CHAPTER 1

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

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INTRODUCTION

 Terminology:-The study of technical or

special terms in a particular subject and
their use in the respective subjects
 Medical Terminology:-It is used in the field
of medicine to precisely describe the
human body, including its components,
processes, conditions affecting it, and
procedures performed upon it.

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 COMPONENTS OF MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY
Root It’s the foundation of the word. Medical
terms may have more than one root word.
It mainly denotes an organ, organ system
or disease condition.

Prefix A word, letter or number placed before a

root or stem word to adjust or qualify its
meaning.
Suffix A letter or group of letters added at the
end of the root word to make a new word
or change the meaning.
Combining vowel Usually, ‘O’ it links the root to the suffix
but has no meaning of its own.

Combining form It is simply the roots plus the combining

vowel.
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SUFFIXES
A letter or group of letters added at the end
of the root word to make a new word or
change the meaning.

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SUFFIXES
WORD PERTAINING TO EXAMPLES

-algia Pain  Mastodynia- pain in breast

-dynia  Neuralgia-nerve pain

-cele Protrusion or hernia  Cystocele-bladder hernia

 Rectocele-rectal hernia

-centesis Surgical puncture to remove  Thoracentesis-from chest

fluid  Abdominocentesis-from
abdomen

-cyte Cell  Erythrocyte-red blood cells

-tomy Putting an incision  Gatrotomy-incission in

-stomy Putting an opening stomach
-ectomy Cutting out or surgical  Enterostomy-opening in
resesction small intestine
 Lobectomy-cutting out a
lobe

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SUFFIXES
-emesis Vomit  Hematemesis-vomiting
blood

-emia Blood condition  Anemia-lack of RBC

-genesis Beginning process,origin  Pathogenesis-origin of

diseases

-itis Inflammation  Hepatitis-inflammation of

liver
 Adenitis-inflammmation of
gland
-logy Science, study of  Biology-study of life
 Histology-study of tissues

-oma Tumor  Carcinoma (malignant

growth)

-penia Deficiency of, lack of  Glycopenia (less sugar)

 Erythrocytopenia-
decreased RBC

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SUFFIXES
-plasty Surgical repair  Rhinoplasty-surgical repair
-rrhaphy Surgical suturing of nose
-pexy Surgical Fixation  Neurorrhaphy-suturing of
nerves
 Nephropexy (of floating
kidney)-fixation of kidney

-phagia Eating  Geophagia-eating clay

-phagy

-phobia Abnormal fear/ intolerance  Acrophobia-heights

-philia Attraction towards  Hydrophlia-attraction to
water
-pnea Breathing  Apnea (absent breathing)
 Dyspnea-difficulty in
breathing
-ptosis Downward displacement  Proctoptosis-downward
displacementof anus
 Blepharoptosis-downward
displacement of eyelids

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SUFFIXES
-rrhagia Discharge  Haemorrhage,
metrorrhagia

-rrhea Flow  Rhinorrhea (nasal

discharge)

-rrhexis Rupture/ breaking  Enterorrhexis – Intestinal

rupture

-ectasia dilated  Bronchiectasis is dilation

of bronchus

-plegia paralysis  Monoplegia is paralysis of

one limb

-paresis weakness  Hemiparesis is weakness

of half of the body

-poiesis produce  Hematopoiesis is

production of blood cells

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 SUFFIXES
-uria urine  Polyuria-excessive
urination
 Melanuria-black coloured
urine

-plasia Growth by increase in number  Hyperplasia

-trophy Growth by increase in size  hypertrophy

-therapy Treatement  psychotherapy-treatement

for mind

-scopy To visualize  Gastroscopy-visualizing

-scope Instrument to visualize stomach
 Gastroscope-instrument

-pathy Disease  Myopathy-disease of

muscles
 Neuropathy-disease of
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nerves
SUFFIXES
-opsy To look into  Biopsy-look into live clls
 Necropsy –look into dead
cells

-megaly Enlarged  Splenomegaly

 Cardiomegaly

-malacia Softening  Osteomalasia-softening of

bone

-lysis Dissolve or breakdown  Thrombolysis is dissolving

clot

-graphy Procedure  Echocardiography

-graph Instrument  Echocardiograph
-gram record  Echocardiogram

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PREFIXES
A word, letter or number placed
before a root or stem word to
adjust or qualify its meaning

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PREFIXES
WORD PERTAINING TO EXAMPLES
A  Agnosia- Inability to
An Without, lacking comprehend sensory
information
 Analgesia- absence of pain
sensation
 Abduction- movement of
Ab Away from body part away from
midline of the body.
 Abnormal- moving away
from normal
 Adduction- movement of
Ad Towards (adding) body part towards the
midline of the body.
 Adrenal gland-the gland
which stays sticked or
added to the kidney
 Ambivalence-changing
Amb Bothsides behaviour to both sides
 Ambidextrous-able to use
the right and left hands
equally well.
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PREFIXES
 Antenatal- before delivery
Ante Precede, before  Antecedent-a thing that
existed before or logically
precedes another.

 Anticoagulant- substance
Anti Against that prevent clotting
 Antibiotics-against life

 Auto immune disease-

Auto Self disease which affect our
immune system
 Autologous-obtained from
the same individual.

Bi Double, two  Binocular-pertaining to

both eyes

Brady Slow  Bradycardia-slow heart

rate
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PREFIXES
Circum Around  Circumcision- the surgical
removal of foreskin from
male penis

Contra Against  Contra-indication- a

condition that is against a
particular type of
treatment

Dys Difficult, painful  Dysphagia- difficulty in

swallowing

Ecto Outside  Ectoderm-mass of cells

which forms outer layer of
the body
Endo In, with in  Endocardium- inner most
layer of the heart

Epi Upon  Epicardium- the outermost

layer of the heart
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PREFIXES
Eu Good, well,true and normal  Euthyroid- normal thyroid
 Eupnea –normal breathing

Exo Outside  Exophthalmos- abnormal

outside protrusion of eye
ball

Extra Beyond, outside of  Extra cranial- anatomical

structures outside the
cranium.

Hemi Half /semi  Hemiplegia- complete

paralysis of half of the side

Hyper Above, beyond  Hyperglycemia- blood

glucose level above the
normal limit.

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PREFIXES
Hypo Below, under  Hypoglycaemia- blood
glucose level below the
normal limit.

Hetero Different  Heterosexual- sexual

desire towards the
opposite sex

Homo Same  Homosexual- sexual desire

towards the same sex

Infra Beneath  Infra tentorial- beneath the

tentorial region

Inter Between  Interneuron- nerve cell

acting as a link between
sensory and motor neuron

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PREFIXES
Intra Inside  Intra osseous- inside the
bone

Ipsi Self, same  Ipsilateral- same side

Macro Large, excess  Macroglossia- tongue

which is larger than oral
cavity

Mal Abnormal, bad  Malnutrition- inadequate

nutritional status

Meta After, beyond  Metastasis- when tumor

cells are spread from site
of origin to other part of
body

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PREFIXES
Micro Small, minute  Microcephaly- infants
having small skull size
compared to body

Necro Dead  Necrotic tissue- dead

tissue

Neo New, young  Neologism- a new

meaningless word often
spoken by aphasia patient

 Oligohydramniosis-
Oligo Few, scant abnormally small amount
of amniotic fluid during
gestation
 Oliguria-scanty urine
output

Pan All  Pancarditis- inflammation

of all the layers of heart

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PREFIXES
Para Besides/ beyond  Paracyesis- pregnancy
that develops outside the
uterus

Per Through  Percutaneous-

administration of drug
through the skin

Post After  Postnatal- period after

delivery of the baby

Pre Before  Precocious puberty-

puberty before the normal
age of maturation

 Pseudoplegia- apparent
Pseudo False loss of muscular power
without a real paralysis
 Pseudoangina-false chest
pain

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PREFIXES
Peri Around, enclosing  Pericardium- membrane that
surrounds the heart

Retro Behind, backward  Retroversion of uterus- the

body of the uterus is tipped
back.
Sclero Hard  Scleroderma-disease
charecterised by hardening of
tissue

Syn Together  Synergism- action of two or

more substance to achieve
an affect
 Tachycardia- rapid heart rate
Tachy Rapid  Tachypnea- increased
respiratory rate than normal

Poly Many or excess  Polydactility increased

number of fingers

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ROOT WORDS
It’s the foundation of the word.
Medical terms may have more
than one root word. It mainly
denotes an organ, organ
system or disease condition

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ROOT WORDS
ROOT WORD IN COMBINING PERTAINING TO EXAMPLES WITH MEANING
FORM

 Acromegaly- abnormal
Acr/o Extremity growth of the hands, feet,
and face, caused by
overproduction of growth
hormone.
 Acroarthritis
Inflammation of the joints
of the hands or feet

 Adenoma- tumor of gland

Aden/o Gland  Adenitis- inflammation of
gland

Adip/o Fat  Adipocyte- fat cell

Lip/o  Adiposity- a condition of
being severely overweight,
or obese.

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 ROOT WORDS
 Albinism- congenital
Alb/o White absence of any
Leuk/o pigmentation or coloration
in a person, animal or
plant, resulting in white
hair and pink eyes in
mammals.
 Leukoderma is the name
given to white patches on
the skin.
 Androgen- male sex
Andr/o Male harmone
 Andrology-The branch of
medicine concerned with
men's health, particularly
male infertility and sexual
dysfunction

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ROOT WORDS
 Angioedema is a condition
Angi/o and vaso Vessel in which small blood
Artery=arterio/ vessels leak fluid into the
Vein=veno/, phlebo/ tissues, causing swelling.
Angioplasty is a procedure to
restore blood flow through
the artery.
Vasoconstriction-narrowing of
blood vessels

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ROOT WORDS
 Arthropathy is disease of
Arthr/o Joint joints
Articul/o  Articulation is a joint
between two bones or
cartilages

 Ankylosis is stiff joints

Ankyl/o Fused  Ankyloglossiasisis tongue
tie
 Atelophobia is fear of not
Atel/o Imperfect being good enough
 Atelectasis is imperfect
expansion of the lung

 Atheroma is building up of
Ather/o Yellow fatty plaque plaques in the artery
 Atherosclerosis is
hardening of arteries due
to plaque

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ROOT WORDS
 Auriculotherapy is an
Auri Ear alternative medicine for
Ot/o ears
 Auricular tests are
examinations done in ear
 Otorrhea is flow from ear
 Blepharitis is inflammation
Blephar/o Eyelid of eyelids
 Blepharoptosis is drooping
of eyelids

 Biology is study of life

Bi/o Life  Biopsy is looking into live
tissue

Carcin/o  Carcinogen is cancer

Onc/o –oma Cancer causing agent
 Carcinoma breast is
cancer of breast

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ROOT WORDS
 Cardiology is study of
Cardi/o Heart structure and fumction of
heart
 Cardiovascular is the
related to the vessels of
heart
 Calcaneal fracture is heel
Carp/o Wrist fracture
Calcane/o Heel  Carpal bones is bones in
the wrist region
 Cauda equine is the horse
Caud/o Tail tail like terminal part of
spinal chord
 Cephalocaudal is from
head to tail

 Cephalic presentation is
Cephal/o Head the head presentation of
Crani/o fetus at the time of
childbirth
 Cephalohematoma is the
injury to head of newborn
at the time of delivery
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ROOT WORDS
 Cerebrovascular is vessels
Cerebr/o Brain of the brain
 Cerebral palsy is the
childhood disorder due to
immature development of
brain

 Cervical canal is canal of

Cervic/o Neck the cervix in uterus
cervix  Cervical vertebra is the
vertebra in the neck region

 Chlorophyll is green
Chlor/o Green pigment present in the
plants
 Cholecystitis is
Chole Gall bladder inflammation of gall
bladder
 Cholelithiasis is stone in
gall bladder

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ROOT WORDS
Common bile duct  Choledocystitis is stone in
Choledocyst/o the common bile duct

 Colposcopy is visualizing
Colp/o Vagina and cervix cervix and vagina
 Colporrhaphy is repair of
cervix and vagina

 Cryotharapy is surgical
Cry/o Cold procedure with frozen
nitrogen
 Cryopreservation is
storage under very low
temperature

 Cryptorchidism is absence
Crypt/o Hide,conceal or hidden testis

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ROOT WORDS
Cutane/o  Dermatology is a study of
Dermat/o Skin skin
 Percupaneous is through
skin

 Cyanaosis is bluish
Cyan/o Blue discolouration of skin
 Cynobacteria is bluish
green algae

 Cystocele is protrusion
Cyst/o, vesic/o Bladder from bladder
 Cystoscopy is the
visualization of bladder

 Cytology is the study of

Cyt/o Cell cells
 Erythrocytes is red blood
cells
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ROOT WORDS
 Polydactility is having
Dactyl/o Finger,toe more tha normal number
of toes or fingers
 Dactylitis is inflammation
of an entire digit

 Dentist is physician
Denti/o Teeth dealing with teeth
Odont/o  Dentistry is the branch
dealing with teeth and its
diseases

Dextr/o Right  Dextrorotate is rotate to

Lev/o Left right
 Dextrocardiac is the
presence of right sided
heart
 Levorotate is rotation to
left
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ROOT WORDS
 Dypsomania is
Dyps/o Thirst uncontrolled craving for
alcohol

 Sonography is imaging
Ech/o, acoustic,phon/o,son/o Sound technique that uses high
frequency sound waves
 Phonetics is study of
sounds of human speech

 Enteritis is inflammation of
Enter/o Intestine intestine
 Enterology is study of
intestine

 Eruthrocytes is red blood

Erythr/o Red cells
 Erythema is redness of
skin
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ROOT WORDS
 Anesthesia is loss of
Esthesi/o Sense senses
 Euthesia is normal senses
function

Galact/o  Lactogenesis is formation

Lact/o Milk of milk
 Galactorrhea is flow of
milk

 Gastritis is inflammation
Gastr/o Stomach of stomach
 Gastrology is study of
stomach

 Glossectomy is surgical
Gloss/o Tongue resection of tongue
Lingu/o  Microglossia is small
tongue

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ROOT WORDS
 Glycosuria is presence of
Glyc/o Glucose glucose in urine
 Glycolysis is fragmentin
glucose into smaller
components

 Gnathology is the study of

Gnath/o Jaw masticatory system

 Gynaecology is the study

Gynec/o Female of female reproductive
system
 Gynecomastia is presence
of female breast in males

 Haematology is study of
Hema, hem/o, hemat/o Blood blood and cells
 Hematuria is blood in urine

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ROOT WORDS
 Hepatitis is inflammation
Hepat/o Liver of liver
 Hepatectomy is the
surgical removal of liver

 Histology is study of
Hist/o Tissue tissues
 Histopathology is study of
disease in tissues

 Hydrophobia is fear of
Hydr/o Water water
 Hydrophilia is affinity to
water
Ileum-part of small intestine  Ileocecal junction is the
Ile/o junction between last part
of small intestine and
ceacum

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ROOT WORDS
Ili/o Ilium-pelvic bone  Iliac crest is thecrest of the
ilium

Labi/o  Brachycheilia is short lips

Cheil/o Lip  Labial frenulum is found in
the centre of upper lip

 Lacrimal gland is gland

Lacrim/o Tear that secretes tears
 Nasolacrimal duct is the
duct connecting nose and
lacrimal gland

Lapar/o Abdominal wall  Laparotomy is the incision

into abdominal wall

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ROOT WORDS
 Nephrolithiasis is kidney
Lith/o and calculi Stone stone
 Cholelithiasis is stone in
gall bladder

 Lumbar is related to liower

Lumb/o Lower back back
 Lumbar puncture is
puncturing thje lower back

 Mammoplasty is surgical
Mamm/o Breast repair of breast
Mast/o  Mastectomy is surgical
removal of breast

 Melanin is pigment present

Melan/o Black in skin which gives black
colour to skin
 Melanuria is dark coloured
urine

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ROOT WORDS
 Hysterectomy is surgical
Metri Uterus removal of uterus
Hyster/o  metrorrhagia is uterine
bleeding at irregular
intervals

 Mono nucleus is sinhle

Mon/o One nucleus
Uni  Monogamous is relation in
which individual has only
one partner
 Myopathy is disease of the
My/o Muscle muscles
 Cardiomyopathy is
disease of cardiac muscle

 Mycosis is fungal infection

Myc/o Fungus  Mycology is study of fungi
 Onychomycosis is fungal
infection of nail

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ROOT WORDS
 Myelopathy is neurological
Myel/o Bone marrow,spinal chord diseases related to spinal
chord
 Myelofibrosis is bone
marrow disorder

 Narcolepsy is unable to
Narc/o Sedative regulate sleep wake cycle
 Narcotics is a drug that
induces sleep

Nas/o Nose  Rhinoplasty is surgical

Rhin/o repair of nose
 Nasal septum is present in
nose

 Neonatology is study of
Ne/o New newborn
 Neologism is new word

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ROOT WORDS
 Necrophilia is sexual desire
Necr/o Dead cells toward a dead body
 Necrosis is
umprogrammed cell death

Nephr/o  Nephritis is inflammation

Ren/o Kidney of kidney
 Renal calculi is kidney
stones

 Neural is related to
Neur/o Nerve cell neurons
 Neurologist is physician
dealing with nervous
system
 Oncology is study of
Onc/o Tumor tumor cells
 Oncotherapy is the
physician dealing with
tumor

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ROOT WORDS
 Oophorectomy is cutting
Oophor/o Ovary and removal of ovary
 Oopheritis is the
inflammation of the ovary

 Ophthalmology is the
Ophthalm/o Eye study of eye
 Ophthalmologist is the
physician dealing with
disease of eye

 Stomatitis is the
Or/o Mouth inflammation of the
Stomat/o mucous membrane of the
mouth
 Oral is relating to mouth
 Orchiopexy is surgical
Orchi/o Testicles fixation of testicles
 Orchiectomy is the
surgical removal of
testicles
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ROOT WORDS
 Xanthoma is small nodule
Xanth/o Yellow like yellow cholesterol
deposit under the skin
 Xanthalesma-yellow
plaque in the eyes

 Ventral hernia is bulge of

Ventr/o Belly side tissue throw an opening in
belly side
 Ventral suture is suture
put on the belly side

 Toxic is related to
Tox/o Poison poisonous
 Toxemia is presence of
poisonous conditionin the
skin
 Thrombolysis is dissolving
Thromb/o Stagnant clot clot
 Thrombectomy is surgical
removal of thrombus
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ROOT WORDS
 Thoracotomy is putting an
Thorac/o Chest incision into chest
 Thoracentesis is surgically
removing fluid from the
chest

 Thermogenic is heat
Therm/o Heat generating
 Thermoregulation is
regulation of heat

 Tarsal fracture is fracture

Tars/o Ankle bone of ankle bone
Carpel Wrist bone  Tarsel tunnel syndrome is
due to posterior tibila
nerve injury which affects
ankle bone movement
 Carpel tunnel syndrome is
due to median nerve injury
in wrist.

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ROOT WORDS
Spondyl/o Vertebra/spinal column  Spondylosis is
degeneration of spinal
column
 Somatoform disorder is
Somat/o Body psychological disease with
physical manifestations
 Somatic cell is any cell
forming the body

 Salpingitis is inflammation
Salping/o Fallopian tube of fallopian tube
 Salpingectomy is surgical
removal of fallopian tube

 Pyoderma is skin disease

Py/o Pus with pus formation
 Pyogenic is pus formic

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ROOT WORDS
Pyel/o Pelvis (renal part and also a  Pyelolithiasis stone in
bone) renal pelvis
 Pyeloplasty is surgical
repair of renal pelvis

 Pulmonology is study of
Pulm/o Respiratory respiratory system
 Pulmonary disease is
disease present in
respiratory tract
 Pneumonitis is
Pneum/o Lung inflammation of lungs
 Pneumonectomy is
surgical removal of lungs

 Psychology is science of
Psych/o Mind behaviour and mind
 Psychologist is the
therapist dealing with the
mind and behavior

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ROOT WORDS
 Proctoclysis is rectal fluid
Proct/o Rectum infusion
 Proctology is dealing with
structure and diseases of
rectum

 Phrenic nerve is nerve

Phrenic/o Diaphragm piercing diaphragm
 Phrenic artery is artery
supplying diaphragm

 Photophobia is fear of ligh

Phot/o Light  Photology is the study of
light
 Phlebotomy is cutting into
Phleb/o Vein vein
 Phlebitis is inflammation
of vein

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ROOT WORDS
 Pharmacology is study of
Pharmac/o Drug drugs
 Pharmacist is the
professional dealing with
drugs

Path/o Disease  Pathology- study of

Nos/o diseases
 Pathogenic is disease
causing
 Otorrhea-discharge from
Ot/o Ear ear
 Otosceloris is hardening of
the bony part of the
labyrinth
 Osteocytes- bone cells
Oste/o Bone  Osteopathy-disease
condition of bone

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ROOT WORDS
 Trichotillomania is
Trich Hair psychiatric disorder of
Pili pulling out ones hair
 Arrectorpili is a muscle
attached to hair roots
helping in goose bumps

 Spondylitis is
Spondyl/o Vertebra inflammation of vertebra
 Spondylosis is
degeneration of vertebra
 Spondylolisthesis is
slippage of vertebra

 Paediatrics is study of
Pedia Child children
 Pedophilia is sexual
attraction to children
 Myringoplasty is repair of
Myring/o Ear drum eardrum
Tympan/o  Myringotomy is putting an
incision in eardrum
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ROOT WORDS
 Chondritis is inflammation
Chond/o Cartilage of cartilage
 Chondroma is cancer of
cartilage

 Immunity is capability of
Immun/o Protection the body to protect from
disease
 Immunology of study of
immune system
 Enterectomy is surgical
Enter/o Small intestine removal of small intestine
 Enteroscopy visualization
of small intestine
 Enterotomy is putting an
incision into small intestine

 Colonoscopy is
Colon/o Large intestine visualization of large
intestine
 Colostomy is putting an
opening in large inrestine
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ROOT WORDS
 Chondritis is inflammation
Chond/o Cartilage of cartilage
 Chondroma is cancer of
cartilage

 Immunity is capability of
Immun/o Protection the body to protect from
disease
 Immunology of study of
immune system

 Enterectomy is surgical
Enter/o Small intestine removal of small intestine
 Enteroscopy visualization
of small intestine
 Enterotomy is putting an
incision into small intestine

 Colonoscopy is
Colon/o Large intestine visualization of large
intestine
 Colostomy is putting an
opening in large inrestine
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ROOT WORDS
 Chemotherapy is
Chem/o Chemical treatment of cancer with
chemical
Genit/o Reproductive  Genital organ is
reproductive organ

Gingiv Gums  Gingivitis is inflammation

of gums

 Presbyopia is vision loss

Gerent/o Old age due to ageing
Presby  Gerontology is study of
aged people

Kerat/o Horny substance or hard  Keratosis is horny growth

substance disease
 Keratin is protein present
in horny substance

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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY FOR
COLOURS
COLOURS MED.TERM

White Alb/o, leuk/o

Black Melan/o, anthrac/o

Red Erythr/o

Yellow Xanth/o

Blue Cyan/o

Green Chlor/o

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MADE BY NEENU PRASAD,COCHIN BRANCH