1, Parallel database architectures are ways of designing a database system that runs across multiple

processors or machines to improve performance and scalability.

According to the web search results, the four parallel database architectures mentioned in the
question are:

Shared nothing: Each processor has its own memory and disk storage and no two processors can
access the same disk area. This architecture is also known as Massively parallel processing (MPP).

Shared memory: Multiple processors share the main memory space but each processor has its
own disk. This architecture is also known as Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP).

Shared disk: Multiple processors have their own memory but all of them have access to the same
disk. This architecture is also known as clusters.

Hierarchical: A combination of shared nothing and shared memory architectures, where multiple
clusters of processors share memory within the cluster but not across the clusters.

Based on these definitions, I think the possible answer to the question is:

Diagram (a) matches with shared disk architecture, because all the processors ("P"s) can access
the same disk (“M”).

Diagram (b) matches with shared nothing architecture, because each processor has its own disk
and memory.

Diagram © matches with shared memory architecture, because all the processors share the same
memory (“M”) but have their own disks.

Diagram (d) matches with hierarchical architecture, because there are clusters of processors that
share memory within the cluster but not across the clusters.
2,

Question 10 asks about the key distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous distributed
database systems. The answer is that homogeneous systems use the same DBMS software across
all sites, while heterogeneous systems use different DBMS software, which may not be based on
the same underlying data model.

Question 11 asks about evaluating how well partitioning techniques support different types of data
access, specifically scanning the entire relation. Partitioning techniques are methods of dividing a
large database into smaller subsets or partitions, which can improve performance, scalability, and
availability. There are several types of partitioning techniques, such as range, list, hash, and round-
robin. Scanning the entire relation is a data access method that involves reading all the records or
tuples in a relation or table. Scanning the entire relation might be efficient in range partitioning,
where the data is divided based on a range of values for a partitioning key, such as date or
alphabetical order. However, scanning the entire relation could be less efficient in hash
partitioning, where the data is divided based on a hash function that maps the data to specific
partitions, resulting in a random distribution of data

The questions are:

A database system is partitioned into modules that deal with each of the responsibilities of
the overall system. The functional components of a database system can be divided into three.
List and discuss the three components of Database Engine. (6pts)

There are 5 steps to connect any java application with the database using JDBC API List out
and discuss the five steps with corresponding codes (5pts)

There are many application domains that need to store more complex data than simple tables
with a fixed number of attributes. Discuss the mechanisms by SQL to deal with complex data
types (new data types and object orientation). (4pts)
What are two widely used semi-structured data models? Discuss at least two features of
Semi-Structured Data Models (4pts)

How do we define trigger and what is its purpose? (3pts)

The three components of Database Engine are:

Query Processor: This component is responsible for parsing, optimizing, and executing SQL
queries. It also performs query optimization, which involves choosing the best execution plan for
a given query based on various factors, such as the available indexes, statistics, and constraints

Storage Manager: This component is responsible for managing the storage and retrieval of data
on disk or other media. It also performs tasks such as buffering, caching, locking, logging,
recovery, and concurrency contro

Catalog Manager: This component is responsible for maintaining the metadata or schema
information about the database, such as the names, types, and constraints of tables, columns,
indexes, views, and procedures. It also provides access to the catalog for the query processor and
the storage manager

The five steps to connect any java application with the database using JDBC API are:

Import the JDBC packages: This step involves importing the java.sql package and any other
specific packages for the database driver that you are using. For example, to use the MySQL driver,
you need to import com.mysql.jdbc package

Load and register the driver: This step involves loading the driver class into memory using the
Class.forName() method and registering it with the DriverManager class. For example, to load and
register the MySQL driver, you need to execute Class.forName(“com.mysql.jdbc.Driver”)

Establish a connection: This step involves creating a Connection object by calling the
DriverManager.getConnection() method and passing the URL, username, and password of the
database. For example, to connect to a MySQL database named test on localhost, you need to
execute Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test”,
“root”, “root”)

Create a statement: This step involves creating a Statement object by calling the
Connection.createStatement() method. This object is used to execute SQL queries. For example,
to create a statement, you need to execute Statement stmt = con.createStatement()

Execute the query and process the result: This step involves executing the SQL query by calling
the Statement.executeQuery() or Statement.executeUpdate() method, depending on the type of
query. The result of the query is returned as a ResultSet object, which can be iterated to access the
data. For example, to execute a query that returns the name and age of all students, you need to
execute ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(“SELECT name, age FROM student”); and then loop
through the result set using rs.next() and rs.getString() or rs.getInt() methods

SQL provides several mechanisms to deal with complex data types, such as:

User-defined data types: This mechanism allows users to define their own data types based on
existing types or using constructors, such as array, struct, or map. For example, to create a user-
defined type named address that consists of street, city, and zip attributes, you can use the
following SQL statement: CREATE TYPE address AS (street VARCHAR(50), city
VARCHAR(20), zip INT);

Object-relational features: This mechanism allows users to incorporate object-oriented concepts,

such as inheritance, polymorphism, and methods, into the relational model. For example, to create
a table named person that inherits from another table named entity, you can use the following SQL
statement: CREATE TABLE person OF entity (name VARCHAR(20), age INT);

XML and JSON support: This mechanism allows users to store and query data in XML or JSON
format, which are widely used for exchanging data between web applications. For example, to
create a table named product that contains an XML column named info, you can use the following
SQL statement: CREATE TABLE product (id INT, info XML);

Two widely used semi-structured data models are:

XML: This model is based on a hierarchical tree structure, where each node is either an element,
an attribute, or a text. Elements can have nested sub-elements, attributes, and text. Attributes and
text can only have simple values. XML documents can be validated against a schema, such as
DTD or XSD, which defines the structure and constraints of the data. XML supports namespaces,
which allow users to avoid name conflicts and reuse elements from different sources. XML also
supports queries and transformations using languages, such as XPath, XQuery, and XSLT

JSON: This model is based on a collection of name-value pairs, where each value can be either a
simple value, an object, or an array. Objects are unordered sets of name-value pairs, and arrays are
ordered lists of values. JSON documents do not have a predefined schema, but they can be
validated against a schema, such as JSON Schema, which defines the structure and constraints of
the data. JSON supports queries and transformations using languages, such as JSONPath, JSONiq,
and JSLT

A trigger is a special type of stored procedure that is automatically executed when a certain event
occurs on a table or view, such as insert, update, or delete. The purpose of a trigger is to perform
some action or check some condition based on the data modification, such as enforcing integrity
constraints, auditing changes, or cascading updates. For example, to create a trigger named
log_delete that inserts a record into a table named log whenever a row is deleted from a table
named employee, you can use the following SQL statement: CREATE TRIGGER log_delete
AFTER DELETE ON employee FOR EACH ROW INSERT INTO log VALUES (OLD.id,
OLD.name, ‘deleted’);