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Semester 1 Locomotion in Protozoa

Locomotion in protozoa occurs through pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, or myonemes. Pseudopodia are temporary projections of cytoplasm that come in four main types - lobopodia, filopodia, reticulopodia, and axopodia. Flagella are whip-like extensions with a 9+2 microtubule arrangement that beat to propel the organism. Cilia are similar in structure but shorter than flagella and arranged closely in rows; their coordinated beating drives locomotion.

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71 views

Semester 1 Locomotion in Protozoa

Locomotion in protozoa occurs through pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, or myonemes. Pseudopodia are temporary projections of cytoplasm that come in four main types - lobopodia, filopodia, reticulopodia, and axopodia. Flagella are whip-like extensions with a 9+2 microtubule arrangement that beat to propel the organism. Cilia are similar in structure but shorter than flagella and arranged closely in rows; their coordinated beating drives locomotion.

Uploaded by

ashwinirana8
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Locomotion in Protozoa

Locomotion is a process of moving from one place to another. As per the structure main
types of locomotary organs in protozoa are – Pseudopodia, Flagella, Cilia and Myonemes.

Pseudopodia:- These are the temporary projections of cytoplasm of the body. They are
mainly found in rhizopoda. Based on the structure pseudopodia are of 4 kinds.

1. Lobopodium- They are broad and cylindrical with rounded tips having ectoplasm and
endoplasm. In most of the animals they are formed from the body surface. Eg. Amoeba.

2. Filopodium- These are slender thread like or filamentous. In some animals branched.
Eg. Euglypha

3. Reticulopodium- It is also known as myxopodium. They are branched filamentous and


form network like and mainly useful for food capturing. Eg. Elphidium

4. Axopodium- It is semi- permanent with central axial rod. It has cytoplasmic envelope.
They may form from nucleus or ectoplasm and endoplasm. These are useful for food
capturing. Eg. Actinophyrs.

Amoeboid Movement: Pseudopodia show amoeboid movement. Two important views are
considered.

[a]Surface Tension Theory: protoplasm of the cell is kept as ball like and out flow as a
Fountain With Tension in a particular direction .

[b] Change of viscosity:

Plasmagel +H2O plasmasol pseudopodia forms

Plasmasol –H2O plasmagel pseudopodia is drawback

Animal consists of outer gelatinized layer and inner fluid mass .First gelatinized layer
becomes liquid like solation at one point and as a Result pseudopodia is formed.

When liquid like solation is converted into gel like pseudopodia is drawn back.
(II) .Flagellum: It is an extreme filamentous extension of cytoplasm. It is highly vibratile.
the flagellum has to central stiff, elastic, straight [OR] spiral filaments called axoneme. These
microtubules are two surrounded by nine peripheriod doublets which is surrounded by
cytoplasmic sheath. Hence they have [9+2]System . The protein that joins all the doublets is
dynein which helps in bending properly . On the whip like flagella some have lateral fibrila
called mastigonemes . According to their Arrangement flagella are classified into five types.

[1] Stichonematic : Single row of mastigonemes are present on one side of the sheath .
E.g. Euglena.
[2] Pantonematic: Two [or]more rows of mastigonemes are present e.g Monas.
[3] Acronematic: flagella with a single tip [or] terminal mastigoneme e.g.Algal cell.
[4] Pentachronematic: Terminal filament with one [or] more rows of mastigonemes.
[5] Anematic: simple without terminal filament and mastigonemes .e.g.Dinoflagellates.
Flagellar Movement: - Locomotion by flagella in euglena is of two methods
(a) The flagella lash or beat generates a pressure that drives the water backward and pulls
the animal forwards. This is called effective stroke. When the flagella drive the water
forward and push the animal backwards. This is called Recovery stroke.
(b) Euglena exhibits wriggling movements of the body with the Myonemes on the pellicle.
This type of movement is known as euglenoid movement.

Cilia: - Structure of cilia and flagella are same but differs in number and size. These are
short and arranged closely in longitudinal row. They occur on the surface and beat in co-
ordination. This type of arrangement is called Kinetics.

Ciliary Locomotion: - there are two types of strokes during ciliary movement – Effective
stroke and Recovery stroke.

In the effective stroke cilia are stretched and beat the water surface at right angles to its
length symmetrically.

In the recovery stroke cilia brush off the sides and sweep the water. So the cilia do not have
symmetry and come to original position.

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