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Administration History

The document discusses the administrative structures of various historical empires and kingdoms in India like the Delhi Sultanate, Mauryas, Guptas, Cholas, Vijayanagar Empire, Mughal Empire, Maratha Empire and Rashtrakutas. It outlines the different administrative levels with local chieftains, revenue collectors and officials in charge of departments like military, finance, justice etc. The Mughals had a hierarchy of Subahs, Sarkars, Parganas and villages while the Cholas divided their empire into Mandalams, Valanadus, Nadus and villages.

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33 views

Administration History

The document discusses the administrative structures of various historical empires and kingdoms in India like the Delhi Sultanate, Mauryas, Guptas, Cholas, Vijayanagar Empire, Mughal Empire, Maratha Empire and Rashtrakutas. It outlines the different administrative levels with local chieftains, revenue collectors and officials in charge of departments like military, finance, justice etc. The Mughals had a hierarchy of Subahs, Sarkars, Parganas and villages while the Cholas divided their empire into Mandalams, Valanadus, Nadus and villages.

Uploaded by

srk08072003
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Delhi Sultanate
 Sultanate ----: Iqta (provinces) headed by Muqti------: Shiqs (Shiqdar)------:
Paragana (Amil)---------: Village (Muqaddam or Chaudhri)
 Nazirs and Waqfs: staff to collect revenues at provincial level
 Village accountant: Patwari
 Walis and Amirs: newly appointed in-charges of provinces. Enjoyed higher
status than muqtis

2. Mauryas
 Rajyukas , Pradeshika, Yuktas (district administration)-----> Gopa----->
Gramini
 Amatyas: civil servants for day to day administration
 Samharta: Chief of Revenue Dept.
 Dharmathikarin: CJI type
 Adyakshas: dept of commerce and industry ; controlled wholesale and
retail prices

3. Gupta
 Bhuktis (Uparika)----> Vishyas (Vishyapatis)-------> Nagara (Nagar Sreshtis)---
-----> Gram (Gramikas)
 Kumaramatyas and Ayuktas: provincial adminitration

4. Chola Administration
 Mandalams (provinces) headed by royal princes-------> Valanadus (district)
headed by periyanattar-------> Nadus (Tehsil) headed by nattar
 Town called nagaram headed by nagarnattar
 Administrative officials ---> perundanam and sirudanam
 Land Revenue dept.---> puravuvarithinaikkalam
 Residential portion of village ----> ur nattam
 Military Administration
 Royal troops: kaikkolaperumpadai
 King's personal troops: Velaikkarar
 Military Cantonments: kadagams
 Peruvazhis : trunk roads

JAYANT SINGH RATHORE- AIR 59, CSE2020


Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes & Strategy – https://t.me/jayantrishabh
5. Vijaynagar Empire
 Four administrative units-- Mandalams, Nadus, sthalas and gramas
 King assisted by COM ( hereditary but not always)
 Tax on -- land revenue, custom duty at ports, grazing tax, marriage tax, tax
on gardening, tax on manufacture of various articles.
 Land revenue-- four types of classified land --- the wet land, dry land,
orchards and woods. Dept for LR- Ashtavana
 Top grade police officers- nayaks or poligars. They were granted land in lieu
of their services-- amaram
 Police tax- Arasu Svatantram
 Soldiers paid in cash. Military dept. - Kandachara
 Village in charge for forced labour (vishti)
 Gauda- supervised admin of village
 Ayagar- body of 12 people conducted village affairs, were granted tax free
land.

6. Mughal Empire
 Wazir and Wakil saw its revival
 Wazir became too powerful ---> Akbar took away financial powers
 Diwan-i-Kul: revenue and finances
 Mir Bakshi: military administration (appointment of mansabs)
 Sadr-us-Sudur: to protect Shariat law; Muhtasibs: appointed for general
observance of rules of morality
 Chief Qazi: CJI
 Mir Saman: in charge of royal karkhanas
 Empire-----> Subhas (Subedar)----> Sarkars (faujdar: administrative post +
Amalguzar: revenue collector)-------> Paraganas (Shiqdar: administrative
post + Amil: revenue + Quanungo: kept all land records)---------> Village
(Muqaddam: headman + Patwari: revenue records)
 Kotwals: in towns; records of people going in and out
 Mutasaddi: collected taxes on merchandise and maintained a custom
house.
JAYANT SINGH RATHORE- AIR 59, CSE2020
Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes & Strategy – https://t.me/jayantrishabh
 Banik : local traders
 Paintings
 Mir Syyaid Ali and Abul Samad - during Akbar's reign
 Panchatantra and Hitopadesha - miniature paintings estd by Akbar
 Jahangir- employed Abul Hasan, Bishan Das, Madhu, Anant,
Manohar, Govardhan and ustad Mansura
 Attempted to make 3d paintings. Oil paintings are missing.
 Fine Arts
 Tansen

7. Maratha Empire
 Prant--(province)--Subedars
 Taraf--(district)----Havaldar/karkun/paripatyagar
 Mauza--lowest unit of administration

8. Rashtrakutas
 Rashtras---states--rashtrapati
 Vishyas---districts---vishayapatis
 Bhukti- tehsil- Bhogapatis
 Village- Gram Mahajan

JAYANT SINGH RATHORE- AIR 59, CSE2020


Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes & Strategy – https://t.me/jayantrishabh

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