory (d) modest
classrooms where emphasis on British-
American Literature has not reflected the Answer Key
cultural _________ of our country. 1. indiscriminate 2. keen 3. proficient in
(a) eradicated–unanimity
4. punctual 5. prolific
(b) encouraged–aspirations
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (c)
(c) stifled–diversity
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a)
(d) thwarted–uniformity
16. (b)
10. The conclusion of his argument, while
________, is far from __________ . 14. Fill in the Blanks
(a) stimulating–interesting
(b) worthwhile–valueless Directions: Write down the most effective words
(c) abstruse–incomprehensible to fill in the blanks to make sentence meaningfully
complete.
(d) germane–relevant
11. Since the Romans failed to ________ the tribes 1. You will see signs of _________ everywhere,
in Northern Britain, they built a wall to which speak well for the _________ of these
__________ the tribes. people.
(a) Conquer–alienate 2. They have decided to meet the Prime Minister
(b) subjugate–exclude in order to have their _________ heard.
(c) impress–intimidate 3. The teacher ordered Kamal to leave the room
(d) neutralize–barricade and _________ him to return.
86 General English

6. We know / where is begins / but we don't know

15. Error Correction
/ that where it ends.
PART-A 7. All the furniture / have been replaced / by the
owner of the house / before shifting.
Directions (Qs. 1–10): Identify the error/errors
8. When I went / to his house / I found that / he
if any and rewrite the following sentences:
had been died.
1. What is in danger of becoming extinct ?
9. This pond is flooded / with water because / it is
2. He was pained to realise that he had a little raining continously for the / last three days.
leisure left.
10. It has been our custom / from time immemorial
3. His news channel aspires to have a million to be / hospital to those / who come to our doors.
viewers until the weekend.
4. He is taking tea every morning. Directions (Qs. 11–30): Each of the sentences
5. My aunt walked in the garden when I met her. given below has been divided into four parts viz. (a),
(b), (c) and (d). One of the parts contains error. Choose
6. Let me show you how to do it. can I ? the part which has the error.
7. What they steal ?
You must go to my village
8. Did this picture painted by Raja Ravi Verma? 11. (a) / (b) /
9. He asked that, ‘‘Why have you cancelled the and see my property
meeting?’’ (c)
10. He said that he would be there again tomorrow. before you returned.
/ (d)
11. A virtuous are respected by all.
12. Can I have any more sugar please? It was difficult to get out because
13. We were not invited for lunch. 12. (a) / (b) /
14. Write your name in the top of the page. the street was full of people
15. She is learning English for five years. (c) /
16. She was playing the Sitar when the bell was from one end to another.
ringing. (d)
17. Walk fast lest you would miss the train.
18. Should you like tea or coffee? Although the truck was moving very fast,
13. / /
19. With what will you satisfied? (a) (b)
20. She said me “she did not like tea.” the driver stopped it in a skillfully manner.
(c) /
PART–B (d)
1. Walking / across the street, / a truck / knocked The present President of the China
14. (a) / /
him down. (b)
2. copernicus proved / that Earth / moves around is thinking of becoming
/
/ the Sun. (c)
3. Neither the severe earthquake / or the subsequent the most supreme leader of the world.
famine / could demoralize / the people of the (d)
country.
He is trying to earn money for myself
4. I am quite certain / that the lady / is not only 15. / / /
greedy / but miserly. (a) (b) (c)
5. No sooner we entered / than he got up / and left and him.
(d)
/ the room.
88 General English

13. We were not invited to lunch.

16. Theme Detection
14. Write your name at the top of the page.
Directions (Q.Nos. 1–5): Each of the following
15. She has been learning English for five years.
questions contains a small paragraph. Read each
16. She was playing the Sitar while the bell was paragraph carefully write down the theme of given
ringing. paragraph.
17. Walk fast lest you should miss the train. 1. It is up to our government and planners to devise
18. Would you like tea or coffee? ways and means for the mobilisation of about
ten crore workers whose families total up about
19. With what will you satisfy?
forty crore men, women and children. Our
20. She told me she had not liked tea. agriculture is over-manned. A lesser number of
PART-B agriculturists would mean more purchasing or
spending power to every agriculturist. This will
1. Use ‘while’ before ‘walking’.
result in the shortage of man-power for many
2. Say the ‘Earth’. commodities to be produced for which there
3. Use ‘nor’ in place of ‘or’. will be a new demand from a prosperous
4. Use ‘also’ before ‘miserly’. agrarian class. This shortage will be removed
5. Use ‘had’ before ‘we’. by surplus manpower from agriculture as
6. Remove ‘that’. suggested above.
The passage best supports the statement that:
7. Use ‘has been’ in place of ‘have been’.
2. The context in the developing and third world
8. Remove ‘been’.
countries is worse. Women here are still subject
9. Use ‘has been’ in place of ‘is’. to ‘honor killings’, they are still denied their
10. Say ‘door’ in place of doors. basic rights to education and freedom, and face
11. Use ‘return’ in place of ‘returned’. violence and abuse. It was observed in a CARE
12. Use ‘other’ in place of ‘another’. project working with adolescent girls in India,
13. Use ‘skilful’ in place of ‘skilfully’. that these girls were considered as temporary
people who would cease to exist, at least for
14. Remove ‘most’.
their fathers, once they are married.
15. Use ‘me’ in place of ‘myself’.
The passage best supports the statement that:
16. Use ‘equipment’ in place of ‘equipments’.
3. The press should not be afraid of upholding and
17. Use ‘an’ in place of ‘a’. supporting a just and righteous cause. It should
18. Replace ‘are’ by ‘has’. not be afraid of criticising the government in a
19. Replace ‘since’ by ‘for’. healthy manner. The press has to be eternally
20. Replace ‘selling’ by ‘sales’. vigilant to protect the rights of the coworkers,
backward and suppressed sections of the society.
21. Use ‘has’ in place of ‘is’.
It should also give a balanced view of the things
22. Use ‘understanding’ in place of ‘understand’. so that people can be helped in the formation of
23. (d) a healthy public option.
24. not only’ should be placed after ‘with’. The passage best supports the statement that:
25. Use ‘boarding’ in place of ‘board’. 4. Most social network services are web - based
26. Use ‘beside’ in place of ‘besides’. and provide means for users to interact over the
27. Use ‘about’ before ‘to’. Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging.
Online community services are sometimes
28. Use ‘had began’ in place of ‘was begun’.
considered as a social network service, through
29. Remove ‘to’ before ‘the student’. in a broader sense, social network service
30. Use ‘reading’ in place of ‘read’. usually means an individual centered service
90 General English

The passage best supports the statement that: Auxiliary Verbs

(a) The condition of the Indian farmers should Auxiliary verbs help to clarify whether or not an
be improved. action occurs, when the action of the main verb takes
(b) Social life of Indian farmers in India. place, who or what is responsible for that action. So,
(c) The Indian farmer is harassed by the auxiliary verbs are the helping verbs.
village touts, money lenders and the tax rhu eq[; Auxiliary Verbs gSa% Be, Do, Have
collectors. (gj form esa)
(d) Farmers are the backbone of the nation. Be/is/are/am/was/were
11. Many argue that art cannot be defined. Art is Do/Does/Did
often considered the process or product of
has/have/had
deliberately arranging elements in a way that
appeals to the sense or emotions. It encompasses Auxiliary verbs nks izdkj dh gksrh gSaA
a diverse range of human activities, creations (i) Primary auxiliary
and ways to expression, including music, (ii) Modal auxiliary
literature, film, sculpture and paintings.
Primary Auxiliary
The passage best supports the statement that:
(a) Art is governed by external rules and Primary Auxiliary dks Helping verb Hkh dgk tkrk
conditions. gS D;ksafd budk dke Sentence dks Meaningful cukus
(b) Art requires that nothing shall attain the esa Help djuk gSA
work except through art itself. Example:
(c) Art is defined as a form of human z I am dancing z I am singing
expression of a creative nature.
Modal Auxiliary
(d) Artist realises his dreams through his
artistic creation. Modal Auxiliary os Verb gksrs gSa tks le;] fetkt
Answer Key vkSj vfHkO;fDr (expression) ds fofHkUu izdkj ds shades
dks fn[kkrs gSaA
1. Indian economy is in a poor shape basically
due to improper mobilisation of man-pow- fofHkUu Modals tks iz;ksx esa yk, tkrs gSa
er. Can, Could, May, Might, Should etc.
2. In many places in India, domestic violence Example:
is acceptable to women and cultural and z It May Rain today. (Possibility) (laHkkouk O;Dr djus
ethical implications are imposed on their ds fy;s)
freedom.
z You can lift that box (Capability) ({kerk n'kkZus ds
3. The freedom of press is essential for the
proper functioning of democracy. fy;s)
4. A social networking service is a platform uhps Modals dh ,d List nh tk jgh gS%
to build social networks or social relations Can Must
among people who, for example, share in- Could Ought to
terests, activities, backgrounds or real life May used to
connections. Might need
5. Economic development plays a crucial role. Should dare
6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b)
Would
11. (c)
Modal verbs, ability ({kerk), obligation (dÙkZO;),
17. Modals permission (vuqefr), assumptions (vuqeku)] Probability
(laHkkouk), Possibility (laHkkouk) Requests (vkKk) and
Verb offers (izLrko) dks O;Dr djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA
Verb nks rjg dh gksrh gSa% 1. Auxiliary verb, 2. Main izR;sd Modal dk vFkZ gj Sentence esa vyx&2 gks ldrk
verb gSA ;g ml okD; ds lanHkZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA tSls%
Part–A : Grammar & Usage 95

5. She _______ work hard if she wants to top the 5. There _______ something black in tentil.
merit list (a) can be (b) must be
(a) must (b) must have (c) should have (d) must have been.
(c) must not (d) can
Answer Key
6. Principal said to the students : you _________
with Bad Boys. Exercise–1:
(a) must mix (b) mustn't mix 1. should 2. must 3. can
(c) can mix (d) can't mix 4. could 5. shouldn't 6. may
7. You _______ obey your parents. 7. Can 8. must 9. can
10. may 11. need 12. needn't
(a) should (b) must
13. mustn't
(c) ought to (d) can
Exercise–2:
8. Since the keys of car are with my father, I
_______ take my car for long drive. 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a)
(a) shouldn't (b) can't 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c)
(c) mustn't (d) needn't Exercise–3:
9. My sister _________ to Delhi in such 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b)
circumstances.
(a) need not go
18. One Word Substitution
(b) need not to have gone
(c) need not to go zzA person who is primarily concerned with making
(d) needn't money at the expense of ethics. Mercenary
10. Yesterday she _______ her sister to touch her.
(a) dares (b) does not zzA critical
judge of any art or craft.
(c) dared (d) need not  Connoisseur
zzA word or statement which can be interpreted in
more than one way. Ambiguous
EXERCISE – 3
zzSomeone incapable of being corrected.
Directions: Complete the sentences with suitable  Incorrigible
options. zzImpossible or very difficult to believe.
1. Shivani is gentle, her sister ______________
it.  Incredulous
zzThat which cannot be corrected.
(a) must do
(b) must have done Incorrigible
(c) should do zzA thing fit to eat. Edible
(d) should have done zzProperties inherited from one's father

2. My friend did not come thought he __________ Patrimony

come. zzOne not concerned with right or wrong. Amoral
(a) could (b) should have z Something no longer in use. Obsolete
(c) could have (d) must z Something capable of being done. Feasible
3. I am sure our English teacher _______ in his z A person coming to a foreign land to settle
room. there. Immigrant
(a) should be (b) can be z A person who is unable to pay debts. Insolvent
(c) must be (d) might be z Succession of rulers belonging to one family.
4. The son asked his mother if he _______  Dynasty
(a) can go out (b) might go out z Killing of a child. Infanticide
(c) may go out (d) should go out zzThe first model of a new device. Prototype
102 General English

19. WordS Often Confused & Misused Word fgUnh esa vFkZ Meaning in English
Amoral uSfrdrkjfgr Having no moral
Word fgUnh esa vFkZ Meaning in English sense
Accept Lohdkj djuk To receive a thing. Immoral vuSfrd Not conforming to
moral standards
Except ds vykok Leaving apart
or excluding Counsel vf/oDrk Advocate
Ability ;ksX;rk Talent or skill Council lfefr Committee
Capacity {kerk The maximum Diary nSfudh Day-book/Journal
amount that Dairy nqX/ky;@xkS'kkyk Cow shed / Byre
something can
Sympathy lgkuqHkwfr feelings of pity and
contain
sorrow for someone
Expect mEehn djuk To hope else’s misfortune
Suspect vk'kadk djuk To apprehend Empathy gennhZ Ability to
Adopt viukuk@xksn ysuk To accept/to take understand and
another person’s share the feelings of
child legally another
Adept fuiq.k Proficient Beside ds cxy esa By the side of
Adapt <kyuk To change Besides ds vykok Apart from
accordingly Boar lqvj A pig
Allude mYys[k djuk Refer to Bore cnkZ'r djuk @ To tolerate or to
Elude cpuk To escape iSnk djuk produce (V2 of bear)
Annual ok£"kd occuring once every Enquire iwNuk Ask
year Inquire Formal investigation
iwNrkN
Annul var djuk Declare invalid
Expand c<+kuk Enlarge, enhance
Access igq¡p Approach
Expend [kpZ djuk Spend
Excess izpqjrk esa More than due.
Censure fuank djuk To criticise
Born tUe Come to life
Censor izfrcaf/r djuk Official licensing of
Borne tfur Carried films etc.
Cell d{k (dksf'kdk) Small room Confidant jktnkj A person who is
Sell cspuk give or hand over entrusted with
(something) in secrets.
exchange for money Confident vkRefo'okl ds Sure & Certain
Advice (N) lykg An opinion lkFk
Advise (V) lykg nsuk To offer an opinion Extent lhek Limit / Boundary
Cite m¼j.k djuk To refer or mention Extant ekStwnk Existing
Site LFkku Place / Location Complement iwjd N-a thing that
Affect (V) vlj djuk To influence completes or
improves. V-add to
Effect (N) ifj.kke Result
something in a way
Amend la'kks/u djuk To improve that it improves.
Emend v'kqf¼;k¡ fudky To remove the Compliment rkjhiQ A remark of
nsuk mistakes admiration
Seize idM+uk To capture or to hold Career is'kk Course through life
Cease jksduk To end or to Carrier lkeku <ksus dh That which carries.
terminate xkM+h
 Part–B : Comprehension, Translation & Precise Writing
1. Comprehension : Part-1 ç'u dk mÙkj gesa pkfg;s] og matter passage esa dgk¡
gS rks] gesa vxys ç'u ij pys tkuk pkfg;sA bl step
Comprehension is the understanding and ds }kjk yxHkx lHkh ç'u gy fd;s tk ldrs gSaA bl
interpretation of what is read.
step ds ckn fliZQ ,d ;k nks ç'u ds NwVus dh gh
A comprehension exercise consists of a passage,
upon which questions are set to test the student's laHkkouk cprh gSA
ability. One big part of comprehension is having Directions (Q.No. 1–5): Read the passage given
sufficient vocabulary. below and answer the questions that follow:
fy[ks gq, fo"k; dks lgh rjhds ls le>us gsrq] ml PASSAGE–1
{kerk dh vko';drk gksrh gS] ftlds }kjk& Scientists tell us that without the presence of the
zzi<+s x, matter dks decode fd;k tk ldsA cohesive force among the atoms that comprise this
world, it would crumble to pieces and we would cease
zzi<+s x, fo"k; oLrq ,oa Lo;a ds Kku ds chp lacaèk
to be an even as there is cohesive force that binds
LFkkfir fd;k tk ldsA
matter so must there be in all things animate. The
zzi<+s x, matter dks xgjkbZ ls lkspk tk ldsA
name for that cohesive force among animate beings
,d Comprehension Passage esa dqN paragraphs is love. We have to learn to use that force and in the
gksrs gSa ,oa çR;sd paragraph dk viuk ,d dsanzh; fopkj use of it consists our knowledge of God. Where there
gksrk gS tks fopkj] n`"Vkar ,oa vU; lanHkks± ds lkFk O;k[;kfrr is love there is life; hatred leads to destruction. Only
gksrs gSaA eq[; okD; (Key sentence) tks iSjkxzkiQ dk eq[; with love would a well-ordered society be intelligible
and life worth living.
fopkj çdV djrk gS] og iSjkxzkiQ ds 'kq#vkr] eè; ;k
All the teachers that have ever lived have
var esa gks ldrk gSA dsanzh; fopkj dks çLrqr djus okys
preached this law with more or less the same vigour.
bl okD; dks ‘topic sentence’ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA leL;k
If love was not the law of life, life would not have
dk egÙoiw.kZ fcanq ys[kd ds n`f"Vdks.k dks le>uk gksrk persisted in the midst of death. Life is the perpetual
gSA Passage dh dfBurk ds vuqlkj gh reading speed triumph over the grave. If there is a fundamental
Hkh rs”k gksuh pkfg;sA ç'uksa dk gy fudkyus gsrq pj.kc¼ distinction between man and beast, it is the former's
rjhds (step by step method) dks viukuk mi;ksxh gksrk gSA progressive recognition of the law and its application
zzçFke pj.k esa ç'u dks rs”kh ls i<+uk pkfg;sA blls and practice in his personal life. All the saints of the
world, ancient and modern, approve of this supreme
gesa bl ckr dk ladsr feyrk gS fd passage dks i<+rs
law of our being. That the brute in us seems so often
le; fdu ckrksa ij è;ku nsuk gSA
to gain an easy triumph is true enough. But that does
zzf}rh; pj.k esa passage dks vR;fèkd rs”k xfr ls not disprove the law. It shows the difficulty of
i<+uk pkfg;sA ç'uksa dks i<+us ds mijkar tks ç'u gekjs practicing it.
vopsru (subconcious) eu esa jg tkrs gSa] os bl 1. What's force the writer is talking about? How
reading ds nkSjku gesa fey tkrs gSaA ml egÙoiw.kZ ,oa does it bind things animate?
çklafxd matter ls xqtjrs gh gekjk efLr"d lpsr gks 2. What according to the writer, does the
tkrk gSA knowledge of God consist in?
zziqu%] ,d ç'u dks ,d ckj esa] nksckjk i<+k tk,A blls 3. When and how would life be worth living?
passage esa gesa ml fo"k;&oLrq dh vofLFkfr dk 4. What would happen in love was not there?
irk pyrk gS ftlls gekjs ç'uksa dk mÙkj çkIr gskuk 5. Give the meaning of the word 'triumph' and use
gSA vxj gesa ;g irk ugha py ik jgk gS fd ftl it in a sentence of your own.
 Part–C : Composition and Letter Writing
1. Essay .One should have one's preparation completed
beforehand and be ready for the ordeal with courage
Write a paragraph on any one of the following worry is bad and must be avoided; it never helps for
in approximately 400 words. one thing. It disturbs sleep. and that is always
THE NIGHT BEFORE AN EXAMINATION undesirable. There is nothing like a few hours of sleep
to refresh the mind. A tired mind will be depressed
The night before the examination is indeed a night
and pessimistic and this bad for the examinee there
more, something like a bad dream one suffer agonies
are many students who read thought the night and
of fear and anxiety All sorts of importable accidents
reach the examination hall exhausted that is the worst
occur to the mind and create unnecessary nervousness
condition to being for in this state the mind refuses to
and even panic for those who have been playing truant work and even facts that have been very carefully
through the year the pattern in more or less the same committed to memory keep slipping off from the mind
the anticipate the unlikeliest things to upset their well begun is half done says the proverb How true
equanimity they are in a state of nervous tension. At this is can be realized in the examination hall, one
one movement. they may feel a wave of optimism; at who is not unduly flustered deals with his paper
the next the mind suddenly becomes blank; things slip confidently he begins on a note of confidence a fresh
out of the unmarry and refuse to come back one wakes mind is always sure of success and can be trusted to
up in a cold sweat of fear. make a good star But a mind jaded by over night work
Feelings of course differ from examiner to vaguely with facts that do not come right; that means
examiner But one pre-occupation remains common: a bad beginning and poor prospect of success.
the examination and how to pass the test with this and How the night before an examination is spent
in view, some feverishly glance through the well depends upon the degree of preparation that leads up
marked passages in the textbooks. or go quickly once to it those who have attended to their work with
again through questions carefully selected and diligence have nothing to fear unfortunately most
prepared other fall back upon cram books in a last students are negligent that is why there is so much
desperate effort to recover confidence, perhaps make hurry and scurry, so much nervousness so much
a final attempt to discover the shortest way to success suspense and tension that is why so many go about
perhaps a friend comes with the latest suggestion from picking up stray suggestion of invoking divine and
some reputed scholar and two set themselves to the they gamble on the chance leakage of question, or the
tusk of getting the answers to these properly worked
mystic intervention of some an antra or magic but as
out or wild rumor filter through that questions in a
Euclid said in another context, there is no royal road
certain paper lacked out and they become busy over
to success. 6th JPSC (Mains)
those not having worked for success the now proceed
to gamble on it. TOURISM IN JHARKHAND
But it is quilt otherwise with those who have not Jharkhand famously known as ‘the land of
been negligent in their studies they take things more forests’ is an ultimate destination for nature loves and
easily. They are more confident and do not allow wildlife enthusiast, blessed with unparalleled beauties
themselves to be frightened by any prospect of the like fill mountains forests, and water falls. This
unexpected. They are anxious but not afraid the may naturally rich state makes for perfect holiday
just refresh themselves over the more difficult parts destination especially for people who looks for a
texts for a part of the night, but for the most part, they rendezvous with nature. The abundant natural beauty
spend the night in comfortable sleep. of Jharkhand along with its several attractions such
The night before the examination should never as holy shrines, museums, and wildlife sanctuaries
excite either undue fear or unreasonable confidence together contribute towards Jharkhand tourism the
 Mh-,y-ih- cqdysV~l dh fo'ks"krk,¡
vk;ksx ds uohure iSVuZ ij vk/kfjr vè;;u lkexzhA
iSjkxzkiQ] cqysV iQkWeZ] lkj.kh rFkk ÝykspkVZ dk mi;qDr lekos'kA
fo"k;oLrq dh ljyrk] izkekf.kdrk rFkk ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls mi;ksfxrk
ij fo'ks"k è;kuA
izR;sd vè;k; ds var esa foxr o"kks± esa iwNs x, ,oa laHkkfor iz'uksa dk
lekos'kA

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