MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

WORKBOOK-I
NAME: Arwa Khalid Al-Otaib i

I.D: 221210052

Fill up the “Work Book “ & email to: [email protected]

ON ELEARNING: 25-09-2022
LAST DATE FOR SUBMITTING: 30-9-2022
Please complete the chart:-
Common Prefixes Meaning Examples
a-; an- Without Apnea - Anaerobic
ab- Away from Abduction

ad- Close to Adrenal

ante-; pre-; pro- Before ; forward Prenatal, prothrombin, antebellum

anti-; contra- Against anti-inflammation, contraception

brady- Slow Bradycardia

con-; syn-; sym- With , together Concentric

dia-; trans- Diarrhea
Complete , Through
dys- Di cult Dyspnea
ecto-; exo-; extra- Outside Ectopic pregnancy
en-; endo-; intra- Within Endoscopy

epi- On , Upon , over Epidermis

hemi- Half Hemiplegia

hyper- Above , excessive Hyperthyrodisim

Below, Incomplete, Hypotension
hypo-
De cient, Under
inter- Between Intercostal

macro- large, long macrocephalu

meso- middle Mesonasal
meta- Change, after, behind
Metachrosis

micro- small Microscope

mono-; uni- one Monosynaptic, unicellular

multi- More than one or many Multicellular
neo- New Neonatal
nulli- Zero Nullipara
oligo- Few or little Oligodendrocyte, oligosaccharides

para- Beside or beyond Paracardiac

peri- Around Peribulbar

poly- Many or more than one Polycystic

post- After Postocular

re- Back Reflex
retro- Behind Retrolingual

sub-; infra- Under, below, beneath Subungual, Infracostal

super-; supra- Above Superactivity,Suprarenal
tachy- Fast or rapid Trachycardia
Common Meaning Examples
Combining Forms
abdomin/o; lapar/o Abdomen Laparoscopy, abdominal
aden/o Gland Adenoma
Angiogenesis,
angi/o; vas/o; vascul/
o Blood vessel, Seminal vesicles Vasopressin, Vasculopathy

arthr/o Joint Arthroscopy

carcin/o Carcinoma
Cancer, cancerous
cardi/o Heart Cardiology
cephal/o Head Cephalhydrocele

col/o; colon/o Largeintestine , colon Colitis, colonoscopy

crin/o Secrete Endocrinology
cyan/o Blue Cyanosis
cyt/o Cell Cytology

derm/o; Dermatome, Dermic

dermat/o; Skin
cutane/o
enter/o Intestines Enteritis
erythr/o Red Erythrocytes

esthesi/o Sensation or perception

Anesthesia
fibr/o Fibrous tissue Fibroma
gastr/o Stomach Gastritis

gen/o Producing or generating genisis

gynec/o Female
Gynecology
hem/o; hemat/o Blood Hematoma, hemoglobin

hepat/o Liver Hepatitis

hist/o Tissue Histology
hydr/o Water Hydrophilic, Hydrocele
leuk/o White Leukocyte

lip/o fat lipoatrophy

nas/o; rhin/o Nose Nasogastric, rhinorrhagia
nephr/o; ren/o Kidney Nephrema , renogastric

neur/o Nerve Neuroma

or/o Mouth Oropharynx
 osteo/o Bone Osteoarthritis

path/o Disease Pathologist

ped/o Child Pedal

phag/o To eat Phagocyte

phas/o Speech Aphasia

phob/o Fear or small Phobia

plas/o Development or growth Hyperplasia

pneum/o; pneumon/o Lung, Air pneumonitis

py/o Pus pyorrhea

scler/o Harden Scleroderma

ur/o; urin/o Urine or urination Uremia

Almost every medical term consists of root words and likely uses prefixes
(at the beginning) and/or suffixes (at the end) to modify the end result.
PLEASE fill in the chart below for some of the most common roots include

Term Meaning Example with meaning

broncho- airway bronchitis = inflammation of airway
doctors who specialize in women's health, with a
Gynae/o female gynaecologist = ? focus on the female reproductive system.
Dermabrasion= surgical procedure used to resurface
derma Skin the skin and remove imperfections.
Cytogenesis= the formation (-genesis) of cells
cyto- Cell
Heart Cardiomyopathy= any disease of the heart muscle
cardi/o
carcin/o Cancer Carcinogen= substance that produces cancer

Gastroduodenostomy= a communication between the

gastro Stomach
stomach and the first part of the small intestine.
Nephrosis = any noninflammatory disease condition of the kidney
nephro Kidney

osteo Bone Osteolytic= destroying or dissolving bone

malign- Evil in in uence Malignant tumors= cells that grow uncontrollably and
spread locally and/or to distant sites.

hepati- Liver Hepatitis= Inflammation of the liver

Neurotoxic= harmful or poisonous to a
neuro Nerve nerve or nervous tissue.

histo Tissue Histology= the study of the living tissue

Most Common Medical Prefixes
Please complete the chart

Prefix Example with meaning

Meaning

Abduction ( taking away from

Ab- Away from
midline)
Tri- Three Triennial (every three years)

Above Ultrasonography (process of

Ultra-
making image using ultrasound)
Ocul/o- Eye Oculonasal (Pertaining to the eyes and nose)

Onco- Tumors Oncology (study of tumor)

Or- Mouth Oropharynx (the middle part of the pharynx

(throat))
Post- After Postmortem (an examination of a dead
body to determine the cause of death)

Pre-, pro- Before, forward Preoprative (before or preceding an operation)

Pulmon- Lung Pulmonary (pertaining to the lung)

Retro- Behind Retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum)

Secto- Cut Vasectomy (Excision of the vas deferens)

Semi- Half Semipermeable (partially able to pass through)

Stethoscope (a medical instrument for listening to the
Stetho- Chest action of someone's heart or breathing,)
Topo- Place, Local Topology (study of a given place)

Hyper- Above Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Hypoallergenic (below average or "slightly"

Hyp-, Hypo- Below
allergenic)
Inter- Between Intercrop (to grow a crop in between)
Intra- Within Intramuscular (within the muscle)

Intro- Inwardly Introvert

Macrobiotic (of, relating to, or being a diet that consists of whole cereals and grains
Macro- Large, long supplemented especially with beans and vegetables and that in its especially
former more restrictive forms has been linked to nutritional deficiencies.)

Middle Mesocephalic (having a head of medium proportions,

Meso- not markedly brachycephalic or dolichocephalic)
Microscope (an optical instrument used
Micro-, Micr- Small
for viewing very small objects)

Mono/Uni One Monosaccharide(any of the class of sugars (e.g. glucose)

that cannot be hydrolysed to give a simpler sugar.)

Morto- Death Mortuary

Myoblast (an undifferentiated cell

My/o- Muscle capable of giving rise to muscle cells)

Neur/o- Nerves Neurology(study of nerve system)

Hypertension (high or raised blood pressure)

Hyper- Above
Hypodermic (relating to the region
Hyp-, Hypo- Below immediately beneath the skin)

Ad- To, toward Adrenal (toward the kidney)

Acropetal
Acro- Outermost, at the tip or Extremity (Developing from the base toward the apex.)
Acupuncture ( the practice of penetrating the skin with thin, solid, metallic

Acu- Needle
needles which are then activated through gentle and specific movements of the
practitioner's hands or with electrical stimulation)
Antenatal (Having to do with the time a female is pregnant,
Ante- Before before birth occurs. Also called prenatal.)

Antibody ( blood protein produced in response to

Anti-, Anter- Against and counteracting a specific antigen.

Bi- Two Biceps (a muscle with two heads)

Brachio- Arm, Upper arm Brachial (pain in the arm)

Chemotherapy (The treatment of disease using chemical age nts or drugs that are

Chemo- Chemical selectively toxic to the c ausative agent of the disease, such as a virus,
bacterium, or other microorganism.)

Co-, con-, com- With congenital (disease or physical abnormality

present from birth)
Craniotomy(A type of surgery in which part of
Cranio The skull the skull (cranium) )

Cyto- Cell Cytology (study of the cell)

Dehydrate (lose a large amount of water
De- Opposite from the body)
Dislocation (separation of bones in a joint) Disulfide ( a
Di- Separate ,Two compound containing two atoms of sulfur combined with
an element or radical)
Diarrhoea (frequent bowel evacuations or the
Dia- Through passage of abnormally soft faeces)
Ectoderm (precursor of the nervous system
Ecto- Outer and skin,)
Encephalopathy (any diffuse disease of the
Encephal/o Brain brain that alters brain function or structure. )

Estro- Estrogen (A female steroid hormone

Female that is produced by the ovaries)
Epicardium ( layer of tissue immediately surrounding the heart
Epi- On, Upon, over (part of pericardium), the outermost layer of the heart wall.)
Extraembryonic coelom ( the cavity, lined with
Extra-, Extro- Outside mesoderm that surrounds the embryo from the
earliest stages of development.)
 Hemicolectomy (surgical removal of about half
Hemi- half of the colon (large intestine))

Most Common Medical Suffixes

Please complete the chart

Suffixes Meaning with

example
-ary
Pertaining to = coronary Coronary
( related to heat)
-ase Enzyme Oxidase
-ation Process Discoloration
-cele Hernia Cephalocele
-clasis To break Karyoclasis
-constriction Narrowing of Vasoconstriction
-dilation To expand; stretch Vasodilation
-dynia Pain; discomfort Cardiodynia
-ectomy Removal Duodenectomy
-edema Swelling; inflammation Lymphedema
-ema Condition Erythema
-emia Related to blood Hypervolemia
-eurysm Expanding; widening Aneurysm
-genesis To form Lipogenesis
-globin Protein Hemoglobin
-graphy Recording of something Cardiography
-ia Condition Anemia
-icle Small, possibly microscopic Cuticle
-ism Process or condition Judaism
-it is Swelling; inflammation Gastritis
Breakdown; deterioration;
-lysis Hemolysis
separation
-mania Obsession Pyromania
-mortem Death Postmortem
-oma Mass; tumor; cyst Osteoma
-one Hormone Hormone
-opsy Display of Biopsy
-ostosis Condition of bone Exostosis
-paresis Weakness; failing Monoparesis
-partum Birth Postpartum
-pathy Emotion or disease Hepatopathy
-phasia Speech Aphasia
-phylaxis Protection Prophylaxis
-poiesis Formation Hemetopoiesis
-pnea Breathing Apnea
-rrhea Discharge
Diarrhea
-rrhexis Burst Enterorrhexis
-schisis To split Tracheoschisis
-scopy Examination Laparoscopy
-somnia Sleep
Insomnia
-spasm Muscle contraction Myospasm
-stasis To control; stop Venostasis
-stoma/-stomy Create a new opening Colostomy
Process of cutting; making an Gastrotomy
-tomy
incision
-tresia Opening Proctotresia
-tropia To turn Esotropia
-tropin To trigger Gonadotropin
-type Image, designation Karyotype
-uria Urine Hematuria

Please write down meaning of medical terms:

Abatement: A reduction in the severity of symptoms.
Abiotic: Not associated with living organisms
Abortive: When a disease is cut short
Abrasion: Type of open wound that's caused by the skin rubbing against a rough surface
Abruption: Premature separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus
Ambulatory: Able to walk about not bedridden or immobile
Analgesia: The inability to feel pain
Benign: Not malignant A benign tumor is one that does not invade surrounding tissue or spread to other parts
Compression:
of the body it is not a cancer The act of pressing together.
Etiology: The study of causes
Exacerbation: A worsening refer to an increase in the severity of a disease or its signs and symptoms
Hematemesis: Bloody vomit
Hematology: The study of blood
Idiopathic: Used to describe a disease with no identifiable cause
Intractable: Unstoppable
Microbiology: The study of microorganisms
Neurology: The study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system
Referred pain:Pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful origin An example is the pain from the
Remission: pancreas, which is felt in the back Disappearance of the signs and symptoms disease.
Stimulus: Body responding to a medicine can be temporary or permanent.
Subcutaneous: Under the skin
Syndrome: Recognizable complex of symptoms and physical findings
Urology: The study of the disorders of the kidneys and the urine drainage system

Formation of plurals - Give the plural spelling and meaning of each of the following terms.

Singular Plural Meaning

vertebra Vertebrae backbones
bursa Bursae Sacs of fluid near a joint
psychosis Psychoses Abnormal mind conditions
apex Apices Pointed ends of the organs
cortex Cortices Outer parts of the organs
varix Varices Enlarged, swollen veins
ganglion Ganglia Groups of nerve cells
bacterium Bacteria Types of one-celled organisms
ovum Ova Egg cells
bronchus Bronchi Tubes leading from the windpipe to the lungs

For each of the listed terms, provide the definition

Medical term Meaning

 neural
Pertaining to the nerve
_______________________________________________________

arthralgia
Pain in the joint
_______________________________________________________

leukocyte
White blood cell
_______________________________________________________

gastrectomy
Remove the stomach or part of it
_______________________________________________________

leukemia
Cancer in the bone marrow, cause exist of high WBC and immature WBC
_______________________________________________________

hemoglobin
A protein that exists in the erythrocytes and help in carrying oxygen in the blood
_______________________________________________________

arthrogram
It is an x-ray record of a joint
_______________________________________________________

neuralgia
Pain in the nerve
_______________________________________________________

hyperthyroidism
A condition when the thyroid gland activity is more than
_______________________________________________________ normal
gastroenteritis Stomach and small intestine inflammation
_______________________________________________________

neurologist
Specialist in the study of nerves
_______________________________________________________

nephrology
The study of kidney
_______________________________________________________

biopsy
The process of visually examine life tissue under
_______________________________________________________ a microscope
leukocytosis
Slight increase in normal WBC number as response
_______________________________________________________ to the infection
laparoscopy
The process of visually examine of the abdomen by laparoscope
_______________________________________________________

subhepatic
Pertaining to below the liver
_______________________________________________________

Differentiate between:

Laparotomy and laparoscopy

*Laparoscopy is to make a small incision into the abdomen near
to the navel to insert a laparoscope(endoscope) to visually
examine the abdomen.
*Laparotomy is to make an incision into the abdomen also, but
this incision is a surgical large incision in inspect to have operate
on its organs or to have evidence of any disease.
 Prognosis and diagnosis
*The diagnosis is the complete knowledge about the
patient gained after testing and examining the patient.
*The prognosis is the prediction or the anticipation for
the treatment outcomes that is made after a diagnosis.
Endocrine and exocrine
*Endocrine: it means to secrete the secretion(hormones) into the
body and within the bloodstream as, endocrine gland like, ovary,
testis and pituitary gland.
*Exocrine: means to secret the secretion within ducts to outside the
body as, exocrine gland like, sweat gland and salivary gland.
Carcinoma and sarcoma
*Carcinoma is a cancerous tumor in the epithelial tissues which are lining
most of the internal organs and cover the outside of the body (skin).
*Sarcoma is a cancerous(malignant) tumor of the connective tissues such
as, bones, muscles, fat and cartilages.
Anemia, leukemia, and leukocytosis

*Anemia literally means no or lack of blood, but it is described as: a deficiency of the hemoglobin
and/or the number of the erythrocytes, which result in lack of O2 in the body cells.
*Leukemia is a type of cancer characterized by large number of malignant or immature cells (WBC)
in the bone marrow.
*Leukocytosis refers to the increase of the normal WBCs as a response to infection.

Complete the following medical terms to end each sentence.

Nerve pain is
algia or neuropathic pain
neur________________________________________________________________________
___

Presence of large numbers of immature, cancerous white blood cells is a blood condition known
emia
as leuk____________________________________________________________________

An x-ray record of a joint is

gram
arthro_________________________________________________________

Study of the kidney is

logy
nephro______________________________________________________________
Tumor of the liver is
oma
hepat__________________________________________________________________

Visual examination of the abdomen is

scopy
laparo_____________________________________________

An incision of the joint is called

otomy
arthr_____________________________________________________

Abnormal condition of the skin is

osis
dermat_________________________________________________

Inflammation of the skin is

isis
dermat________________________________________________________

A specialist in the study of blood is a

ologis
hemat_______________________________________________

Medical conditions and procedures

Match the conditions listed below with the correct procedure used to diagnose or treat each.

A. Adenocarcinoma of an endocrine gland in the neck

B. Epilepsy (seizure disorder)
C. Heart attack
D. Leukemia
E. Osteogenic sarcoma (bone cancer)
F. Renal cell carcinoma
G. Stomach ulcer
H. Urinary bladder carcinoma

E
_______1. Below-knee leg resection (amputation)
D
_______2. Bone marrow biopsy

C
_______3. Electrocardiogram

H
_______4. Cystoscopy
 F
_______5. Nephrectomy

A
_______6. Thyroid gland resection

G
_______7. Gastroscopy
B
_______8. Electroencephalogram

TABLE: Silent Letters & Unusual Pronunciations

FILL IN THE TABLE LIKE EXAMPLE IN FIRST ROW :-

LETTER PRONOUNCIATI EXAMPLE MEANING OF

ON EXAMPLE
X Z Xiphoid Cartilage part at
lower sternum
ZIF-oyd
ch chemistry
------------- chemical pertaining to
K KEM-i-kl
-----------
rh - Rheumatic
----------------- pertaining to rheumatism, a
r ru _ -MAT-ik disorder of muscles and joints
-------------
ptosis
pt - --------- - dropping
t
TO _ -sis
---------
pseudo-
ps - s ------------- -
false
SU _ -do
----------
eu - euphoria
----------------- -
u u_-FOR-e_ -a exaggerated feeling
--------------
of well- being
 Gnathic
gn - n ------------- -
pertaining to the jaw
NATH-ik
---------------
ph - pharmacy
----------------- -
f FAR-ma-se a drug dispensary
----------------
pn - pneumonia - inflammation
n nu–-MO– -ne–-a of the lungs
---------------

Surgical procedures:

Gastroduodenostomy
ANSWER: ---------------------------
Write down medical term which describes the surgical procedure shown in
diagram.
Exploratory Laparotomy
ANSWER: ---------------------
Write down medical term which describes the surgical procedure shown in
diagram.
Partial Nephrectomy
ANSWER: ---------------------

TABLE : SUFFIXES FOR MEDICAL SPECIALITIES

Fill in the table:
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE DEFINITION OF
EXAMPLE
-logy The study of Radiology Study of x-rays
-ist Specialist in the Specialist in the study
Radiologist
study of of x-rays
-ics Study and treatment
treatment of orthopedics
of joints and bones
-iatry Study and treatment
treatment of podiatry of foot ( root: podlo:
meaning “foot”.
-iatrics Specialist in pediatrics
Specialist in the study
the study of children
-ian Practitioner of physician Practitioner of
medicine