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STATISTICS

This document defines key probability and statistics concepts. It explains that probability experiments have outcomes that make up a sample space, from which events can be subsets. The three types of probability are classical, empirical, and subjective. Classical probability assumes all outcomes are equally likely, empirical is based on observations, and subjective comes from estimates. Conditional probability is the probability of an event given another has occurred. Independent events do not influence each other's probabilities, while dependent events do. Frequency distributions organize data, and there are four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

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16 views

STATISTICS

This document defines key probability and statistics concepts. It explains that probability experiments have outcomes that make up a sample space, from which events can be subsets. The three types of probability are classical, empirical, and subjective. Classical probability assumes all outcomes are equally likely, empirical is based on observations, and subjective comes from estimates. Conditional probability is the probability of an event given another has occurred. Independent events do not influence each other's probabilities, while dependent events do. Frequency distributions organize data, and there are four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Uploaded by

aiswaryagovind114
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability

 Define probability experiment


An action, or trial, through which specific results (counts, measure, or
responses) are obtained.
 Define outcome
The result of a single trial in a probability experiment
 Define sample space
The set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment
 Define event
A subset of the sample space – may consist of one or more outcomes.
 What is the difference between an outcome and an event?
An outcome is the result of a single probability experiment. An event is a set of
one or more possible outcomes.
Simple event
 Define simple event
An event that consists of exactly one outcome
 What are the three types of probability?
Classical (theoretical) probability, empirical (statistical) probability, and
subjective probability
 Define classical (theoretical) probability
Each outcome in a sample space is equally likely
 Define empirical (or statistical) probability
Based on observations obtained from probability experiments
 Define subjective probability
Result from intuition, educated guesses, and estimates
 Example of subjective probability
A doctor giving a patient a 90% chance of recovery given health, extent of
injuries, etc.
A business analyst predicts the chance employees of a company will go on
strike is 0.25
 Classical, Empirical, or Subjective?
1. The probability you will get the flu this year is 0.1
Subjective, based on an educated guess
2. The probability you will get an A on your next test is 0.9
Subjective, based on an educated guess
3. The probability that a voter chosen at random will be younger than 35
years old is 0.3
Empirical, most likely based on a survey of sample voters
4. The probability of winning a 1000-ticket raffle with one ticket is 1/1000.
Classical – you know the number of outcomes and each is equally likely
 What is the difference between independent and dependent events?
Two events are independent when the occurrence of one event does not affect
the probability of the occurrence of the other event.
Two events are dependent when the occurrence of one event affects the
probability of the occurrence of the other event.
 Define conditional probability
The probability of an event occurring, given that another event has already
occurred.
 Independent or dependent events?
A: drink milk at lunch
B: get an A on an exam
 Independent, the occurrence of B is not impacted by the occurrence of A
Independent or dependent events?
A: study 4 hours for an exam
B: get an A on an exam
Dependent, P(B) changes depending on the outcome of A
 Independent or dependent events?
A: tossing a coin and getting heads
B: rolling a six-sided die and getting a 6
Independent
 A coin is tossed and a six-sided. Die is rolled. How would you find the
probability of tossing a tail and then rolling a number greater than 1?
(1/2) × (5/6)
 Difference between P(A | B) and P(A and B)?
P(A | B) is the probability that event A will occur given that B has already
occurred.
P(A and B) is the probability that events A and B will occur in sequence.
 Define mutually exclusive events
Two events A and B cannot occur at the same time. A and B have no outcomes
in common
Statistics
 Distinguish between population and sample.
A population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.
A sample is the specific group that you will collect data from. The size of the
sample is always less than the total size of the population.
 Define Statistics.
A branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation,
and presentation of masses of numerical data.
 What is the frequency distribution?
Frequency distribution is an organized tabulation/graphical representation of the
number of individuals in each category on the scale of measurement.
 Explain the different levels of measurement of data.
There are 4 levels of measurement:
Nominal: the data can only be categorized
Ordinal: the data can be categorized and ranked
Interval: the data can be categorized, ranked, and evenly spaced
Ratio: the data can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced, and has a natural
zero.

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