1.

Acid Phosphatase (AP) test – The male prostate gland produces and secretes
high amounts of acid phosphatase (AP), an enzyme, in the semen. Using standard
chemical reactions, laboratories can analyze a given stain for the presence of this
enzyme. In the presence of certain stains, AP will produce a dark purple color in less
than a minute
2. Acid-phospahtase Test- This test is adopted because of high acid-phosphatase
activity of semen.Stability of acid phosphatase activity in seminal stain depends on
temperature
3. ACRYLIC- Often found as an artificial wool or imitation fur, acrylic has a light, fluffy
feel. However, acrylic clothing tends to ball or pill easily. This is an inexpensive fiber
4. Acute toxicity refers to effects that occur shortly after a single exposure or small
number of closely spaced exposures.
5. AGGLUTINOGEN OR ANTIGEN- These are characteristic chemical structures or
“principles” that the found on the surface of each red blood cells which stimulates the
production of agglutinins or antibodies
6. Albert Osborn - (1858-1946) father of document examination. His work led to
the acceptance of documents as scientific evidence by the courts.
7. Ammonium molybdate test: lt gives deep yellow color, due to presence of
phosphorus
8. Animal fibers - made of PROTEIN. Examples are wool, silk, hair.
9. ANTIBODY OR AGGLUTININ- These are properties or “principles” contained in
the serum which cause agglutination or clumping together of the red blood cells
10. Artificial silk-cylindrical, lustrous, appearing like a glass rod
11. Axillary Hair - is fairly long unevenly distributed pigment. They vary considerably
in diameter along the shaft and have frequently a bleached appearance. It has an
irregular shape and structure. Looks like public hair but the ends are shaper and the
hair is not so curly
12. B lymphocytes- responsible for the humoral immunity.
13. Barberio’s Test- Invented by Barberio in the year 1905. When the questioned
stain is allowed to react with picric acid it leads to the formation of yellow needle
shaped spermine picrate crystals.
14. BARBITURATES- are drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued with
anxiety, mental stress and insomnia
15. Beard Hair - coarse, curved, very stiff, and often triangular in cross section
16. BENZIDINE TEST- An extremely sensitive test that can be applied to minute
stain. For many years the most commonly used preliminary test for blood. The
Benzidine test never fails to detect blood even when very old, decomposed stain with
all sorts of contamination is examined. The positive result is only indicative that the
blood maybe present
17. BLACK POWDER- WHICH IS CONSIST OF OR MADE OF15% OF CHARCOAL
AND 75 % OF KNO3 OR NaNO3
18. BLOOD GROUPING TEST- Determines the blood group of human
19. BLOOD- It is the red fluid of the blood vessels. Blood is opaque. On the treatment
with either, water or other reagents becomes transparent lake color. It is finally
alkaline. Normally pH is 7.35 – 7.45
20. Blood Platelets (THROMBOCYTES)- Are tiny blood cells that helps your body to
form clots to bleeding
21. BURNING OR IGNITION TEST- A simple preliminary macroscopic examination.
A test that determines whether fiber is mineral, animal or vegetable
22. Calvin H. Goddard – (1891-1955) Father of Ballistics. Developed the technique
to examine bullets using a comparison microscope to determine whether or not a
particular gun fired the bullets
23. CAUCASIAN RACE HAIR- Hair contains very fine to coarse pigment, and more
evenly distributed than is found in Negro or Mongolian
24. CELLULOSE- is a polymer that is made up of simple glucose units, and is not
protein.
25. Cellulosic (Regenerated Fibers or modified natural fibers)- Most common of this
type is Rayon, it is a fiber that can imitate natural fibers and generally smooth and
silky in appearance
26. Central Crime Laboratory – formed in order to control all the activities of all
satellite laboratories including district offices and regional laboratory of PNP Crime
Laboratory.
27. Chain of custody form was used during processing of physical evidence, from
collection, proper taking, handling and packaging of specimen, examination,
safekeeping and presentation in court.
28. Chain of custody- This is a list of all persons who came into possession of an
item of evidence. In establishing the chain of custody, specimen packages must be
marked with information that is sufficient to ensure identification by the officer in
future legal proceedings and to withstand all the inquires of what happened to the
specimen from the time of its finding to its presentation in court.
29. Character of cuticle - the size, the general shape and the irregularity of the scale
30. Chemistry - A science that deals with the composition, structure and properties of
substances and with the transformations that they undergo.
31. Chemistry Division – involves examination that requires chemical analysis
32. Chromatography – is the process of separating mixture and comparing the
migration of each component with standard
33. CHROMATOGRAPHY – this refers to biophysical technique that enables the
separation, identification of the components of a mixture for qualitative and
quantitative analysis
34. Chronic toxicity refers to delayed effects that occur after long term repeated
exposures.
35. Circumstantial evidence is a kind of evidence which seeks to establish a
conclusion by inferences from the facts proven.
36. Class characteristics – property of evidence that can only be associated with a
group and never with a single source. The property is the same throughout the whole
group not by a single specimen
37. Classification – placing the evidence to a class member.
38. CODEINE- a derivative of the morphine. Commonly available in cough
preparation narcotics are difficult to obtain
39. Comparison- Method of determining similarity/conformity of characteristics of
questioned evidences to a known standard.
40. CONFIRMATORY TEST- Determines whether bloodstain really contains blood.
Test that positively identifies blood.
41. Confirmatory test is the method employed to confirm the results of the
screening/preliminary test
42. Cortex - the intermediate and the THICKEST layer of the and is composed of
elongated, spindle-shaped fibrils which cohere. They contain pigment granules in
varying proportion depending on the type of hair
43. Cotton – unicellular filament, flat, ribbon-like, twisted spirally to right or left on its
axis; central canal is uniform in diameter. Cell wall thick, covered by a thick,
structureless, waxy cuticle. Fibers taper gradually to a blunt or rounded point at one
end.
44. Crime laboratory, also called forensic laboratory, facility where analyses are
performed on evidence generated by crimes or, sometimes, civil infractions.
45. Cultivated silk-smooth, cylinder, lustrous threads, usually single but often double,
the twin filament held together by an envelope of gum. More or less transparent,
without definite structure.
46. Cuticle - outermost covering of the hair. It is consist of one layer of non-nucleated
polygonal cells, which overlaps like the scales on a fish.
47. DANGEROUS DRUGS- A substance affecting the central nervous system which when
taken into the human body brings about physical, emotional or behavioral changes in a
person taking it.
48. December 1, 1937 – The “Division of Investigation” was create under
Commonwealth Act No. 181 with two medico-legal officers and a chemist. The
Medico-legal Section of the Division of Investigation started the definite movement
towards the creation of scientific crime detection laboratory.
49. December 15, 1884 – Gov. Gen. Joaquin Javellar created a committee to study
the mineral waters in Luzon and appointed Anacleto del Rosario as chemist
50. DEMEROL AND METHADONE- common synthetic drugs with morphine- like
effects drug of choice in the withdrawal treatment of heroin dependents
51. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the substance that chromosomes are made of.
Chromosomes are long connected double strands of DNA that have a structure
resembling a twisted ladder.
52. DEPRESSANTS- Drug which suppress vital function especially those of the
brain or central nervous system with the resulting impairment of judgment,
hearing, speech and muscular coordination.
53. Descriptive Toxicologist: Performs toxicity test to evaluate the risk that
exposure pose to humans
54. Diphenylamine Test or DPA Test – test that determines the presence and
location of nitrate chemical needed diphenylamine reagent . procedure to be taken
up in the laboratory V.S. blue specks if nitrates are present
55. DIPHENYLAMINE-PARAFFIN TEST -test to be determine the presence of
nitrates, a test to determine whether a person fired a gun or not
56. Direct evidence is that which the senses perceive. Any fact to which a witness
testifies based on what he saw, heard, smelled, touched or tasted, is direct
57. Documentary evidence – Any written evidence presented by an expert in court
which is relevant to the subject matter in dispute and not excluded by the Rules of
Court.
58. DRUG ABUSE- Any non-medical use of drugs that cause physical, psychological,
legal; economic, or social damage to the user or to people affected by the user’s
behavior
59. Drug Identification – is a branch of Forensic Chemistry that deals with the
scientific examination of drugs and volatile substances
60. Drug- is a chemical substance that brings about physical, physiological,
behavioral and/or psychological change in a person taking it
61. Drug- is a chemical that interacts with proteins in the body to affect a
physiological function. This is the general idea behind all medicine
62. Drug testing is a form of forensic testing. Drug test results issued should be
scientifically, legally and forensically defensible
63. Dry Roots – dead roots
64. Dying declaration - A dying declaration is called as “Leterm Mortem”, which
means words said before death.
65. Edmond Locard - (1877-1966) father of the crime lab. In 1910, he started the
first crime lab in an attic of a police station. Founded the institute of criminalistics in
France. His most important contribution was the "Locards Exchange Principle"
66. Eosinophils –plays an important role in fighting off bacteria and important in
responding to infections with parasites (such as worms). best known in their
response for allergy symptoms.
67. Essential chemicals – chemical substance used as reagent or solvent in the
illegal manufacture of controlled substances.
68. Evidence - is a proof of allegation, it is a means sanctioned by law of ascertaining
in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact (Sec Rule 128, Revised
Rules On Evidence)
69. EXPERT WITNESS- One who possess a special skill, be it in art, trade or science
or one who has special knowledge in waters not generally known to men or ordinary
education and experiments. A person skilled in some art, trade or science to the
extent that he possesses information not within the common knowledge of man.
70. Explosive experts respond to the scene of an explosion or investigate the
discovery of an undetonated (unexploded) bomb.
71. Explosive- Is any substance that may cause an explosion by its sudden
decomposition or combustion
72. EYE WITNESS- Person who saw the fatal act
73. February 14, 1829 – Massacre occurred in Chicago. Then a group of public-
minded individuals was responsible for the establishment of a scientific crime
laboratory in that city which today has marked its place in the historical annals of
police science.
74. Firearms investigations involve the examination of fired bullets to determine what
kind of weapon they were fired from
75. Florence Test-This test was discovered by Dr.Florence in the year 1886.
76. FLUORESCENCE TEST – frequently used to determine the general group to
which a fiber belongs. It is not reliable for positive identification of fiber
77. Forensic Chemist- is one who practices forensic chemistry.
78. Forensic chemistry - defined as the application of chemical principles in the
examination of physical evidence in solution to problems that arise in connection with
the administration of justice.
79. Forensic- Comes from the Latin word “Forum” which means market place or
public gathering. Relating to or dealing with the application of scientific knowledge to
legal problems.
80. Fruit fibers- Coir is a coarse fiber obtained from the covering surrounding
coconuts. The individual cells of the coir fibers are narrow, with thick walls made of
cellulose. When woven together, they are stronger than flax or cotton
81. FUR- a good donor of fibers, but it is not a textile. Commonly used for coats and
gloves.
82. Fuzz hair ( generally short, fine at times curly and wooly)
83. GENES- Any of the complex chemical units in the chromosomes by which
hereditary characters are transmitted. Responsible for the transmission of hereditary
characteristics.
84. GENOTYPES- Are paired genes.
85. Glycophorin - A Major protein in RBC Membrane. They are easily destroyed or
removed by routine blood bank enzyme ficin, papain etc
86. GUAIACUM TEST- A fairly delicate test showing the presence of fresh blood in a
solution of 1:50,000 dilution. It may not react to very old stains
87. HAEMOCHROMOGEN CRYSTAL TEST OR TAKAYAMA TEST- One of the two
popular microchemical test. A delicate test for the presence of hemoglobin.
88. HAIR FIBERS- most popular in animal fibers. Most common animal hair used in
textiles is wool from sheep
89. Hair- is a filamentous biomaterial that grows from follicles present in the dermis.
Found exclusively in mammals, hair is one of the defining characters of mammalian
class
90. HAIR WITH MEDIUM MEDULLA (approximate 0.5) - belongs to hair of cow,
horse, others
91. HAIR WITH NARROW MEDULLA (less the 0.5) - belongs to human
92. HAIR WITH THICK MEDULLA (greater than 0.5) - almost all animals belong to
this
93. HALLUCINOGENS - any one of a large number of natural or synthetic
psychoactive drugs that produce marked distortions of the senses and
changes in perception. Hallucinogens generally alter the way time is perceived,
making it appear to slow down
94. Hearsay evidence is a statement made by a witness on the authority of another
and not from his own personal knowledge or observation
95. HEMOGLOBIN- The red coloring matter of the red blood cells of the blood
96. HEROIN- is three to five more power than morphine from which it is derive and
the day; It may be sniffed on swallowed but is usually injected in the veins
97. HIGH EXPLOSIVES- Explode under the influence of the shock of the explosion
of primary explosive. They do not function by burning, in fact not all of them can be
ignited by a flame and in small amount generally burn tranquilly and can be
extinguished easily. If heated to a high temperature by external heat or by their own
combustion, they sometimes explode.
98. HIGH PRECISION METHOD- this refers to the utilization of invisible light (Ultra-
Violet, X-Ray, Infrared light)
99. Identification – an analytical method to determine the identity of substance
100. Immediate precursors – a chemical substance used in the clandestine
manufacturing process becomes incorporated in full or part into the final molecules of
a substance under international control.
101. Individual characteristic – attributed from a common source with an extremely
high degree of certainty. The evidence produced the same characteristics repeatedly.
102. Individualization – the process of establishing the common source of physical
evidence
103. Infant hairs are fine, short in length, have fine pigment and are rudimentary in
chapter.
104. Inorganic Compounds: Are those based on other elements
105. INVISIBLE RAYS – This refers to the use of invisible spectrum of light such as
UV, IR, X-ray and etc. for the identification and evaluation of pieces of evidences
106. Latent prints refer to fingerprints, palm prints, and the footprints that are not
visible to the unaided eye but can be recovered from a crime scene for study.
107. Leone Lattes - (1887-1954) father of blood stain identification. He developed
a procedure for determining the blood type (A,B,AB or O) of a dried stain.
108. Limb hair - similar to trunk hairs but usually are not so long or so coarse and
usually contain less pigment
109. Linen – multicellular filament, straight and cylindrical, not twisted and flattened,
tapering to a sharp point. Cell walls thick, the lumen appearing as a narrow dark line
in the center of the fiber to appear jointed resembling bamboo
110. Living Root – often found on hair in full growth
111. LUMINOUS TEST- An important presumptive identification test for blood. The
reaction of luminol with blood result in the production of light rather than color. By
spraying luminol reagent onto a suspect item, large areas can be quickly screened
for the presence of bloodstains.
112. MAMMALIAN RED BLOOD CELLS- Circular, biconcave disc without nucleus
birds, fish and reptiles red blood cells larger, oval and nucleated Amphibians-animal
living on land breeding in water. Red blood cells are larger than mammals, oval and
nucleated
113. March 31, 1876 – Creation of Medico Titulares by virtue of Royal Decree #188
approved by the King of Spain. For every province, a Forensic Physician was
assigned to perform public sanitary duties and at the same time provide medico-legal
aids to the administration of justice.
114. Mathieu Orfila (1787-1853)- Father of Toxicology. Wrote about the detection
of poisons and their effects on animals.
115. Mechanistic Toxicologist: attempts to determine how substances exert
deleterious effects on living organisms
116. MEDICINAL DRUGS-A substance which when taken into the human body cures
illness and/or relieves signs/symptoms of disease.
117. Medulla or Core - the most characteristics portion of the hair. It is the central
canal of the hair that maybe empty or may contain various sots of cells more or less
pigmented and begins more and less near the root
118. Melanin - brownish-black pigment in hair, skin, etc. it is the chemical
responsible for the color of the hair.
119. Mercerized Cotton – straight, cylindrical with occasional twist; unevenly lustrous,
smooth except for occasional transverse fold or wrinkles; cuticle mostly lacking
120. MICROSCOPY – this refers to the technical filed of using microscopes to view
samples and objects that cannot be seen with the unaided eye (naked eye)
121. Mineral fiber – are neither proteins nor cellulose. They may not be long
repeating polymers. Fiberglass is a fiber form of glass. Its fibers are very weak, and
brittle.
122. MONGOLOID RACE HAIR- hair is coarse and straight with very little variation
in diameter along the shaft of the hair
123. Monocytes –the garbage trucks of the immune system
124. MORPHINE- most commonly used the best- used opiate
125. Natural fiber- a fiber produced naturally and harvested from animal, plant or
mineral resources
126. NEGROID RACE HAIR- contains heavy pigment distributed unevenly. Hair is
usually kinky with marked variation in the diameter along the shaft
127. Nemo moriturus praesumitur mentire- Basis for “dying declaration” , which means “a
man will not meet his maker with a lie in his mouth”
128. Neutrophils –usually the first cells of immune system to respond in response to
an invader such as bacteria or virus
129. Non-cellulosic (Synthetic Polymer Fibers)- originate with petroleum products
and are non-cellulose based fibers
130. NYLON- Nylon has properties similar to polyester, except it is easily broken
down by light and concentrated acid. Polyester is resistant to both of these agents
131. OLEFINS- Olefins are used ng high-performance clothing, such as thermal
socks and carpets, because they are very quick drying and resistant to wear
132. OPIUM- derive from a puppy plant- PAPAVER somniferous popularly known as
“gamot”, “kalamaya”,” panocha”
133. ORDINARY WITNESS- State facts and may not express his opinions or
conclusions. He may testify to impressions of common experiments such as the
speed of a vehicle, whether a voice was that of a man, woman or child. Beyond this
he is closely limited.
134. Orfila- the founder of toxicology (19th Century) – A Spanish physician, Orfila is
often referred to as the founder of toxicology
135. Organic Compounds: This are based on Carbon (anything that contains the
elements of carbon: as a structural (backbone) and are found on living things.
136. Paracelsus (16th Century) – Determined that specific chemicals were actually
responsible for the toxicity of a plant or animal poison.
137. Paraffin test – Test performed to extract the nitrates embedded in the skin
138. PAREGORIC- a tincture of opium in combination with camphor. Commonly used
as a household remedy for diarrhea and abdominal pain
139. PEROXIDASE- Enzyme that accelerates the oxidation of several classes of
organic compounds by peroxide
140. PHENOLPHTHALEIN TEST- An alternative test to benzidine test. It can detect
blood in a dilution of 1:80,000,000 parts. A positive results with this test is highly
indicative of blood. The negative result is, therefore, valuable and is conclusive as to
the absence of blood
141. PHENOTYPES- Term used to denote the expression of the inherited
characteristic as found in the individual.
142. Philippine Constabulary Forensic Laboratory (1955) created after Technical
Laboratory Branch was detached from CIS. After succeeding years, PCFL was
decentralized creating four regional laboratories covering four zones nationwide and
renamed it to PC Central Crime Laboratory.
143. Philippine Constabulary/Integrated National Police Crime Laboratory Service –
PC/INPCLS (May 18, 1985) – new name of PCCCL after it changes its function and
administrative set up.
144. Philippine National Police (1991) Republic Act 6975 was signed into law,
separating the police form AFP and placing it under DILG
145. PHOTOGRAPHY – (Preservation of Evidences) this refers to the study concerning the
duplication of images through the sensitized materials (photographic paper or film with the
aid of mechanical device (camera) and its accessories, and the chemical process involve
therein.
146. Physical Identification division – examined trace evidences and other specimen
that only requires physical examination
147. Physical Science Division, PNPCL (January 2000) division of Crime Laboratory
that perfors chemical analysis was divided into two division – The Forensic Chemistry
Division and Physical Identification Division.
148. PLASMA- The fluid or liquid portion of blood where the cells are suspended. It is
principally composed of; Water ---- 90%,Solid ----- 10%
149. PNP Crime Laboratory Service (January 18, 1991) – activated as a support unit
of PNP pursuant to GO # 57 and readjusting the position of the head of the
laboratory from Police Superintendent to Police Chief Superintendent (one star
general).
150. Poison: a substance taken in sufficient quantity to cause ill health or death
151. POLYESTER- A very common synthetic fiber, polyester represents a very large
group of fibers with a common chemical makeup. It is found in the polar fleece,
wrinkle-resistant pants, and is also added to many natural fibers to provide additional
strength
152. PRECIPITIN TEST- Determines whether blood is a human or non-human origin,
and if non-human, the specific animal family from which it originated
153. PRELIMINARY TEST- Determine whether the stain contains blood or another
substance. Determines whether visible stains do or do not contain blood. It is used to
demonstrate the presence of blood
154. PRIMARY EXPLOSIVE OR INITIATORS- Explode or donate when they are
heated or subjected to shock. They do not burn. Sometimes they do not even contain
the elements necessary for combustion. The materials themselves explode and the
explosion results whether they are confined or not
155. PROPELLANT OR LOW EXPLOSIVES- Are combustible materials containing
within themselves all oxygen needed for their combustion that burn but do not
explode and function by producing gas that produces explosion
156. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) – Prostate specific antigen also known as
PSA or P30 can be detected in semen. PSA is produced in high amounts by the male
prostate gland but can also be found in very small amounts in fecal matter and breast
milk
157. PSSUPT LILITA BOMEDIANO CHAMBERS(ret) – A Forensic Chemist-
Pharmacist designated as Chief of Chemistry Division from 1977 to 1990,
commissioned as Police Captain in 1981 through lateral entry. She was first
commissioned officer occupy the position as Chief of Forensic Chemistry Div, PC in
the country.
158. Pubic hair- similar to axillary hair but are coarser, and do not appear bleached.
More wiry, have more constriction and twist and usually have continuous broad
medulla. Has many broken ends the clotting rubs
159. Qualification of Witnesses Section 20.- Witnesses; their qualifications. — Except
as provided in the next succeeding section, all persons who can perceive, and
perceiving, can make their known perception to others, may be witnesses.
160. QUALITATIVE EXAMINATION – answering the question “WHAT?”
161. Qualitative examination – involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data
(e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can
be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research
162. QUANTITATIVE EXAMINATION – Answering a question “how much?” (to be
answered in number)
163. Quantitative examination - is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical
data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal
relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.
164. Questioned specimen and control specimen is subjected to a same test for the
purpose of determining whether or not they have the same origin
165. RA 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002, the term prohibited and regulated was changed into dangerous drug
166. Real hair ( generally along and stiff)
167. Real or Autoptic evidence – is that evidence which is addressed to the senses
of the court.
168. Red Blood Cells or RBC (ERYTHROCYTES)- Known as the most abundant cell
type in blood
169. Regulatory Toxicology: Determines whether or not a substance has low
enough risk to justify making it available to the public. Forensic Toxicology is a
subspecialty
170. Renaissance and Age of Enlightenment – Certain
fundamental toxicology concepts began to take shape. Noteworthy studies include
those by Paracelsus in the 16th century and Orfila in the 19th century.
171. Res gestae refers to statements made by the participants or the victims of, or
the spectators to, a crime immediately before, during, or after its commission.
172. Roots - portion embedded in the skin
173. RSID-Semen Strip Test- This test provides sensitivity and specificity to human
semen. Similar to pregnancy test strip, the RSID-semen test identifies the presence
of the seminal vesicle-specific antigen. This antigen is unique to semen and thus,
there is no cross reactivity with other body fluids
174. Scalp hair - they are more mature than any other kind of human hair
175. Screening test/Preliminary test (also known as the color test)- This test is
nonspecific and preliminary in nature. It is employed to reduce the family or group of
drugs to a small and manageable number. Screening test includes a series of color
tests producing characteristic colors for each family or group of drugs
176. SECONAL- The dependents generalized convulsion and delirium which are
frequently associated with heart and hypertension
177. Seed Fibers- cotton is found in the seedpod of the cotton plant. Because of the
ease with which cotton can be woven and dyed, it has been used exclusively for
clothing and household textiles.
178. SEMEN AND SEMINAL FLUID- Is a viscid whitish fluid of the male reproductive
track containing spermatozoa suspended in scissions of accessory glands
179. September 1945 - The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) was organized
with the Division of Investigation as the nucleus. The chemical laboratory of the
Medico-legal Section was expanded into a Forensic Chemistry Division
180. Serum is pale yellowish liquid just like the plasma.
181. Shaft - portion above the surface of the skin. The most DISTINCTIVE part of the
hair
182. SILK- usually collected from cocoons of caterpillar called “Bombyx mori”
183. Smokeless powder- which consist of cellulose nitrate combined with cellulose
nitrate and some stabilizers.
184. Spectroscopy – a confirmatory method whereby light is used to identify the
sample specimen
185. Staining Test – the fiber is stained with picric acid, Million’s reagent, stannic
chloride or iodine solution.
186. Standard specimen - Are known specimens to compare with the questioned
needed to aid in establishing a suspect’s relationship to the crime under
investigation.
187. Stem fibers- hemp, jute, and flax are produced from the thick region of plant
stems. Flax is the most common stem fiber and is most commonly found in textile
linen.
188. STIMULANTSThese are drugs which increase alertness, reduce hunger and
provide a feeling of well-being.
189. Synthetic or artificial fiber- made from a man-made substance such as
plastic.
190. T Cells- are being responsible for directly killing many foreign invaders.
191. Technical Laboratory Branch, criminal Investigation Service (CIS), PC (1948) –
the new name of Crime Laboratory Branch after become one of vital unit of CIS.
Then ion 1951, Medico-legal and Polygraph units were added.
192. Testimonial Evidence – An expert may be called on the witness stand to
answer all questions to propounded by both parties in the case
193. Textile fibers are “common” in that textiles permeate the modern world in
clothing, buildings, and vehicles
194. The Bureau of Government Laboratories was created for the purpose of
performing biological and chemical examinations as well as for the production of
vaccines and sera.
195. The chemistry department undertakes the demanding task of identifying most
solids or liquids crime investigators ask them to analyze.
196. The Christmas Tree Stain is a positive identification of sperm cells. Two
reagents are used consecutively to produce this distinctive stain
197. The department of Legal Medicine was created pursuant to the resolution of the
Board of Reagents. The department took charge of the courses of legal medicines
and its branches in the College of Medicine and Law.
198. The Questioned Documents department of the crime laboratories also restores
documents that are damaged or have faded over time.
199. Tip - sometimes termed point. The distal end of an uncut hair.
200. Toxicology- Formed from the Greek words toxicos and logos, toxicology is the
study of the symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning
201. Trace evidence refers to microscopic or larger materials, commonly hairs or
fibers, which are transferred from person to person or object to object during a crime.
202. TRANQUILIZER- drugs that calm and relax and diminish anxiety
203. Trunk hair - very in thickness along the shaft and are immature but are
somewhat similar to head hairs. They have fine, long tip ends.
204. Vegetable fibers - made of CELLULOSE. Examples are seed. Stem barks or
bast fibers, leaf fibers, cotton, woody fibers, fruit or nut fibers
205. Visual and Alternate Light source (ALS) – Semen can be detected with the
naked eye in clothing and undergarments or through the use of ALS such as
ultraviolet light
206. VOLATILE SUBSTANCES- gaseous substances popularly known to abuses as
“gas: “teardrops.”
207. Walter McCrone - (1916-1915) father of microscopic forensics. He
developed and applied his microscopic techniques to examine evidence in countless
court cases.
208. WET METHOD – Requires much time and effort. (need to wait
209. White Blood Cells or WBC (LEUKOCYTES)- Lacks hemoglobin, has nucleus, is
capable of motility and defends the body against infection and disease
210. Wild silk-similar to cultivated silk but broader and less regular in outline. Marked
by very fine longitudinal striations with infrequent diagonal cross markings
211. Yarn- made of fibers, which have been twisted together, linked thread