OUR Journal: ODU Undergraduate Research Journal

Volume 10 Article 5

2023

Quantum Computing and its Applications in Healthcare

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Giang, Vu (2023) "Quantum Computing and its Applications in Healthcare," OUR Journal: ODU
Undergraduate Research Journal: Vol. 10, Article 5.
DOI: 10.25778/46q5-sj29
Available at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/ourj/vol10/iss1/5

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 Giang: Quantum Computing and its Applications in Healthcare

QUANTUM COMPUTING AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN HEALTHCARE

By Vu Giang

I. INTRODUCTION

Quantum computing had humble beginnings as it was only a conception in the 1980s. Richard

Feynman struggled to produce a quantum simulation of an experiment on a computer back then,

as it would take too long and use too many resources. This led to the idea of a quantum computer

because he believed that quantum experiments can be performed on quantum objects. From this

point, scientists, engineers, and mathematicians have come together to turn a theory into a

product, but there were and still are many roadblocks. Some of the issues lie in the error-prone

computation for the computer, as quantum algorithms haven’t yet been fully developed to

prevent errors for this new technology. Another issue is related to the scalability of the

technology. Since these chips have components working with the literal smallest particle

possible, there are manufacturing difficulties. But, even with these problems, people from other

fields are already looking into the application of these computers since they can compute data

and train artificial intelligence models so quickly. Producing more than a third of the world’s

data annually, the healthcare industry is a leader pushing the advancement of quantum

computing.

With the emergence of quantum computing as a new field, new ideas come to fruition as

to how to apply these new types of computers. Originally, as an idea to simulate quantum

mechanic phenomena, this computer would tackle the problem of Moore’s law as transistors on

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microchips become too small to allow for better performance. Since quantum computers can

process and compute data at exponential rates, it is now being considered how to implement this

technology into the healthcare industry as this market as its data capacity needs increase every

year.

II. MOTIVATION AND EXPLANATION FOR QUANTUM COMPUTERS

With more than five trillion terabytes produced in 2020 from healthcare alone, there’s a demand

for data processing power and the ability to make use of that information. But with so much to

process, there is a price to pay and that is the time required as well as the energy cost of

processing the data. Quantum computers compared to classical computers consume similar

amounts of energy, if not more, per unit of time. But, because an exponentially greater amount of

data is processed through quantum computers, significant energy saving is observed in the power

per unit data ratio (Józefowska, 2022). Still, the only reason quantum computers consume so

much energy is mainly due to the refrigeration needed to cool down the processing power of the

computer (arXiv, 2019).

Because quantum computing is evolving so quickly, there have been many iterations that

the design of the computer has gone through to potentially increase performance. The advantage

of the processing power comes from the property of the quantum bit (qubit) in quantum

computers compared to the normal bit in classical computers. A bit can only exist in 2 discrete

states: 1 or 0. Many know this as a binary state, and this is where qubits take advantage of

computing power. A property of qubits can exist in infinitely more states than a bit because of

the property that it can be in superposition (having states between 1 and 0). With so many

possible states, a qubit can hold much more information. This is only possible because of the

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 Giang: Quantum Computing and its Applications in Healthcare

property that these qubits can be added together to form a discrete value which can be compared

to the output of a classical bit. Physicists call this property interference. Finally, the quantum

entanglement phenomenon gives the qubits exponential computing capabilities. When a qubit

exists by itself in superposition, depending on the state it is in, it may have different probabilities

of being 1 or 0, and this probability is independent of any other particles. That is until they are

entangled together so that the change in one state of a qubit will affect the probability

distribution for what values it can be. Thus, this entanglement produces that for every n qubit, it

produces an output equivalent to 2nbits (Horowitz & Grumbling, 2019). The discussion of the

mechanism in which quantum computers operate can go deeper, but that is outside of the scope

of this paper. For further interest, the types of quantum computers already produced are

superconducting, optical, quantum dot, trapped ions, color center, neutral atoms in an optical

tweezer array, topological, and electron-on-helium, with others still in the production stage

(Jaschke, 2023).

III. APPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM COMPUTING IN HEALTHCARE

With quantum computing being the newest and most powerful machine today, scientists are still

finding ways to apply these fast calculators. The nature of the technology age today is that most,

if not every industry, produces a significantly large volume of data and this has led to the

creation of a completely new industry called big data analysis. By utilizing this data, companies

have found ways to improve their infrastructure and operation. Some examples could be the

NBA using big data to win more games (Petra, 2020) or Walmart outcompeting Kmart to a point

where Kmart is no longer in business by using data to optimize its supply chain (Leinwand &

Mainardi, 2014). It’s clear that there’s a demand for data to be processed, and with the healthcare

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industry producing more than a third of the world’s data, the integration of quantum computing

into this industry would make a significant impact.

Diagnosis Assistance and Precision Medicine

According to Rodziewicz et al. (2022), 40,000 to 80,000 patients are misdiagnosed annually

across all medical specialties. Medical malpractice is one of the common causes of injury or

death in the United States (Rodziewicz et al., 2022), and so it’s important to have a mechanism

preventing this. The ability of quantum computers today to rapidly process data will not only

enable physicians to rapidly make treatment plans through assisted diagnosis from the

computers, but will also increase the accuracy of the diagnosis by eliminating chances for human

error. Apart from this, quantum computers can continuously analyze and monitor patients which

enables early detection of potential diseases (Rasool et. al., 2021). This idea of early disease

detection is also related to precision medicine where genetic information is processed using

modern computational techniques to provide specific treatment for the individual. Quantum

computing can drive this endeavor to reality because of the sheer computing power and speed at

which data can be processed (Maheshwari, 2022). After implementing quantum computers into

the operation of a healthcare system, it is predicted that treatment costs can be lowered while

also improving the survival rate for patients, according to Rasool et al., in 2021. That is because

time spent on diagnosis patients is relieved from physicians, and early detection will also aid in

later-stage treatment which is typically more expensive.

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 Giang: Quantum Computing and its Applications in Healthcare

Research and Simulated Atomical Models

Machine learning is one of the greatest tools for medical researchers and scientists. Computation

techniques and algorithms have accelerated the discovery process of new drugs and our

understanding of biochemical interactions to further medical and biological research. With the

advent of quantum computing, scientists are developing ways to perform machine learning on

these computers. Not only will even more discoveries be found, but the rate at which researchers

can find them will increase significantly (Rasool et. al., 2021). One clear example is the use of

quantum computers during the COVID-19 pandemic which aided in developing the vaccine and

also in managing medical inventory when there was a sudden rise in medical equipment usage

(Pathak et al., 2021). Ultimately, a better understanding of protein interactions can stem from the

computing capability of quantum computers leading to a better understanding of diseases, how

they form and evolve, and a better synthesis of medicine.

Cost and Supply Chain Analysis

Stemming from how quantum computing aided in medical inventory management during the

COVID-19 pandemic, supply chain operations are also a major problem experienced by many

other industries. During the pandemic, various companies closed and to this day strict shipping

policies remain due to the pandemic as well as the inflation observed in the economy. This has

led to a greater need for companies to find more cost-effective ways to receive resources as well

as manage inventory. This task and the added expectation of maintaining customer satisfaction

have been a great challenge. Efforts have been made to implement quantum computing to solve

supply chain problems such as canonical inventory problems (Jiang, 2022) and issues involving

logistics and optimization (Gachnang, 2022). The results shown are promising for solving these

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problems at an unprecedented speed. Therefore, if applied to the healthcare industry, limitations

such as medical equipment shortages or drug shipment logistics can be solved to increase the

safety of physicians, increase the survival rates of patients, reduce costs, and reduce patient care

time (thereby increasing patient turn-around rate, maintaining high customer satisfaction, and

many more benefits with the advent of quantum computing).

Solving the supply chain problems can already do so much to reduce costs and help

healthcare providers, and yet there are more ways cost can be reduced while also increasing

customer satisfaction. Quantum computing, as previously mentioned, can provide a more

accurate prognosis. This will reassure many parties: the physician, the patient, and the insurance

company. Because everyone is more informed, insurance premiums have the potential of being

lowered (Rasool et al., 2021). The problem of providing more accurate health results is ongoing,

to which the entire field of “health analytics” is dedicated. As described by Nguyen and Lu in

2021, insurance expenses can be reduced with the condition that there are more accurate health

results. However, this source speaks from a classical standpoint without the consideration of

quantum computers. Progress that has already been made using classical methods and quantum

computing will only further health analytics with faster computing and machine learning

capabilities. According to the Department of Justice, over $1.4 billion of alleged losses were

fraudulent in 2021. Without the use of advanced data analytics, a significantly large amount of

money may be stolen from patients, the government, and various other healthcare firms, which

could lead to a higher cost of care. With better fraud discoveries, more money can be saved

leading to increased customer satisfaction. Di Pierro and Incudini propose that quantum machine

learning can achieve greater fraud detection results. Healthcare fraud can also be detected more

quickly with the faster processing power of computers. In 2022, Tapia et al. were able to perform

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 Giang: Quantum Computing and its Applications in Healthcare

quantum machine learning on a single qubit computer architecture and match the performance of

state-of-the-art supercomputers today. This has major implications for the future of quantum

computing considering that computers with more than one qubit can outperform present-day

technology and further the endeavors of fraud detection.

Security

According to Nguyen and Lu (2021), some of the biggest challenges that big data analytics face

in healthcare pertains to the privacy and security of healthcare data. With technology becoming

more of an integral part of any operation, there are more exchanges of information to outside

companies that manage data. But many limitations exist to maintaining data security as

healthcare firms are aware of a string of high-profile breaches and hacks in recent years.

Executives have to make tradeoffs, but with quantum computing and new encryption algorithms,

these companies will have to worry less about the possibility of data being leaked into the public

domain. Novel methods for encrypting data using quantum computers have been observed to

secure data to a high degree by disabling breaches using classical computers (Kuang &

Perepechaenko, 2022; Li et al., 2019; Gong et al., 2020). These algorithms are secure yet

lightweight enabling data to be transferred with a small footprint and low computational

complexity while maintaining high security.

It is also important to begin implementing quantum computing as a security precaution

because endeavors have been made to decrypt current cryptography methods. RSA encryption is

a standard cryptography scheme that is used in numerous applications including healthcare data

encryption. Even if this methodology is impervious to classical computers, quantum computers

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have proved such schemes obsolete (Sharma et al., 2020). As quantum computers are becoming

more readily available, all data will be at risk.

Discussion and Future of Quantum Computing and where to Improve

As quantum computing becomes more powerful and reliable this can further efforts in reducing

the carbon footprint of companies. This will be the case because resources are optimized and

quantum computing will be more cost-effective compared to classical computers (Cooper, 2022).

One of the limitations of quantum computing lies in resource constraints leading to errors in the

computation. But these problems can be addressed through better/error-free algorithms (Fellous-

Asiani, 2021). However, this puts quantum computing at a risk as well because quantum

computers can be over-corrected still leading to errors. That is why, until there is a breakthrough

in computer and architecture design, hybrid quantum computing can be a more robust and viable

option which quantum computers may inevitably become to solve the world’s biggest problems

(Herman, 2022). Other issues pertaining to the development of these are related to the

input/output of data. There is no efficient way of translating digital data into analog quantum

data for computation. That is due to the absence of a reliable temporary memory for the

computer to use (Horowitz & Grumbling 2019).

The current limitations in the construction of a quantum computer lie in the nature of

quantum particles being highly sensitive leading to being noise prone, and the inability to load

large amounts of data as stated regarding no form of temporary memory. Reliable algorithms for

data encryption and data processing are a challenging endeavor. Because quantum computers are

inherently analog, there is no definite interface to interact with the computer itself.

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 Giang: Quantum Computing and its Applications in Healthcare

IV. CONCLUSION

There have been great breakthroughs in the development of quantum computers. Every day,

there are new ways to implement quantum computers and new discoveries which improve

computation performance. This paper served as a source to bring a multidisciplinary perspective

to the world of quantum computing and how it can be applied to healthcare and improve the state

of the industry. Though quantum computers may not be ready to be implemented into public

operations, scientists and businesspeople need to begin considering ways to reduce the time/cost

to integrate these systems as well as preventative measures for a time when quantum computers

become more accessible to the public.

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