ADHESIVE STRENGTH OF PITCH GLUE: EFFECTIVENESS OF

JACKFRUIT AND ANTIPOLO SAP AS AN ALTERNATIVE GLUE

MARY KIMBERLY DINGCONG

CRISTY JANE EGO-OGAN

AUBRIE MAY FUENTES

ANGEL GUIA

KURT DWYNE SARMING

Academic- Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Adhesive glues are widely used by people of many different forms of production. The

binding properties that these materials provide has significant role in the community, especially

work and educational purposes. According to historians and archeologists, adhesives have been

used for thousands of years—probably since Stone Age cave dwellers first applied bitumen (a tarry

substance used to surface highways) to stick flint axe heads to the tops of their wooden hunting

spears. In ancient times, people made their glues from whatever they found in the world around

them—such things as sugar, fish skins, and animal products boiled in water.

Researchers created a glue produced by gelatin from different animal part such as bone and skin.

Unfortunately, the animal glue market faces major hindrance because it harms paper, wood, and

artifacts where it is used. Further, too much humidity and change in temperature damages the

materials. The market is impregnated with controversy as this industry encourages the slaughter

of cattle, horses, and other animals for the production of hiding glues which pose a significant

challenge to industry growth. (Grand View Research, 2019).

Some glue production produces a PVA glue. It is mostly useful for gluing porous materials,

particularly for wood, paper and cloth. But, according to John Mascari, PVA is released into the

environment as water or released as biosolids. If released as water, it has the potential to impact

our waterways and impacts. If released as biosolids, it can find its way into landfills, our soil or to

be incinerated. Over 65% of PVA released from WWTPs is released into our waterways or soil.
 Researcher tried various way to find harmless components for glue. Thus, conclude that

plants could produce the same glue as animal does. Some parts of a plants have strong and weak

adhesive that could be used as a component for glue. This includes sap of a tree. Tree sap is

composed of various components that contribute to its unique properties and uses. One such

component is resin, a thick, sticky substance that helps protect trees from pathogens and insects.

Resin also has commercial applications, such as in the production of varnishes and adhesives.

According to the Tree plantation 2023, Tree sap has found unconventional uses in various artistic

and practical applications. Within the realm of arts and crafts, tree sap can serve as a natural glue

and gloss, offering a distinctive and sustainable substitute for synthetic substances. Tree sap's

adhesive properties make it ideal for binding materials together. It has been used as a natural

adhesive and wood sealer for centuries. Its bonding capabilities position tree sap as an efficient

and eco-friendly adhesive. Glue derived from sap is called "pitch glue." American Indians used

pitch glue made from materials found in nature to make tools and various waterproof items.

Tree Sap strength of adhesive give it the potential for its capability as natural glue. This

sap includes Antipolo and Jackfruit Sap. (Harvey Brown, 2013)

According to Alhua Nui (2019), Antipolo is endemic to the Philippines, particularly in

Batan Island, Luzon, Palawan, Negros, and Mindanao, and in lowland forests and thickets. It can

also be found in areas with distinct dry season and annual rainfall of 2,000 millimeters or more.

Although rather common on Mount Makiling, the tree is very widely distributed throughout the

archipelago. It is also common in low and medium altitudes, but not abundant. Unfortunately, it is

threatened because its habitat in low lying areas is also threatened by agricultural expansion and

conversion to residential areas. Thus, the Forest Management Bureau (FMB), a branch of the

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), shared on their social media account
a list of native trees that can thrive in one’s backyard which includes Antipolo tree. Antipolo tree

has various essential part for medicine, furniture, and paper production. Moreover, its inner bark

exudes white latex. Latex or the sticky sap from Tipolo were used by hunters in ancient time to

capture small birds, or even insects.

While The jackfruit tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus) – also known as black gold, and gold

nugget – is a member of the fig, mulberry, and breadfruit family. It’s believed the tree was first

cultivated in Java in the Malay peninsula. As Spanish colonization took place in the 1500s, the

fruits of the jack tree became more popular among Filipino.

Fresh jackfruit has a sticky latex-based sap that is very difficult to wash off even with

soap and hot water. People who handle cut jackfruit use solvents to remove the sap, and most

people who handle the fruits use gloves because the sheer size and bumpiness make them

cumbersome. On the other hand, the latex extracted from the plant is extremely sticky and therefore

also used as an adhesive. (Singapore Infopedia, 2000). According to Dana Thomas in Green Dream

Project, the latex-like sap has been used as a glue for craft and construction, as well as an adhesive

for bug, rat, and bird traps.

The latex of Antipolo and Jackfruit has the potential of being a substitute for the

components of an adhesive glue. This could be proven by various research that been done by many

research. The same research that Intalo and Portilo's studied, "The Efficacy of Jackfruit Sap as an

Alternative Ingredient for Glue". The aim of this study is to produce an alternative glue using

organic materials. T-test analysis shows that there is a significant difference between the

Alternative glue and commercial one in terms of color, odor and stickiness. Also, when the product
is applied to different surfaces of paper, it dries quicker on thinner ones. Nevertheless, the glue

made out of Jackfruit is an effective alternative glue.

Antipolo sap was also proven in the research of Dela Cruz and Jordia S. Sambayan,

which is the “Artocarpus blancoi Sap as an Alternative Paper Adhesive”. Descriptive analysis was

used in the mean and standard deviation to know the potential of Artocarpus blancoi sap as an

alternative adhesive and Inferential analysis, and uses One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to

know if there is a significant difference in terms of time to bond using different types of paper.

Treatment C – Commercial glue as a positive control with the three different types of paper

(smooth, semi-smooth and rough) have conclude the capability of Antipolo sap.

It is concluded that the two substances have the potential as a component of an

adhesive glue. Thus, the researcher of this study will observe and investigate the adhesive strength

of the combination of two components - Antipolo and Jackfruit Sap, as an alternative glue, and

will be conducted at Fuentes residence. Moreover, Philippines are known for the two native trees,

but most places such as Liloy Zamboanga del Norte almost has an extinction of Antipolo but has

a high production growth of jackfruit tree. Thus, this research study will improve the development

for the production of environmental-friendly, low-cost, and adhesive glue production in Liloy, ZN.

1.2. Statement of the problem

glue. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following research questions:

1. Is the adhesive strength of Antipolo sap and jackfruit sap

sufficient for various applications compared to commercial glue?

2. What are the optimal preparation methods and ratios of Antipolo

sap and jackfruit sap to produce a strong adhesive?

3. How do the adhesive properties of Antipolo sap and jackfruit

sap change over time and under different environmental

conditions?

4. Are there any potential health or safety concerns associated with

using Antipolo sap and jackfruit sap as an alternative glue?

5. How cost-effective is the production and utilization of Antipolo

sap and jackfruit sap as compared to commercial glues?

1.3. Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to achieved the following objectives;

1. To determine the adhesive strength of Antipolo sap and jackfruit

sap in comparison to commercial glue for various applications.

2. To identify and optimize the preparation methods and ratios of

Antipolo sap and jackfruit sap that in the production of a strong

and reliable adhesive.

jackfruit sap evolve over time and under different environmental

conditions, ensuring their long-term effectiveness.

4. To thoroughly examine and address any potential health or

safety concerns associated with the use of Antipolo sap and

jackfruit sap as alternative adhesives.

5. To analyze the cost-effectiveness of producing and utilizing

Antipolo sap and jackfruit sap as compared to commercial glues,

taking into account both material costs and application benefits.

1.4. Hypothesis of the Study

The researcher studies the Effectiveness of the Antipolo and Jackfruit Sap as a

component of an alternative glue, thus the research came up with the following hypothesis;

H1. There is a significant difference between the different ratio of

the substances of the alternative glue.

H2. There is a significant difference between the impact of

commercial glue and alternative glue to the environment.

H3. There is a significant difference between the ratio of the

alternative glue and commercial glue.

H4. Jackfruit and Antipolo Sap has a potential as an alternative glue.

This study will be greatly important to the following:

Environment:

The use of antipolo and jackfruit sap as an alternative glue can be more

environmentally friendly than synthetic glues, reducing the ecological impact associated with the

production and disposal of chemical-based adhesives. Most of all, to lessen the used of animals

parts as components.

Farmers:

Farmers who harvest antipolo sap and jackfruit sap can potentially generate additional

income by selling this resource. It diversifies their income sources and promotes the sustainable

use of local natural resources.

Education:

The research findings can contribute to educational materials and curriculum

development, promoting awareness of sustainable practices and alternative resources among

students and educators.

Researcher:
 The researcher gains valuable knowledge and contributes to scientific understanding by

exploring a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional glue. This research can enhance

their academic and professional credentials.

Students:

Students who engage in this research project can acquire practical skills, hands-on

experience, and exposure to scientific investigation. It provides them with a unique learning

opportunity beyond the classroom. It will let them discover the uniqueness of every organism in

land.

Local Community.

The research project may stimulate economic activity in the local community by

encouraging the cultivation of antipolo trees and jackfruit trees, and the production of antipolo and

jackfruit sap-based glue. This can lead to job creation and community development.

Consumer:

Potential consumers of antipolo and jackfruit sap-based glue may benefit from a natural,

non-toxic, and sustainable adhesive option, especially those who are environmentally conscious.

1.6. Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This research concentrated on the possibilities and potential of jackfruit sap and antipolo

sap as an alternative glue. It demonstrates the future applicability of this study. This study also

looked into the legality of producing glue with jackfruit and antipolo sap. This study provided

evidence of its environmental advantages. It presented the methods or how to produce glue with
jackfruit and antipolo sap and assessed whether it would be a good component to other glue

formulations.

This study will be conducted in March 2024 to May 2024. This research was conducted

in the municipality of Liloy, Zamboanga del Norte. The researchers are limited in using the power

of the glue's adhesiveness. This study will focus more on the strength of every ratio of the

alternative glue's adhesiveness.

1.7. Definition of Key Terms

Below are the following definitions:

Commercial Glue:

Commercial glue refers to adhesive products that are mass-produced and widely

available in the market. These products are typically manufactured by well-established companies

and are often used for various applications, such as office, home, industrial, or crafting purposes.

Alternative Glue:

Alternative glue implies adhesive solutions that are not part of the mainstream

commercial offerings. These could be homemade or DIY glues, environmentally friendly or

natural adhesive options, or lesser-known adhesive products not commonly found in traditional

retail stores.

Animal Glue
 Animal glue is an adhesive that is created by prolonged boiling of animal

connective tissue in a process called rendering. In addition to being used as an adhesive it is used

for coating and sizing, in decorative composition ornaments, and as a clarifying agent.

Plant Glue

Plant glue is a less common term, but it could refer to natural adhesives or gums

derived from plants. Various plants produce sticky substances that can be used as adhesives in

different applications. One example is gum arabic, which is obtained from the sap of certain acacia

trees and is used in the food industry and for artistic purposes.

Gelatin

Gelatin is a protein derived from animal collagen, typically obtained from the skin and

bones of cows or pigs. It is commonly used in cooking and food preparation to give foods a gel-

like consistency. Gelatin is also used in the production of glue production, were its adhesive

strength can be used for various purposes.

Jackfruit Sap

Jackfruit sap is the latex or milky substance that can be found in the trunk, branches,

and fruit of the jackfruit tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus). It is often used in traditional medicine

and can also be used to make natural glue.

Antipolo Sap

Antipolo sap is a term that may refer to the sap extracted from the Antipolo tree

(Artocarpus blancoi). This tree is native to the Philippines and is related to the jackfruit tree. The
sap from the Antipolo tree can be used for various purposes, including traditional medicine and

food preparations.

Natural adhesives:

These are obtained from natural resources like beeswax, tree sap, flour paste.

Artificial or synthetic adhesives:

These are made up of chemicals in laboratories like cello tape, glues.

Latex:

Latex refers to a milky white fluid that is produced by certain plants, particularly

rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). It contains latex particles, which can be used to produce natural

rubber. Latex is also used in various industries, including the manufacture of gloves, balloons, and

latex paint.

Pitch Glue:

Pitch glue typically refers to a sticky substance made from pitch, which is a viscous,

dark, and highly adhesive material derived from the distillation of wood tar or petroleum. Pitch

glue has been historically used as an adhesive for various applications, including joining wood and

other materials.

Sap:

Sap is a nutrient-rich fluid that flows through the vascular tissues of plants, primarily

in the phloem. It contains water, sugars, minerals, and other essential nutrients that plants need for
growth and energy. Sap plays a crucial role in transporting nutrients and water from the roots to

other parts of the plant.

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance):

ANOVA is a statistical technique used to analyze and compare the means of multiple

groups or treatments in a dataset. It helps determine whether there are statistically significant

differences among the group means. ANOVA is commonly used in research and experimentation

to assess the impact of different variables on a dependent variable.

t-Test:

A t-test is a statistical hypothesis test used to determine whether there is a significant

difference between the means of two groups or samples. It is particularly useful when comparing

the means of small samples and is commonly employed in various fields, including science,

medicine, and social sciences, to assess the significance of observed differences. There are

different types of t-tests, such as the independent samples t-test and the paired samples t-test, each

suited to specific experimental designs.