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Lecture-1 2

This document provides information about the APL705 Finite Element Method course. The course will be taught on Mondays and Thursdays from 9:30-10:50am with additional lab sessions. Topics covered include strong and weak formulations, discretization, bar, beam, frame, plane stress, and heat transfer problems. Students will be evaluated based on a midterm, final, lab activities, and assignments. The document introduces the finite element method and explains that it is a numerical approach used to solve engineering problems that are difficult to solve analytically.

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6 views

Lecture-1 2

This document provides information about the APL705 Finite Element Method course. The course will be taught on Mondays and Thursdays from 9:30-10:50am with additional lab sessions. Topics covered include strong and weak formulations, discretization, bar, beam, frame, plane stress, and heat transfer problems. Students will be evaluated based on a midterm, final, lab activities, and assignments. The document introduces the finite element method and explains that it is a numerical approach used to solve engineering problems that are difficult to solve analytically.

Uploaded by

ddroboconiitd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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APL705

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD


Dr. S. Pradyumna
Department of Applied Mechanics

Mon, Thu, 9:30-10:50am


Lab sessions: ??
Course resources

■ Course outline
■ Course resources will be uploaded on MS Teams Channel
Course outline

■ Introduction to Finite Element Method


■ Strong and Weak formulation of governing differential
equations and their equivalence, Ritz Method
■ Discretization of weak form and associated matrix problem
■ Tension /compression in bars, Truss problems
■ Bending of beams and frame problems
Course outline

■ Isoparametric element and Numerical Integration


■ Plane stress and Plane strain problems, Axi-symmetric
Problems
■ Three dimensional problems in solid mechanics
■ One dimensional heat transfer and fluid flow problems
■ Formulation of dynamic problems, Time Integration
techniques
Lab experiments

■ Introduction to programming
■ Development of Bar elements
■ Plane truss problems
■ Beam problems
■ Frame problems
Lab activities

■ Plane stress problems


■ Plane strain and axi-symmetric problems
■ Heat transfer problems
■ Mass matrix, fundamental frequency and mode shape for
beams
References
1. T. R. Chandrupatla and A D Belegundu, Introduction to Finite Elements in
Engineering, Cambridge University Press, 2022.
2. P. Seshu, Textbook of Finite Element Analysis, PHI Learning Private Limited,
2012
3. J. N. Reddy, An Introduction to the Finite Element Method, Tata McGraw-Hill,
2005
4. O. C. Zienkiewicz, R. L. Taylor and J. Z. Zhu, Finite Element Method, Its basis
and Fundamentals, Sixth Edition, Elsevier, 2005.
5. R.D. Cook, D.S. Malkus, M.E. Plesha, Concepts and Applications of Finite
Element Method, 3e, John Wiley, 1989.
6. K.J.Bathe, Finite Element Procedures, Prentice Hall, 1996
Evaluation Scheme
■ Mid Semester Exam : 35 %
■ End Semester Exam : 45 %
■ Lab activities : 10 %
■ Assignments/quiz : 10 %

■ Minimum of 40% marks required for passing


■ There will be no make-up tests.
Introduction
■ An analytical solution is a mathematical expression that gives the
value of the field variable at any location of the system.
■ Example: Deflection at any section (in terms of x) for a simply
supported beam subjected to UDL is given by
𝑤𝑥 3 5𝑤𝑙4
𝑦= 𝑙 − 2𝑙𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
24𝐸𝐼 384𝐸𝐼
■ For many problems, obtaining analytical solutions is not possible or
difficult
■ The Finite Element method is a numerical procedure to solve a large
class of engineering problems
■ FEM is effectively used in problems involving stress analysis, heat
transfer, electromagnetics and fluid mechanics etc.
Introduction
■ The FEM is based on the idea of building a complex object with
simple components or manageable pieces (popularly known as
elements)
■ Each element is a small representative block of the structure
discretized.
■ Procedures in FEM
– Pre-processing: Modelling of geometry, meshing etc.
– Solution: Discrete system equations
– Post-processing: Interpretation of results, visualization
■ Some popular commercial FEM packages: ANSYS, ABAQUS,
NASTRAN, ADINA, COMSOL, SAP, LS-DYNA
Why FEM course?

If commercial packages are available, why to register for


an FEM course??

• To understand the theory and procedures involved in FEM


• To think about the problem to be analysed
• For better interpretation of the generated results
• For even preparing input data to the available program!

Without theoretical/procedural understanding, FEM


packages are like “black box”
Some issues
■ Type of elements
■ Continuity requirements
■ Interpolation functions
■ Mesh generation
■ Applying loads and boundary conditions
■ Numerical integration
■ Equation solvers
■ Convergence analysis
■ Post-processing
Selected Applications of FEM

Fish and Belytschko,Wiley, 2007

Seshu, PHI, 2012


Selected Applications of FEM
Stress and thermal
analyses of industrial Seismic analysis of
Pressure vessels,
parts such as dams, power plants,
automotive engines
electronic chips, cities and high-rise
and aircraft
electric devices, buildings
valves, pipes

Fluid flow analysis of


Electromagnetic
Crash analysis of coolant ponds,
analysis of antennas,
cars, trains and pollutants and
transistors and
aircraft contaminants, and air
aircraft signatures
in ventilation systems

Analysis of surgical
procedures such as
plastic surgery, jaw
reconstruction,
correction of scoliosis
Mathematical models
Time rate of linear momentum of the
system
l 𝑑
 𝐅= (𝑚𝑣) = 𝑚𝐚
𝑑𝑡

F is the sum of all forces acting on the
system
mg sin
 along tangential to the motion
mg mg cos -mg l sin θ = 𝑚𝑙 22 𝑑 2
𝜃
𝑑𝑡

𝑑2𝜃 𝑔
Nonlinear eqn. of angular motion + sin θ = 0
𝑑𝑡2 𝑙
Simple pendulum
𝑑2𝜃 𝑔
+ sin θ = 0
𝑑𝑡2 𝑙
The above equation is nonlinear in terms of θ.
For small amplitude vibration sin θ ≅ θ
𝑑2𝜃 𝑔
Thus, + θ=0
𝑑𝑡2 𝑙

𝜃ሷ + ω2θ = 0
𝑔
where ω = is the natural frequency of the simple pendulum
𝑙

For solving the equation of motion, two initial conditions


𝑑𝜃(0)
(conditions at t = 0) are required θ(0) = θ0 and = θ0ሶ
𝑑𝑡
Longitudinal vibration of rods

The constitutive relation

Conditions
Need for piecewise approximation
■ Not all problems can be easily solved analytically
■ Changing geometry, material properties and boundary conditions
make the problem complicated for analytical solution
■ Also, mechanics problems are usually initial and boundary value
problems. Any change in one of the field variable affects the
complete solution
Discretization: A historic example

■ Approximate solution 1 2 2𝜋
Area of triangle = 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 N

𝑁 1 2 2𝜋 1 2 2𝜋
Area of circle = σ𝑖=1 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑁𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 N 2 N

As value of N increases, → and Area of circle →


Approximate solution

Hutton, McGraw Hill, 2004


Preliminaries: Elasticity The deformation of a point x = [x, y, z]T is given
by the three components of its displacement:

The distributed force per unit volume f and surface


traction T

When the volume dV shrinks to a point, the stress tensor is


represented by placing its components in a 3 x 3 symmetric
matrix.
Stress Equilibrium
Stress-strain relation
Boundary conditions

The governing differential equation (a) along with the boundary conditions (b) and (c) is called the
strong form of the problem

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