LESSON: COMMUNICATION ORAL COMMUNICATION

Communication is a process which occurs between two or more people and can be expressed
through written or spoken, or both VERBAL AND NON VERBAL. PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION

Basic Communication Process

- Start with a message.
- Transmitter encodes the message
- Encoded a message is transmitted.
- Encoded message received.
- Receiver decodes the message.

Code is systematic arrangement of letters,figures,symbols, and|or words through which a

message is transmitted or communicate.

Encoding is the process of turning thoughts into words.

Decoding is the process of turning communication into thoughts.

LESSON: COMMUNICATION MODELS

COMMUNICATION MODELS:
● Linear
● Interactive
● Transaction

1. Linear Model
- unidirectional
- one way process
- the message signal is encoded and transmitted through channel in presence of noise.
- More Prominent
- applied in mass communication like television,radio,etc.

● Aristotle’s Model
- First model of communication (300 B.C.)
- Most widely accepted among all communication.
FEW CRITICS:
- No concept of feedback
- No concept of communication failure like noise and barriers
- Used in public speaking.
 ● Laswell’s Model
- Developed by Theorist Harold D.Laswell in 1948.
- -Also known as ACTION MODEL OR LINEAR MODEL OR ONE WAY MODEL
OF COMMUNICATION.
- - most influential. communication models.
FEW CRITICISM:
- Does not ignore feedback and it ignores the possibility of noise.
- Does not consider barriers.
- More focused on the resulting outcome and generally used for media
persuasion.

2. TRANSACTION MODEL
- Exchange of messages between sender and receiver
- Both senders and receiver known as communicators.
- Mostly used for interpersonal communication and is called circular model of
communication.

● SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
- *later came to be known “mother of all models”
- Created in 1948 WHEN Claude Elwood Shannon wrote an article “A
Mathematical Theory of communication” .
- Shannon was a American scientist whereas Weaver was a scientist.

ELEMENTS AND CONCEPT

SENDER (information source) is the person who makes the message,chooses channel and
sends message.

ENCODER (transmitter) is the sender who uses machine which converts message into signal.

CHANNEL is the medium used to send message.

DECODER (Receiver) is the machine used to convert signal or binary data into message or the
receiver who translates the message from signals.

RECEIVER (Destination) is the persons who get the message.

NOISE is the barrier of communication.

FEW CRITICISM ON SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL::

- Encourage non verbal communication
- More noise due to communicators talking at the same time.

3. INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION
 - known as convergence model
- deals with exchange of ideas and messages taking plays both ways from sender to
receiver and vice versa.
- takes place between humans and machines in both verbal and non verbal way
- new model of communication for new technologies.

● SCHRAMM MODEL
- Two way street with a sender and receiver

● CHARLES EGORTON OSGOOD

- popularized the nation that communication was circular rather than linear,
meaning that it require two participants taking turns sending and receiving
message.
CONCEPT OF SCHRAMM'S MODEL
- It is a circular model so that communication is something circular in
nature.
ENCODER is persons who sends the message

DECODER is persons who receive the message

INTERPRETER is person tying to understand or interpret.

FIELD OF EXPERIENCE incorporates what is mutually understood between the sender and the
receiver.

FEW CRITICISM IN INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION:

- Feedback could take along time
- Sender-receiver may not know who the other person is.

LESSON: COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN

4 TYPES OF BARRIER
● Physical
● Psychological
● Cultural
● Linguistic

Physical Barrier are the natural or environment condition that acts as barrier.

PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER are the “mental barriers” Social and personal issue of speaker
towards communicating others.
CULTURAL BARRIER pertain to communication problems encountered by people regarding
their instinct ,values,beliefs and traditions . “

LINGUISTIC BARRIER regarded to language and word meanings . Meaning of word and
symbol also very depending on culture.

CLASSIFICATION OF NOISE
Verderber (1991) gives a similar idea of barrier when he classifies noise in 3: External Noise
Internal noise, Semantic Noise

EXTERNAL: The sight,sound and other stimuli that draw people’s attention away.

INTERNAL: The thoughts and feelings*It involves feeling.

SEMANTIC: The “alternate meanings aroused by a speaker’s symbols”. This idea means that a
word may have another meaning in the mind of students. This affected by the language in which
they grew and the culture in which they are exposed.

STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN :

● KEEP FOCUSED:-to put in mind the purpose of communication

● SPEAK INTELLIGIBLY-means used the appropriate speaking volume,pitch rate,stress
and acceptable pronunciation.
● LISTEN WITH YOUR EARS AND EYES -Pay attention.Effective communication
depends on what people say and how to say it.
● MINIMIZE DISTRACTION -look for a place where you can minimize distractions or
noise.Lessening the cause for confusion means giving more room to focus and
concentrate.
● BE SPECIFIC-direct to the point,use simple and concise words.
● DO NOT JUMP TO CONCLUSION -Before you give your comments and judgement be
sure that you have listened attentively to the speaker conclusions.

WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION?

- It connects with people and starts relationships.

BASIC FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION

● CONTROL
● SOCIAL INTERACTION
● MOTIVATION
● EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
● INFORMATION DISSEMINATION

➢ VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- Means communicating with words whether spoken or written.
 ● ADVANTAGES
- Makes immediate impact
- Provide opportunity for interaction and feedback
- Help us correct our messages according to non verbal cues
- Efficient and successful if the receiver can easily process the message delivered.
● ASPECTS
- Appropriateness
- Brevity
- Clarity
- Ethics
- Vividness
-
APPROPRIATENESS
- Pertain to the use of language form applicable to the nature of the event or context of
situation.
BREVITY
- Use simple and precise words

CLARITY
- Using simple yet exact words

ETHICS
- Pertain to moral standards that need to be considered. Consider audience’s background
Avoid any bias judgment.

VIVIDNESS
- Refers to the words that make the conversation or exchange of information lively and
vibrant.
-
➢ NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- Sending and receiving messages through gestures,body language ,pusture , facial expression
,clothing, managing time etc. Wordless messages META COMMUNICATIVE (example:a nod
means you get the point).
● ADVANTAGES
- Makes the message more meaningful
- Express message without the use of words
- Makes audience more enthusiastic
- Gives confidence to the speaker
- Add color to a speech
- Connect speaker to the audience
- Gives the speaker a variety ways to deliver his|her message.

TYPES OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

 ● Bodily Kinesthetic/Kinesics
● Attitude or behavior
● Manner of dressing
● Tone of voice/Paralanguage
● Proxemics-communicate through space around us:intimate ,personal, social and public
zone.

LESSON: TYPES OF SPEECHES AND SPEECH STYLE

PUBLIC SPEAKING is an act or process of performing a speech before a large audience. Also
known as “oration” or “oratory”. Speeches are more formal than talking or usual conversations.

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

● Informative - To educate an audience
● Persuasive - To convince an audience
● Entertainment - To share laughter and enjoyment to the audience.

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY

● Manuscript
● Impromptu
● Memorized
● Extemporaneous

SPEECH STYLE is the form of language that the speaker uses which characterized by the
degree of formality.(Martin Jaos,1976;156)

TYPES OF SPEECH
● Intimate
- is used for very close relationships.
- Info MAY NOT be used in public
● Casual
- is an informal communication between groups and peers who have something to share
and have shared background information
- Jargon, slang, and vernacular language
● Consultative
- is used in semi-formal and standard communication.
- Professional or mutually acceptable language
● Formal
- is a one-way straightforward speech
- Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must
● Frozen
 - the most formal communicative style that is usually used during solemn ceremonies
and events

LESSON: SPEECH ACT

SPEECH ACT is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect.

Speech acts are performed when a person offers an apology, greeting, request, complaint,
invitation, compliment or refusal.

Act of communication
● LOCUTIONARY: Actual act of uttering or saying something or the utterances of a
sound,a word or even a phrase as a natural unit of speech.
● ILLOCUTIONARY: Social function of what is said. Implying intentions like stating an
opinion,conforming, or denying something:making a prediction, a promise, a request
;issuing an order or a decision; or giving advice or permission.
● PERLOCUTIONARY: refers to the consequent effect of what was said. It aims to change
feelings,thoughts, or actions.

CLASSIFICATION OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS(john Searle,1976)

● ASSERTIVE
● DIRECTIVE
● COMMMISSIVE
● EXPRESSIVE
● DECLARATION

ASSERTIVE - Truth or proposition Suggesting Putting forward Swearing Boasting Concluding

DIRECTIVE - To make the addressee perform action. Example: “Finish or not,submit your
papers”.

COMMISSIVE - Saying promises or stating things which the speaker will do in the future.

EXPRESSIVE - Speaker expresses his|her feelings or emotional reactions.

DECLARATION - An act that brings change in the external situation.

GOOD LUCK SYUG!!!

-NATADECOCO