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Unit-2 Notes-1

The document summarizes several historical experiments in rural reconstruction and development in India: - The Sriniketan Experiment (1920) established by Rabindranath Tagore aimed to improve agriculture, cooperatives, and rehabilitate villages but had little success due to lack of support and resources. - The Gurgaon Experiment (1927) tried to reduce poverty through improved agriculture, education, health initiatives but failed because changes were imposed rather than community-led. - The Marthandam Experiment (1921) emphasized self-reliance and complete development through cooperatives and vocational training centers. It achieved changes in attitudes and cooperation. - The Baroda Experiment (1932) aimed to increase

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107 views4 pages

Unit-2 Notes-1

The document summarizes several historical experiments in rural reconstruction and development in India: - The Sriniketan Experiment (1920) established by Rabindranath Tagore aimed to improve agriculture, cooperatives, and rehabilitate villages but had little success due to lack of support and resources. - The Gurgaon Experiment (1927) tried to reduce poverty through improved agriculture, education, health initiatives but failed because changes were imposed rather than community-led. - The Marthandam Experiment (1921) emphasized self-reliance and complete development through cooperatives and vocational training centers. It achieved changes in attitudes and cooperation. - The Baroda Experiment (1932) aimed to increase

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Unit-2 Notes

Sriniketan Experiment
 Rabindra Nath Tagore established the Sriniketan Institute for
Rural Reconstruction in 1920 with the goal of investigating
rural concerns and supporting the villagers in growing their
agriculture, raising livestock, and forming cooperatives. He
also created a plan for the village's general
rehabilitation(reestablishment).
 Sriniketan experiment aimed at reviving full life in the
villages, en-grading (categorization) self-reliant and self-
respectful, familiar with their own country's cultural
traditions, and capable of making effective use of modern
resources for the improvement of their physical, intellectual,
and economic conditions.
 Tagore believed in self-help and mutual help and wanted the
village workers to be involved in the life of rural people and
work for their welfare.
 He began this initiative in the group of eight villages, but it
had little success and could only be characterised as rural
welfare work.
 The task was made more challenging because it was unable
to achieve the expected results due to a lack of market
facilities, expert supervision, coordination between the
implementing authority, and worker incentives that were
insufficient.
 Though this experiment was not success, it attained certain
physical and notable results.
Drawbacks
(i) This institute could not get Government help and support.
(ii) It could not do research work and hence the programmes
remained limited to those 8 villages only.

Gurgaon Experiment
 F.L. Bryne, the Deputy Commissioner of the Punjabi district
of Gurgaon, began the Gurgaon experiment in 1927.
 The programme aimed at improving agriculture, education,
health and sanitation facilities, co-operation, and social
development with greater vigor(strength).
 Through these comprehensive efforts, he intended to remove
poverty through a mass movement.
 He stressed on the dignity of labour, self-help and conducted
so many programmes through films, songs, skits and plays
with a view to increase farm yields and improving health
standards.
 The main reason this programme failed was that the changes
were pushed on the people rather than being started by
them. Under this programme, for the first time, a "Village
guide" was posted in each Village who was to act as a link to
pass on new innovations to. The gulf between the "haves
and have-nots" grew as a result.
Marthandam Experiment
 A Project was established in 1921 by Dr. Spencer Hatch of
the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) at
Marthandam, 25 miles south of Thiruvananthapuram.
 The purpose of this experiment was to bring about a
complete upward development towards a meaningful life for
rural people, spiritually, mentally, physically, socially and
economically.
 This programme placed a strong emphasis on the idea that
individuals shouldn't rely on the government for assistance
since, in the absence of concessions and assistance in any
area, people learn to fend for themselves and become self-
reliant.
 The objective of this programme was the YMCA should work
in the Villages to eliminate poverty.
 For the Rural Demonstration Centre at Marthandam had a
demonstration farm, equipment for the honey industry and
other cottage vocations in its campus. Some industries like
weaving, poultry and bee keeping were started on a co-
operative basis.
 The major achievements of the programme were the change
in the attitudes of the rural people, formation of a desire to
improve the spirit of cooperation and self-respect.
 This experiment was followed by other States and its workers
helped the States of Baroda, Mysore, Cochin and Hyderabad
to set up Centers of Training for Rural Reconstruction.
Baroda Experiment
 The Baroda experiment was initiated in 1932 by the
progressive and enlightened Maharaja of Baroda. The goal of
this programme was to increase self-reliance and the "will to
live better."
 The programme included the following items:
1. Improvement of communication,
2. Digging of drinking water wells,
3. Anti-malarial measures,
4. Pasture development,
5. Distribution of improved seeds,
6. Training in Cottage crafts,
7. Establishment of Panchayats and Co-operatives covering
every Village,
8. Development of village schools as Centre for teach
agriculture and for improving the will to live better. The
programme had full legislative and financial support.

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