Nervous System Bipolar - has a dendrite and axon

Pseudo-unipolar - has axon no dendrites

Glial cells
● Supportive type of cell that makes up nervous cell
● Astrocyte - type of glial cell that transports water
and salts from capillaries
○ blood brain barrier (BBB) - does not
allow all substances to enter the brain
● Oligodendrocyte - forms myelin sheaths

Central nervous system (CNS)

Central nervous system (CNS) Cerebrum
● control system ● Higher brain function - consciousness
● Consists of brain and spinal chord ● Contains the lobes/hemispheres (right and left)
● Myelin sheath → oligodendrocyte (make up Hemispheres
melanin) ● Right - logic, critical thinking
● Glial cell: oligodendrocyte ● Left - recalling, memory, creative
Peripheral nervous system (sides) (PNS) ● Hemispheres function opposite from each other.
● the sensory and motor neurons that connect the ● Corpus callosum - connection between two
CNS to the rest of the body hemispheres
● contains spinal cord and spinal nerves Lobes
● every spinal nerve has an ascending track and ● Frontal lobe - creative, thinking
descending track. ● Temporal lobe - listening, hearing and balance
● Myelin sheath → Schwann cells ● Parietal lobe - smelling, tasting
● Glial cell: schwann cells ● Occipital lobe - sight
1. Somatic (voluntary) - skeletal muscle and sex
organs
Speech
2. Autonomic (automatic): Symphatetic &
Mainly in left hemisphere
Parasymphatetic
Brochas Area
Neurotransmitters:
● Motor speech
● Sympathetic - norepinephrine/epinephrine
● Where words are formulated
● Parasympathetic - acetylcholine
● Frontal area
● Cardiac and smooth muscles^^
Spinal nerves is divided into:
Wernicke’s Area
Cervical (1-8)
● Sensory speech
Thoracic (1-12)
● Where words are heard and comprehended
Lumbar (1-5)
● Parietal area
Sacral (1-5)

Neurotransmitter Diencephalon
● Chemicals released by the nervous system to Higher brain function
produce?? Amygdala - emotional center
● Epithalamus
Sensory Division (Senses) ○ Emotional and visceral response to odors
● Sight, sound, hearing, taste, tactile (touch/pressure) ● Thalamus
● Dermatomes - landmarks of sensation ○ - pain reception (nociceptor)
● Sensory and motor - combine within the spinal ○ Pineal gland
cord ● Hypothalamus
○ Pituitary gland
Nervous cell anatomy ○ H - hunger
Neuron ○ T - thermoregulation
○ A - anger
○ L - libog
○ S - sexual emotions

Brainstem
● Pons
● Midbrain:
○ reticular formation(Sleep-wake cycle)
○ Rapid-eye movement
Multiple - has many dendrites and axon ● Medulla oblongata - cardiac and respiratory center
Cerebellum 1. Olfactory (S)
● Balance ● Sensory: Smell
● 2 olfactory nerve
Vegetative state - form of comatose wherein the brainstem 2. Optic (S)
and cerebellum only functions ● Pupillary response
● constrict/dilate of pupils
● Light-invisible
Spinal Cord
● Cornea - transparent portion (refracts
●
extends from foramen magnum to 2nd lumbar
light)
vertebra
● Sclera - whitish portion of the eye, tells if
● protected by vertebral column (spine)
sick or not
● allow movement
○ Cones - color vision
● paralysis can occur if damaged (lower portion)
○ Rods - detect black, white, and
● 4 -quadriplegia
gray; necessary for peripheral
● 2 - paraplegia
and twilight visionl(ight vision)
● Upper: incontinence - d mapigilan ihi dire diretso
made of Vit A: retinol
● Upper: Diarrhea
● Pupils:
White matter
○ Constrict - light
● Affector (sensory)
○ Dilate - poor light
● Effector (motor)
3. Oculomotor (M) - eyes
Gray matter
● up and down
● center of spinal cord
4. Trochlear (M) - eyes
● left and right
5. Trigeminal (B)
● Responsible for sensation of cheek
● Frontal, mandible, zygomatic
6. Abducens (M) - eyes
● in between: ex. upper left
7. Facial (B)
● Both motor and sensory
● Responsible for reaction: smile
● Sensory: ⅓ of the tongue (taste)
8. Acoustic / vestibulo cochlear (S)
● Vestibule - balance
● Cochlear - hearing
● Vibration:
○ Rinne’s Rest
○ Webers’ Test
9. Glossopharyngeal (B)
● Sensory: ⅔ of the tongue (taste)
● Motor: swallowing
10. Vagus (B)
● Increase PNS
● Related to pancreas
● Sensory: increase digestion, decrease
everything
● Motor: Gag reflex
12 Cranial Nerves 11. Spinal accessory (M)
● Movement of sternocleidomastoid and
trapezius muscle (shoulder muscle)
1. Oh Olfactory Some 12. Hypoglossal (M)
2. Oh Optic Say ● Tongue movement
3. Oh Oculomotor (eyes) Marry
4. To Trochlear (eyes) Money
5. Touch Trigeminal But Reflexes
6. And Abducens (eyes) My ● Involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus
7. Feel Facial Brother applied to the periphery and transmitted into CNS
8. A Acoustic/Vestibulo cochlear Says ● Reflex arc - neuronal pathway by which a reflex
9. Girl’s Glossopharyngeal Big occur and has five basic components
10. Vagina Vagus Boobs
11. So Spinal accessory Make
12. Heaven Hypoglossal Money Reflex Arc Components
Ascending (sensory)
1. Sensory receptor
 2. Sensory neuron ● 4th ventricle - draining
3. Interneurons - neurons located between and
communicating with two other neurons
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Descending (Effector)
● Bathes the brain and spinal cord, providing
4. Motor neuron
cushion around CNS
5. Effector organ (muscles or glands)
● Ependymall cells - located in the choroid plexuses
Note: The simplest reflex do not involve interneurons
of the ventricles produce CSF

Dermatomes
● S3 (S3X) - front
● S4 - back

Brain waves
● Alpha - awake
● Beta - battle of the brain / immense mental activity
● Delta - deep sleep
● Theta - in children

Memory
● Consolidation - gradual process involving the
formation of new and stronger synaptic connections
● Short term memory is transferred to long-term
memory where it may be stored for only a few
minutes or become permanent by consolidation.

Declarative memory
● Explicit memory
● Facts, names, dates, places

Procedural memory
● Reflexive memory (muscle memory)
● Riding a bicycle, cooking

Limbic System and Emotions

● Combination of several parts; / false system -
between cerebrum and diencephalon
● Influences long-term declarative memory, emotions,
visceral responses to emotions, motivations, mood
● Essential amino acids = ↑ anxiety

Neurotransmitters
● GABA - inhibitory: inhibits essential amino acids to
decrease anxiety
● Gamma Amino Butyric Acid
Dopamine
● High dopamine - happy
● Low dopamine - depression
Endorphins
● Happy hormone
Serotonin

Meninges
Protects the brain : skull meninges
1. Dura - toughest layer
2. Arachnoid - cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathway
3. Pia - cling to the spine, innermost layer

Ventricles
● Fluid-filled cavities
● Lateral - produce CSF (Epindymall cell)
● 3rd ventricle