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SYSTEMATICS

Systematics is the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships. It includes taxonomy, which is the classification of organisms, and phylogenetics, which studies evolutionary histories. A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among organisms based on shared characteristics and inferred ancestors. It connects modern taxa to their hypothesized common ancestors and traces the progression of characteristics along lineages over time.

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24 views

SYSTEMATICS

Systematics is the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships. It includes taxonomy, which is the classification of organisms, and phylogenetics, which studies evolutionary histories. A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among organisms based on shared characteristics and inferred ancestors. It connects modern taxa to their hypothesized common ancestors and traces the progression of characteristics along lineages over time.

Uploaded by

kazuhaanemo859
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SYSTEMATICS

Based on Evolutionary Relationships


OBJECTIVES
1 2 3
Define Systematics Discuss the need Discuss the
and its uses for a components and
comprehensive purpose of a
classification phylogenetic tree
system
SYSTEMATICS
-Scientific study of the kinds and diversity of
organisms and any of all relationships among
them (George Gaylord Simpson, 1961).
SYSTEMATICS
-Scientific study of the kinds and diversity of
organisms and any of all relationships among
them (George Gaylord Simpson, 1961).

TAXONOMY PHYLOGENETICS
TAXONOMY
- The theory and practice of classifying
organisms according to their:
1. Characteristics
2. Evolutionary History
TAXONOMY INCLUDES:

1. Description
2. Identification
3. Nomenclature and Classification
PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY
1. Classification systems are used to name and group
organisms in a logical manner
2. Taxonomy is the study of classification of living
things
3. Organisms are living things that can be assigned a
classification based on their physical characteristics
The first person known
to classify and group
organisms was the
Greek Philosopher,

Aristotle
However, this is not used
because it can be
misleading. Why?
Because... Aristotle’s Classifications

doe sn’t fit in Plantae Animalia


a ny g ro u p
Because... Modern Classifications

Fungi Plantae Animalia

Protista Monera added(+)


Because... Usual names can be misleading

A jellyfish is not a fish.

A seahorse is a fish.
Because... Common names may vary from place to
place

Aso (Tagalog)

Ayam (Bikol)

Iro (Bisaya)

Edo (Hiligaynon)
Because... Some organisms’ names vary from country
to country

Manok (Filipino)

Poulet (French)

Chicken (English)

Huhn (German)
So... Early scientists made scientific names using
long Latin descriptions but it was too long to
remember and doesn‘t show relationships
between organisms

piscis parum flavo maculis caeruleum


“the fish with little yellow spots on a blue body”
Carolus Linnaeus
formulated a
classification
system based on
MORPHOLOGY
(1707-1778)
Devised the:

Heirarchial
Classification System
Binomial Nomenclature
System

(1707-1778)
General

Linnaean Classification System Specific


General

Modern Classification System Specific


BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE
(2 name naming system)

GENUS + SPECIES
BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE
(2 name naming system)

Ursus + arctos

lower case
Capitalized

Italicized/Underlined
BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE
(2 name naming system)

Homo sapien Tyranosaurus rex


Common name: These are used locally
and may vary by region or country.

Scientific name: These are unique names


used by the scientific community to
accurately and universally identify species.
PHYLOGENY
Field of systematics that studies the
evolutionary history of organisms from a
common descent.
PHYLOGENETICS
the study of evolutionary relationship
using genetic data, quantitative traits and
morphological data.
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS
the use of molecular data such as DNA and
protein sequences to infer phylogenies
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram used
to connect evolutionary relationships
among organisms or groups of
organisms.
Charles Darwin is credited with
the earliest representation of a
phylogenetic tree published in his
book “The Origin of Species”.
How phylogenetic look likes?
The roots of a tree

if a tree is rooted, the nodes


represent inferred most recent
common ancestor
sometimes, the lengths of
branches on a rooted tree can be
meaningful
unrooted trees may look rooted
because of the way of they are
displayed
UNROOTED PHYLOGENETICS
TREE

Depicts only the relationship


between organisms ignoring
the direction of the
evolutionary time line.
ROOTED PHYLOGENETICS TREE
Depicts the direction of evolutioanry time which makes it
easier to find the older and newer groups it has.
BIFURCATING TREE
A tree that bifurcates has a maximum of
2 descendants arising from each of the
internal nodes
MULTI-FURCATING TREE
A tree that multi-furcates has a multiple
descendants arising from each of the
internal nodes
Cladistics
Hyothetically shows the evolutionary
relationship of species based on their
shared derived characteristics
Cladogram
A diagram with series of splits and can
trace back to a common ancestor of two
species
Common ancestor
for this clade
Outergroup
useful comparison for the animals in the study
Hair is the ancstral characteristic of all animal
in this in group .
Order Carnivora
Class Mammalia
Closer relationship to the right than to the left
Horses are equally related to all carnivores
Characteristic 4

Characteristic 3

Characteristic 2

Characteristic 1
Characteristic 1 is synapomorphy for B-F

A B C D E F

Characteristic 4

Characteristic 3

Characteristic 2

Characteristic 1
COMPARISON BETWEEN CLADOGRAM
AND PHYLOGENETIC TREE
Similarities
Both cladogram and phylogenetic tree shows the
relationships between a group of organisms called taxa

The nodes on both represents the common ancestors of


the descendants. The descendants separated from same
node called sister groups.
Differences
Cladogram shows the relatedness among a group of
organisms whereas, the distance of phylogenetic tree
branch depends on amount of inferred evolutionary
change.

In cladogram, it does not represent evolutionary timeline


while phylogenetic tree represents the evolutionary
timeline and the genetic distance between group of the
organisms.
Phylogenetic Tree of Evolutionary
Relationship of Primates based on
their Morphological
Characteristics
lemurs, lorises, bushbabies
PRIMATES (Madagascar) (Tropical Africa + Southern Asia)

tarsier
(Southeast Asia))

Lemur Lorise
Galago (bushbaby) Philippine Tarsier
Gibbons
(Southeast Asia)

Orangutans
HOMONOIDS (Southeast Asia)
(Tailess Apes)

Gorillas
(Sub-Saharan Africa)
Silverback Gorilla
HOMINIDS
(Great Apes)
Chimpanzee & Bonobos
(Tropical Africa) (Congo)

HOMININAE
(African Apes)

Bonobos

Chimpanzee
Orangutan
Eastern Grey Gibon
HOMININAE
(African Apes)

Sahelanthropus Tchadensis (6.5 mya)

HOMININI Australopithus (4 mya)

HOMININA H. habilis
(Hominins) H. ergaster

HOMO H. erectus
(2.6 mya)

H. neanderthalensis

H. Sapiens

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