Math 10

Elementary Statistics and Probability

Course Note Pack

Lisa Markus 2016

1
 Chapter 1: Sampling and Data - Notes

Statistics:

Descriptive:

Inferential:

Probability:

Key Terms:

Example: We are interested in the average number of units students in this class are taking
in Summer 2016.

Population:

Sample:

Parameter:

Statistic:

Variable:

Data:

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 Data (actual values of a variable)

Qualitative Data:

Quantitative Data:

Discrete:

Continuous:

Sampling:

Note: can sample with replacement or without replacement

Simple Random Sample:

Stratified Random Sample:

Cluster Random Sample:.

Systematic Random Sample:

Convenience Sampling:

3
 Frequency Tables

Survey: How many siblings did you have?

Data Value Frequency Relative Frequency Cumulative Relative

Frequency

4
 Chapter 1: Sampling and Data - Practice

Sixty (60) De Anza students were asked how many movies (at the movie theater) they saw
last month. The data is summarized in the frequency table below.
Number of Movies Frequency Relative Frequency Cumulative
Relative
Frequency
0 10 0.1667
1 14 0.2333 0.4000
2 17
3 7
4
5 5
6 1
7 2

1. Put the table into your calculator, then use your calculator to complete the table.

2. The number of movies is what type of data?

3. Approximately what percent of students saw at most 4 movies?

4. Approximately what percent of students saw at least 4 movies?

5. The data was collected at De Anza College by dividing all students into 10 groups
according to their majors (some groups had more than one major) and then randomly
selecting 6 students from each of the 10 groups. What type of sampling is this?

6. If we took another sample by getting the alphabetical listing of all De Anza students,
randomly choosing the first student in the sample from the list, and then choosing every
350th student, what kind of sample would we have?

7. The average number of movies seen by students in the sample is an example of:
A. Parameter B. Data C. Statistic D. Variable

8. Let X = the number of movies (in a theater) De Anza students saw in the last month. X is
the:
A. Parameter B. Data C. Statistic D. Variable

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9. Identify the type of data:
a. Number of students enrolled in Math 10.

b. Brand of coffee.

c. Distance to closest grocery store.

d. Age of faculty members at De Anza College.

e. Favorite movie.

10. De Anza Security is taking a survey of the number of people arriving in each car that
will be parked in the parking structure. Name the sampling method used for each of the
following.

a. Survey every 10th car that enters the parking structure.

b. Randomly pick 10 cars from each floor of the parking structure.

c. Randomly pick one section of the parking structure and survey every car in that section.

d. Survey the first 50 cars entering the parking structure.

11. A lawyer is interested in the average time it takes for bills to be paid by clients who pay
bills.

a. What is the population she is interested in?

b. X = the time it takes for ONE client to pay their bill. What is X an example of?

c. The lawyer takes her sample by gathering data on 10 randomly selected clients who have
paid their bills. The lawyer’s sample produces an average time to pay of 2 months. What
is this value (2 months) is an example of?

d. One particular client took 4 months to pay the bill. What is this value an example of?

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 Chapter 2: Displaying and Measuring Data - Notes

Stemplots
Example 1: The number of minutes 20 internet subscribers spent on the internet during
their most recent session:

50 40 41 17 11 7 22 44 28 21
19 23 37 51 54 42 88 41 78 56

Draw stem-and-leaf graph (also known as stem plot) Stems here are 0 – 8.

- good for small data sets

- quick to do
- shows all data values
- look for patterns/skewness
- look for outliers/extreme values
- look for spread

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Histograms

interval frequency relative frequency

Horizontal axis:
Vertical Axis:

Number of bars:

Lowest Value:
Highest Value:

Width of bar:

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Box Plots and Histograms

Consider the following data for the number of movies 60 students watched during Spring
Break:

number of movies frequency Relative Cumulative relative

frequency frequency
0 10
1 14
2 11
3 14
4 0
5 1

1. Fill in the relative frequency and the cumulative relative frequency.

2. Find:

lowest value:

highest value:

median:

Q1:

Q3:

IQR:

Mean:

sample standard deviation:

Mode:

3. Find the 40th percentile.

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4. Draw a histogram.

5. Draw a box plot.

6. Find any potential outliers, using an appropriate formula.

POTENTIAL OUTLIERS: values that lie more than 1.5 IQR above Q3 or more than 1.5 IQR
below Q1
Q3 + 1.5*IQR
Q1 - 1.5*IQR

7. Skewness?

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z-score

z-score:

Example: Let the population mean be 5 and the population standard deviation be 2.

1. How many standard deviations is 3 from the mean?

2. How many standard deviations is 8 from the mean?

3. Find the value that is 2 standard deviations below the mean.

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 Chapter 2: Displaying and Measuring Data – Practice

Consider the following data for the number of movies 80 students watched during Spring
Break:

Number of movies Frequency Relative Cumulative relative frequency

frequency
0 20
1 23
2 21
3 13
4 2
10 1

1. Fill in the relative frequency and the cumulative relative frequency.

2. Draw a histogram.

3. Draw a box plot.

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4. Find:

lowest value:

highest value:

median:

Q1:

Q3:

IQR:

Mean:

sample standard deviation:

Mode:

5. Find the 65th percentile

6. Find any potential outliers, using an appropriate formula.

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7. Find the value that is 2 standard deviations above the mean. Are there any data values above
this?

8. Find the value that is 2 standard deviations below the mean. Are there any data values below
this?

9. Khong, Megan and Jabbar are runners on the track teams at three different schools. Their
running times, in minutes, and the statistics for the track teams at their respective schools for a
one mile run are given in the table below.

Running School Average School

Time Running Time Standard Deviation
Khong 4.9 5.2 .15
Megan 4.2 4.6 .25
Jabbar 4.5 4.9 .12

a) Which student is the FASTEST when compared to the other runners at his or her school?
HINT – calculate the z-score for each student.

b) Which student is the SLOWEST when compared to the other runners at his or her
school?

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 Chapter 3: Probability Topics - Notes

Skip Venn Diagrams.

Example: Experiment: Flip a coin TWICE.

Event A is “at least one head”, event B is “get a double”.

List the outcomes in the sample space S

List the outcomes in event A

List the outcomes in event B

Find the following probabilities:

P(A)

P(B)

P(A AND B)

P(A OR B)

P(B | A)

P(A | B)

P(A’)

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Independent Events:

Mutually Exclusive Events:

Multiplication and Addition Rules:

• Multiplication Rule:

• Addition Rule:

Example
Roll a dice. Event A = get a prime number. Event B = get a multiple of 3.

Write out sample space, event A and event B.

Find P(A)

Find P(B)

Find P(A and B)

Find P(A | B)

Find P(B | A).

Are A and B mutually exclusive?

Are A and B independent?

Find P(B’)

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Contingency Tables:
Example: Random Sample of 100 hikers and the areas of preferred hiking.

HIKING AREA
PREFERENCE
The Coastline Near Lakes On Mountain
and Streams Peaks Total

SEX
Female 18 16 45
Male 14 55
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Total

M = being male F = being female MP = On Mt. Peaks LS = near lakes and streams Find:
• P(F)

• P(M)=

• P(LS)=

• P(F and MP)=

• P(F or MP)=

• P(M|MP)=

• P(LS|M)=

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Trees:
A frequency tree has branches labeled with frequencies and a probability tree has
branches labeled with probabilities.

Example: There are 3 green balls and 4 red balls in a box that you cannot see into. Draw 2
balls WITHOUT replacement. R1 = red ball on first drawing, G1 = green ball on first
drawing, etc. Organize the information in a tree. Draw a probability tree.

Calculate the following:

• P(G1 then R2)

• P(one red and one G)

• P(at least 1 Green)

• P(at most one Red)

• P(G2)

• P(G1 | G2)

• Are G1, G2 independent?

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 Chapter 3: Probability Topics - Practice

1. The following table gives the number of medical claims by type of treatment and
geographic region.

Region
Type of Claim West Mid West South East TOTAL
Outpatient 99 65 326 100 590
Physician Visit 251 104 514 233 1102
Hospitalization 52 29 128 75 284
TOTAL 402 198 968 408 1976

If a claim is chosen at random, compute the following. Leave your answers in unreduced
fractional form.

a. P(Claim is from the West ) = ________________________________________

b. P(Claim is from East AND Physician Visit ) = __________________________

c. P(Claim is from Mid West OR Outpatient ) = ___________________________

d. P(Claim is Hospitalization GIVEN South ) = _____________________________

e. P(West OR Midwest) = ____________________________________________

f. Are Hospitalization AND South MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE events? Use numbers to justify
your answer and explain.

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2. Based on the results of a poll of 180 voters, out of the 80 Republican voters, 60 voted for
a certain proposition and 20 voted against the proposition. Among the100 Democrats, 30
voted in favor of the proposition and 70 voted against the proposition.
R = Republican; D = Democrat; F = for; A = against.

a) Draw an appropriate probability tree.

b) If a voter is randomly selected from those voters polled, what is the probability that he
was against the proposition?

c) If a voter who was against the proposition was randomly selected from those voters
polled, what is the probability that he was a Democrat?

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 Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables-Notes

Note: Skip geometric, hypergeometric, Poisson

Terms
Random variable:

Discrete random variable:

Discrete probability distribution function (pdf):

Example Nancy has class 3 days a week. She attends class 3 days a week 80% of the time, 2
days 15% of the time, 1 day 4%, 0 days 1%.

Random variable X =

X takes on the values: 0,1,2,3.

probability distribution function table (pdf table)

X P(x) or P(X = x) xP(x) or x P(X = x)
0 P(X = 0) =
1 P(X = 1) =
2 P(X = 2) =
3 P(X = 3) =
TOTAL

Expected Value: “long term” average or mean, µ

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 Binomial Distribution X ~ B(n, p)

Bernoulli Trial:

Binomial Distribution:

X=

X takes on the values

n=

p=

X~

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Example: John comes to class totally unprepared for a 21 question math 10 Exam, so he
guesses randomly on each question. There are 4 possible answers per question.

Let X =

X takes on the values

n=

p=

X~

1. Find the probability that John guesses 7 questions correctly.

2. Find the probability that John guesses at most 7 questions correctly.

3. Find the probability that John guesses at least 7 questions correctly.

4. Find the probability John guesses more than 5 questions correctly.

5. Find the probability that John guesses 6 or 7 questions correctly.

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 Chapter 4: Discrete Random Variables - Practice

Based on past experience, the Math printer at De Anza College is operating properly 70% of
the time. Suppose inspections are made at 10 randomly selected times.

a) Write down the random variable X in words.

b) Give the distribution of X in symbols.

c) Give the mean and standard deviation of X.

d) What is the probability that the Math printer is operating properly for exactly 7 of the
inspections?

e) What is the probability that the Math printer is operating properly on 8 or more
inspections?

f) What is the expected number of inspections in which the Math printer is operating
properly?

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 Chapter 5: Continuous Random Variables - Notes
Skip the Uniform Distribution

Probability density function f(X): f(X) ≥ 0.

The area between f(X) and the x-axis is equal to a probability

Continuous random variable:

Exponential Distribution

• Probability Density Function

• Notation: X

• decay parameter

• mean

• standard deviation

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Probability:
Area to the left of k:

Area to the right of k:

Area between c and d:

Percentiles:

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Example: The length of time a randomly chosen 11-year old child spends playing video
games per day is approximately exponentially distributed with a mean equal to 1.5 hours.

Let X =

X~

f(X) =

1. Find the mean and standard deviation

2. Find the probability that a randomly chosen 11-year old spends more than 1.5 hours
playing video games per day.

3. Find the probability that a randomly chosen 11-year old spends less than 2 hours
playing video games per day.

4. Find the probability that a randomly chosen 11-year old spends between 1 and 1.8
hours playing video games per day.

5. Ninety percent of the 11-year olds spend at LEAST how long playing video games
per day?

6. Find the median length of time 11-year olds spend playing video games per day.

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 Chapter 5: Continuous Random Variables - Practice

1. Suppose the battery life (in years) of a battery in Kathy’s wrist watch is exponentially
distributed with a decay rate of 0.25.

a) In words, X =

b) In symbols, X ~

c) On average, how long will the battery last? Be sure to give units.

d) Find the probability that Kathy won’t have to replace her watch’s battery for at least 6
years. Draw an appropriate picture.

e) Find the probability the battery will last between 3 and 4.5 years. Draw an appropriate
picture.

f) 70% of batteries will last at least how long? Draw an appropriate picture.

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2.. The time between patients arriving at an urgent care clinic follows an exponential
distribution with a mean of 7 minutes.

a) In words, X =

b) In symbols, X ~

c) Find the probability that the next patient arrives in less than 5 minutes after the
previous one. Draw an appropriate picture.

d) Find the 80th percentile for the amount of time that passes between patient arrivals.
Write a sentence interpreting this percentile. Draw an appropriate picture.

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 Chapter 6: Normal Distribution - Notes

• X is a continuous random variable

• Parameters:

• Graph

• Total area under the curve

• A change in the standard deviation, σ:

• A change in the mean, µ:

• z-score

Standard Normal Distribution

• A normal (bell-shaped) distribution of standardized values called z-scores.
• Notation: Z ~

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Example: Suppose Z ~ N(0, 1). Draw pictures and find the following.
1. P(-128 < Z < 1.28)

2. P(Z < 1.645)

3. P(Z > 1.645)

4. The 85th percentile, k.

Nonstandard normal:

Example: Compare the GPA’s of 2 students.

Student A has GPA of 3.5, at a school with mu = 3.7, sigma = 0.1
student B has GPA of 3.4 at school with mu – 3.7, sigma = 0.2.

Calculate their z-scores.

Which student has higher GPA relative to their school?

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Example: Chickens at Colonel Mustard’s ranch have a mean weight of 1853 grams with a
standard deviation of 150 grams. The weights of the chickens are closely approximated by
a normal curve.

a) In words, describe the random variable.

b) Give the distribution of X

c) What percent of chickens weigh more than 1700 grams?

d) What percent weigh between 1750 and 1900 grams?

e) What is the minimum weight of a chicken that is in the top 12% weight group?

f) What weights bound the middle 80% of chickens?

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 Chapter 6: Normal Distribution – Practice
1. A stamping machine produces can tops whose diameters are normally distributed with a
mean of 3.124 inches and a standard deviation of 0.03 inches. Let X be the diameter of a
can top produced by this stamping machine.

a) The symbolic notation for this distribution is: X ~ __________________________

b) Find and interpret the 90th percentile.

c) Draw a graph illustrating the 90th percentile.

2. The time, in minutes, to complete the daily Sudoku puzzle in the San Jose Mercury News
follows a normal distribution. For Ali, the distribution is N(5, 1.2); for Binh, N(8, 2.1); for
Carlos, N(7, 2.8). On Saturday, the puzzle was particularly hard. Ali took 7.5 minutes, Binh
took 12 minutes and Carlos took 11 minutes.

For each person, find their z-score for Saturday.

Ali___________________________

Binh __________________

Carlos________________________

Is Ali faster than the others when each is compared to his/her usual performance?

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3. The percent of fat calories that a person in America consumes each day is normally
distributed with a mean of about 37 and a standard deviation of 12. Suppose that one
individual is randomly chosen. Let X =percent of fat calories.

a. X∼_______(_______,_______)

b. Find the probability that the percent of fat calories a person consumes is more than 42.
Graph the situation. Shade in the area to be determined.

c. Find the minimum number for the upper quarter of percent of fat calories. Sketch the
graph and write the probability statement.

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 Chapter 7: Central Limit Theorem (CLT) – Notes

NOTE: SKIP The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) for Sums. We do CLT for AVERAGES.

Experiment:

Average values for rolling 2 dice

Average values for rolling 5 dice

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Draw a histogram for each.

What distributions do we seem to have?

The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) for Averages:

Suppose X is a random variable with a probability distribution that may be known

or unknown and suppose

• µx = the mean of X

• σx = the standard deviation of X

If you draw random samples of size n, then as n increases, the random variable X
which consists of averages tends to be normally distributed and

X ~

The CLT for Averages says that if you keep drawing larger and larger samples and
taking their averages, the averages themselves form a normal distribution.

n = the number of values that are averaged

The Law of Large Numbers:

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Example 1: Suppose that the distance of fly balls hit to the outfield (in baseball) is
normally distributed with a mean of 250 feet and a standard deviation of 50 feet. We
randomly sample 49 fly balls.
a. If X = average distance in feet for 49 fly balls, then X ∼ ____ ( _____ , _____ )

b. Define X and give its distribution

c. What is the probability that the 49 balls traveled an average of less than 240
feet?

d. What is the probability that a single fly ball traveled less than 240 feet?

e. Find the 80th percentile of the distribution of the average distance of 49 fly
balls.

38
Example 2: The monthly income of the trainees at a large corporation is
approximately normally distributed. The mean monthly income of the trainees is
$1500 with a standard deviation of $200. We’ll take a random sample of size 25.
a. Define X and X . Give their distributions.

b. What is the probability that a trainee has a monthly income in excess of

$1400.

c. If 25 trainees are selected randomly, what is the probability that their

average income will be in excess of $1400?

d. What is the probability that a trainee has income between $1400 and
$1600?

e. If 25 trainees are selected randomly, what is the probability that their average
income will be between $1400 and $1600?

39
 Chapter 7: Central Limit Theorem (CLT) – Practice

The lifetime of a certain kind of battery is exponentially distributed, with an average

of 40 hours.

1. We are interested in the lifetime of one battery. Define the random variable X in
words.

2. Give the distribution of X. X~_______________

3. Find the probability that the lifetime of one battery is between 35 and 40 hours.

4. Draw a picture to represent the probability in 3.

5. Find the 75th percentile for the lifetime of one battery.

40
6. We are interested in the average lifetime of 16 of these batteries. Call this random
variable Y. In words, define Y.

7. Give the distribution of Y. Y~__________

8. Find the probability that the average lifetime of 16 batteries is between 35 and
40 hours.

9. Draw a picture to represent the probability in 8.

10. Find the 75th percentile for the average lifetime of 16 batteries.

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11. The amount of time that Humboldt State female soccer players play “Texas Hold
‘Em” each week has an unknown distribution with a mean of 6.5 hours. Suppose the
standard deviation is 2 hours. Consider a random sample of 20 soccer players
a) In words, X =

b) In words, X =

c) X ~

d) Find the probability that the average time the 20 female soccer players play
“Texas Hold ‘Em” is between 6.2 and 6.7 hours. Draw a picture, shading the
appropriate area. Label the x-axis.

e) Find the 95th percentile of the distribution for the average time that the 20
Humboldt State female soccer players play “Texas Hold ‘Em” each week. Round
answer to 2 decimal places.

f) Describe, in a complete sentence, what the 95th percentile found in e) means.

42
 Chapter 8: Confidence Intervals – Notes

point estimate

confidence interval

confidence interval has the form

Central Limit Theorem for Averages:

If you draw random samples of size n, then as n increases, the random variable X
which consists of averages tends to be normally distributed.

X ~ N(µx ,σx/ n )

43
Confidence interval for single population mean, population standard
deviation known – use normal distribution

Example: Unoccupied seats on flights cause airlines to lose revenue. Suppose a large
airline wants to estimate its average numbers of unoccupied seats per flight over the
past year. To accomplish this, the records of 15 flights are randomly selected and
the number of unoccupied seats is noted for each of the sample flights. The sample
mean is x = 11.6. Assume the standard deviation for the population of unoccupied
seats is σ = 2.25. Find and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the true average
number of unoccupied seats per flight.

a) Define the random variable X.

b) Give the distribution of X. X~

c) What is a point estimate for the true average number of unoccupied seats per
flight?

d) Find a 95% confidence interval for the true mean number of unoccupied seats
per flight.

e) What is the error bound on your confidence interval?

f) Draw an appropriate graph for this confidence interval

g) Interpret your confidence interval.

44
Confidence interval for single population mean, population standard
deviation unknown – use student-t distribution

Example: With the price of ski slope passes, most skiers or snowboarders are
interested in finding a reasonably priced room within the ski area. A random
sample of the minimum price per night of a room in 10 ski areas is as follows: $35,
$65, $65, $72, $79, $79, $79, $89, $99, $99.

a) Define the random variable X.

b) Give the distribution of X. X~

c) What is a point estimate for the true mean minimum price per night of a room in
a ski area?

d) Find a 93% confidence interval for the true mean minimum price per night of a
room in a ski area.

e) Draw an appropriate graph for this confidence interval

f) Give the error bound on the confidence interval.

f) Interpret your confidence interval.

45
Confidence interval for a population proportion – use normal approximation
to the binomial

Example: An elementary school administrator wants to determine the true

population proportion of elementary school students that are low income in his
school district (K – 8). He randomly samples records from 140 students and
determines that 39 are low income.

a) Define the random variable X.

b) Give the distribution of X. X~

c) Find a 95% confidence interval of the true population proportion of elementary

school students in the administrator’s district that are low income.

d) Draw an appropriate graph for your confidence interval.

e) CHOOSE ONE: The term “95% confidence” means if we took repeated samples,
then:

A. approximately 95% of the confidence intervals would be the same.

B. approximately 95% of the confidence intervals would contain the population
proportion.
C. approximately 95% of the population data will be included in the confidence
interval.
D. approximately 95% of the confidence intervals would contain the sample
proportion.

46
 Chapter 8: Confidence Intervals – Practice

Practice 1: The Ice Chalet offers dozens of different beginning ice-skating classes.
All of the class names are put into a bucket. The 5 P.M., Monday night, ages 8 - 12,
beginning ice-skating class was picked. In that class were 64 girls and 16 boys.
Suppose that we are interested in the true proportion of girls, ages 8 - 12, in all
beginning ice-skating classes at the Ice Chalet.

ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION

1. What is being counted?

2. In words, define the Random Variable X.

X = _____________________________________________________________

3. Calculate the following:

a. x = __________

b. n = __________

c. p' = __________

4. State the estimated distribution of X. X ~ ____________________

5. What is p' estimating?

6. In words, define the Random Variable P'.

P' = ______________________________________________________________

7. State the estimated distribution of P'. P' ~ ____________________

EXPLAINING THE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

Construct a 92% Confidence Interval for the true proportion of girls in the age 8 - 12
beginning ice-skating classes at the Ice Chalet.

8. How much area is in both tails (combined)? α = __________

9. How much area is in each tail? __________

10. Calculate the following:

a. lower limit = ________

b. upper limit = ________

c. error bound = ________

11. The 92% Confidence Interval is: ____________________________

12. Fill in the blanks on the graph with the areas, upper and lower limits of the
Confidence Interval, and the sample proportion.

______ C.L. = ______ ______

____ ____ ____ P'

13. In one complete sentence, explain what the interval means.

48
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. Using the same p' and level of confidence, suppose that n were increased to 100.
Would the error bound become larger or smaller? How do you know?

2. Using the same p' and n = 80, how would the error bound change if the
confidence level were increased to 98%? Why?

Practice 2: The following real data are the result of a random survey of 39 national
flags (with replacement between picks) from various countries. We are interested in
finding a confidence interval for the true average number of colors on a national
flag. Let X = the number of colors on a national flag.

X Freq.
1 1
2 7
3 18
4 7
5 6

CALCULATING THE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

1. Calculate the following:

a. x = ___________

b. sx = __________

c. n = ___________

2. Define the Random Variable, X , in words.

X = ___________________________________________________________

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3. What is x estimating?

4. Is σx known?

5. As a result of your answer to (4), state the exact distribution to use when
calculating the Confidence Interval.

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE TRUE AVERAGE NUMBER

Construct a 95% Confidence Interval for the true average number of colors on
national flags.

6. How much area is in both tails (combined)? α = __________

7. How much area is in each tail? __________

8. lower limit = ________ upper limit = ________ error bound = ________

9. The 95% Confidence Interval is: _____________________

50
10. Fill in the blanks on the graph with the areas, upper and lower limits of the
Confidence Interval and the sample mean.

______ C.L. = ______ ______

____ ____ ____ X

11. In one complete sentence, explain what the interval means.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

12. Using the same x , sx , and level of confidence, suppose that n were 69 instead of
39. Would the error bound become larger or smaller? How do you know?

13. Using the same x , sx , and n = 39, how would the error bound change if the
confidence level were reduced to 90%? Why?

51
 Chapter 9: Hypothesis Testing with One Sample – Notes

§ Null hypothesis:

§ Alternate/Alternative hypothesis:

Example: State the null hypothesis, H0, and the alternative hypothesis, Ha, in terms
of the appropriate parameter (μ or p).

At most 60% of Americans vote in presidential elections.

H0:

Ha:

Fewer than 5% of adults ride the bus to work in New York City.

H0:

Ha:

Europeans have an average paid vacation each year of six weeks.

H0:

Ha:

Private universities cost, on average, more than $20,000 per year for tuition, room,
and board.

H0:

Ha:

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Correct Decisions and Errors:

H0 is true H0 is false

Decision: Do not reject H0

Decision: Reject H0

α is preconceived. Its value is set before the hypothesis test starts. If there is no
given preconceived α, then use α=0.05

α = probability of a Type I error = P(Type I error) = probability of rejecting the null

hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.

β = probability of a Type II error = P(Type II error) = probability of not rejecting the

null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false.

Goal: Minimize α and β

The Power of the Test: 1 – β (want to be large)

Example: What are the Type I and Type II errors?

Private universities cost, on average, more than $20,000 per year for tuition, room,
and board.

Ho:

Ha:

Type I Error:

Type II Error:

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To perform a hypothesis test:

§ Set up hypotheses
§ sample data is gathered
§ data typically favors one of the hypotheses
§ Calculate p-value

p-value =

If α≤ p-value, then do not reject H0.

If α> p-value, then reject H0

§ Decisions
n if data favors the null hypothesis (H0), we “do not reject the null”
n if data favors the alternate hypothesis (Ha), we “reject the null”

– Write an appropriate conclusion

Types of Hypothesis Tests

• Single population mean, known population variance (or standard deviation):

• Single population mean, unknown population variance (or standard deviation):

• Single population proportion:

54
Example 1: According to an article in The New York Times (5/12/2004), 19.3% of
New York City adults smoked in 2003. Suppose that a survey is conducted to
determine this year’s rate. Twelve out of 70 randomly chosen N.Y. City residents
reply that they smoke. At the 5% level, conduct a hypothesis test to determine if the
rate is less than 19.3%.

a. Ho: _______________ b. Ha: ___________________

c. In words, CLEARLY state what your random variable X or P' represents.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

d. State the distribution to use for the test. ____________________

e. Test Statistic: t or z = ______________

f. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value

means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

g. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

55
h. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis), the
reason for it, and write an appropriate conclusion, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

__________________ _______________________________

Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

i. Construct a 95% Confidence Interval for the true mean or proportion. Include a
sketch of the graph of the situation. Label the point estimate and the lower and
upper bounds of the Confidence Interval.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

Confidence Interval: ( _________ , ________ )

56
Example 2: The average number of sick days an employee takes per year is believed to
be about 10. Members of a personnel department do not believe this figure. They
randomly survey 8 employees. The number of sick days they took for the past year are as
follows: 12; 4; 15; 3; 11; 8; 6; 8. Let x = the number of sick days they took for the past
year. Should the personnel team believe that the average number is about 10?

a. Ho: _______________ b. Ha: ___________________

c. In words, CLEARLY state what your random variable X or P' represents.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

d. State the distribution to use for the test. ____________________

e. Test Statistic: t or z = ______________

f. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value

means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

g. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

57
h. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis), the
reason for it, and write an appropriate conclusion, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

__________________ _______________________________

Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

i. Construct a 95% Confidence Interval for the true mean or proportion. Include a
sketch of the graph of the situation. Label the point estimate and the lower and
upper bounds of the Confidence Interval.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

Confidence Interval: ( _________ , ________ )

58
Example 3: Employees in a large firm claim that the mean annual salary of the firm’s
accountants is less than that of its competitors, which is $45,000. A random sample
of 30 of the firm’s accountants has a mean salary of $43999 with a standard
deviation of $5200. At a significance level of 5%, test the employee’s claim.

a. Ho: _______________ b. Ha: ___________________

c. In words, CLEARLY state what your random variable X or P' represents.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

d. State the distribution to use for the test. ____________________

e. Test Statistic: t or z = ______________

f. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value

means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

g. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

59
h. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis), the
reason for it, and write an appropriate conclusion, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

__________________ _______________________________

Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

i. Construct a 95% Confidence Interval for the true mean or proportion. Include a
sketch of the graph of the situation. Label the point estimate and the lower and
upper bounds of the Confidence Interval.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

Confidence Interval: ( _________ , ________ )

60
 Chapter 9: Hypothesis Testing with One Sample - Practice

1. Suppose the percent of students expected to pass the second exam of the quarter
in Calculus is expected to be 74%. A sample of 21 students results shows that 66%
of the students passed the exam. Conduct a hypothesis test to determine if the
survey result is different from the expected pass percentage of 74%.

a. Ho: _______________ b. Ha: ___________________

c. In words, CLEARLY state what your random variable X or P' represents.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

d. State the distribution to use for the test. ____________________

e. Test Statistic: t or z = ______________

f. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value

means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

g. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

61
h. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis), the
reason for it, and write an appropriate conclusion, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

__________________ _______________________________

Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

i. Construct a 95% Confidence Interval for the true mean or proportion. Include a
sketch of the graph of the situation. Label the point estimate and the lower and
upper bounds of the Confidence Interval.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

Confidence Interval: ( _________ , ________ )

62
2. A student is doing a statistics project on the weight of small “fun-sized” bags of
M&M’s. The product information states that the average weight of a bag is 1.75
ounces. The student weighs 18 bags of candy and finds that the mean weight is 1.7
ounces with a standard deviation of 0.0475 ounces. At a 5% significance level, is the
manufacturer’s stated weight accurate? (Assume that the underlying distribution is
normal)

a. Ho: _______________ b. Ha: ___________________

c. In words, CLEARLY state what your random variable X or P' represents.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

d. State the distribution to use for the test. ____________________

e. Test Statistic: t or z = ______________

f. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value

means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

g. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

63
h. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis), the
reason for it, and write an appropriate conclusion, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

__________________ _______________________________

Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

i. Construct a 95% Confidence Interval for the true mean or proportion. Include a
sketch of the graph of the situation. Label the point estimate and the lower and
upper bounds of the Confidence Interval.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

Confidence Interval: ( _________ , ________ )

64
 Chapter 10: Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples - Notes

Independent groups (samples are independent)

Two Means, population standard deviation unknown

Two proportions

Matched or Paired Samples

65
Example 1: The average number of English courses taken in a two–year time period
by male and female college students is believed to be about the same. An experiment
is conducted and data are collected from 29 males and 16 females. The males took
an average of 3 English courses with a standard deviation of 0.8. The females took
an average of 4 English courses with a standard deviation of 1.0. Are the averages
statistically the same?

a. Ho: _______________ b. Ha: ___________________

c. In words, CLEARLY state what your random variable X 1 - X 2 , P1'- P2'

or X d represents.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

d. State the distribution to use for the test. _______________________________

e. Test Statistic: t or z = ______________

f. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value

means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

66
g. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

h. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis) and
write appropriate conclusions, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

__________________ _____________ _______________________

Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

67
Example 2: Proportions
Medical researchers were interested in whether a new drug (N) reduces pain more
effectively than the current drug (C). Results of patient responses from two groups
of randomly selected patients taking one of the two drugs are summarized below.
Use a 3% level of significance.

Number of Patients Who Said the Number of Patients

Drug Was Very Effective For Pain Given the Drug
New Drug (N) 125 140
Current Drug (C) 96 117

Pooled Proportion:

Distribution to use:

a. Ho: _______________ b. Ha: ___________________

d. In words, CLEARLY state what your random variable X 1 - X 2 , P1'- P2'

or X d represents.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

d. State the distribution to use for the test. _______________________________

e. Test Statistic: t or z = ______________

68
f. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value
means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

g. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

h. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis) and
write appropriate conclusions, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

__________________ _____________ _______________________

Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

69
Example 3 (Matched or paired samples)
Ten individuals went on a low–fat diet for 12 weeks to lower their cholesterol.
Evaluate the data below. Do you think that their cholesterol levels were significantly
lowered?

Starting cholesterol level Ending cholesterol level Different (end - start)

140 140
220 230
110 120
240 220
200 190
180 150
190 200
360 300
280 300
260 240

a. Ho: _______________ b. Ha: ___________________

c. In words, CLEARLY state what your random variable X 1 - X 2 , P1'- P2'

or X d represents.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

d. State the distribution to use for the test. _______________________________

e. Test Statistic: t or z = ______________

70
f. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value
means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

g. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

h. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis) and
write appropriate conclusions, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

__________________ _____________ _______________________

Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

71
 Chapter 10: Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples - Practice

1. In a controlled environment, random samples of 10 adults and 10 children were

tested to determine the room temperature that each person found most
comfortable. The data are summarized as follows:

Sample Mean (°F) Sample Standard

Deviation (°F)
Adults (A) 77.5 2.12
Children (C) 74.5 1.58

Test the hypothesis that adults prefer warmer room temperatures than children.

a. Ho: _______________ b. Ha: ___________________

e. In words, CLEARLY state what your random variable X 1 - X 2 , P1'- P2'

or X d represents.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

d. State the distribution to use for the test. _______________________________

e. Test Statistic: t or z = ______________

72
f. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value
means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

g. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

h. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis) and
write appropriate conclusions, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

__________________ _____________ _______________________

Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

73
2. A local women’s group has claimed that men and women differ in attitudes about
the environment. A group of 50 men (M) and 40 women (W) were asked if they
thought that protecting the environment was an important issue. Of those persons
sampled, 11 of the men and 19 of the women said they believed that protecting the
environment was an important issue. Conduct a hypothesis test to test the local
women’s group claim.

a. Ho: _______________ b. Ha: ___________________

f. In words, CLEARLY state what your random variable X 1 - X 2 , P1'- P2'

or X d represents.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

d. State the distribution to use for the test. _______________________________

e. Test Statistic: t or z = ______________

74
f. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value
means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

g. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

h. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis) and
write appropriate conclusions, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

__________________ _____________ _______________________

Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

75
3. A city recently launched a neighborhood watch program to control crime. The
following table gives the number of crimes reported in six neighborhoods during the
six months before and six months after the new neighborhood watch program was
launched.

Before 57 73 47 68 79 39
After 41 65 28 73 61 32

Test the hypothesis that crime was better controlled after the new neighborhood
watch program was launched.

a. Ho: _______________ b. Ha: ___________________

g. In words, CLEARLY state what your random variable X 1 - X 2 , P1'- P2'

or X d represents.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

d. State the distribution to use for the test. _______________________________

e. Test Statistic: t or z = ______________

76
f. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value
means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

g. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

h. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis) and
write appropriate conclusions, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

__________________ _____________ _______________________

Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

77
 Chapter 11: The Chi-Square Distribution - Notes

Test of Independence

Goodness-of-Fit Test

Chi-square or χ 2

Hypothesis Test: Goodness-of-Fit

1. Use goodness of fit test to test whether a data set fits a particular probability
distribution.
2. The degrees of freedom are number of cells or categories – 1.
3. Test statistic: Σ(O-E)2/E where O = observed values, E = expected values
4. The test is right tailed

Hypothesis Test: Independence

1. Use the test of independence to test whether two factors are independent or
not.
2. The degrees of freedom = (# rows – 1)(# columns – 1)
3. Test statistic: Σ (O-E)2/E where O = observed values, E = expected values
4. The test is right tailed
5. If the null hypothesis is true, the expected number E is:
E=(row total)*(column total)/(# surveyed)

78
Example: The percentage of students who attend a local school in any given school
week is as follows:
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
95% 96% 98% 97% 95%

In one given school week, the number of students (data) who attended school out of
a student population of 500 was:

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

450 470 485 480 470

Perform a goodness-of-fit hypothesis test to determine if the numbers fit the

percentages given.

a. Ho:

b. Ha:

c. What are the degrees of freedom?

d. State the distribution to use for the test.

e. What is the test statistic?

79
f. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value
means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

g. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

h. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis) and
write appropriate conclusions, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

__________________ _____________ _______________________

Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

80
 Example 2: Conduct a hypothesis test to determine whether there is a relationship
between an employees performance in a company’s training program and his/her
ultimate success on the job. Use a level of significance of 1%.
Training program

Performance on Job
Performance in

Below Average Above TOTAL

Average Average
Poor 23 60 29 112
Average 28 79 60 167
Very Good 9 49 63 121
TOTAL 60 188 152 400

a. Ho:

b. Ha:

c. What are the degrees of freedom?

e. State the distribution to use for the test.

e. What is the test statistic?

f. Fill out the table below with the Expected Values:

Below Average Above Average
Average

Poor

Average

Very Good

81
g. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value
means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

h. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

i. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis) and
write appropriate conclusions, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

____________ _______________ _______________________________

Conclusion:_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

82
 Chapter 11: The Chi-Square Distribution – Practice

Example 1: A GEICO Direct magazine had an interesting article concerning the

percentage of teenage motor vehicle deaths and the time of day. The following
percentages were given from a sample.
Time %
Time of day Percent of teenage Expected
motor vehicle deaths
12 – 3 am 17
3 – 6am 9
6 – 9am 8
9am – noon 6
Noon – 3pm 10
3 – 6 pm 16
6 – 9 pm 15
9pm – midnight 19

Perform a goodness-of-fit hypothesis test at the 3% level to determine if the

percentage of teenage motor vehicle deaths are same for each time period?

a. Ho:

b. Ha:

c. What are the degrees of freedom?

f. State the distribution to use for the test.

e. What is the test statistic?

83
f. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value
means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

g. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

h. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis) and
write appropriate conclusions, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

__________________ _____________ _______________________

Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

84
Example 2: The table shows a random sample of 100 hikers and the area of hiking
preferred. Are hiking area preference and gender independent?

Hiking Preference Area

Coastline Lake/Stream Mountains

Female 18 16 11

Male 16 25 14

Table shows O = observed values

Perform a hypothesis test at the 5% level to determine if hiking area preference and
gender are independent.

a. Ho:

b. Ha:

c. What are the degrees of freedom?

d. State the distribution to use for the test.

e. Fill out the table below with the Expected Values

Coastline Lake/Stream Mountains

Female

Male

f. What is the test statistic?

85
g. p-value = ______________ In 1 – 2 complete sentences, explain what the p-value
means for this problem.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

h. Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label
and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the
p-value.

<---------------------------------------------------------------------------->

i. Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis) and
write appropriate conclusions, using COMPLETE SENTENCES.

alpha decision reason for decision

__________________ _____________ _______________________

Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

86
 Chapter 12: Linear Regression and Correlation - Notes

Bivariate data :

Linear Regression:

Correlation Coefficient:

Coefficient of Determination:

87
Determine degrees of freedom:

– If r < negative critical value:

–If r > positive critical value:

TABLE
95% CRITICAL VALUES OF THE SAMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

Degrees of Freedom: n - 2 Critical Values: (+ and -)

1 0.997
2 0.950
3 0.878
4 0.811
5 0.754
6 0.707
7 0.666
8 0.632
9 0.602
10 0.576

OR use p-value from LinRegTTest (p-value < alpha means correlation coefficient is
significant)

Regression Line as Predictor

Outliers!

NOTE: NEED Diagnostic ON (under 2nd catalogue)

88
NOTE: NEED Diagnostic ON (under 2nd catalogue)

Example: Table shows quiz score (out of 20) and the grades on a midterm exam
(out of 100) for a sample of 8 students who took this course last quarter..

quiz 20 15 13 18 18 20 14 16
midterm 92 72 72 95 88 98 65 77

1. Draw the scatter plot. Does it look like a straight line will fit the data?

2. Calculate the equation of least squares line / regression line/ line of best fit.

3. Draw the regression line over the scatterplot.

4. Give the p-value and the degrees of freedom.

5. Find the correlation coefficient. Is it significant?

6. Write an interpretation of the slope of the line.

89
 7. What is the predicted score on the midterm for a student who got a score of
17 on the quiz? Do NOT predict outside the domain!

8. Find s – the standard deviation of the residuals.

9. Are the any outliers? If so, what are they?

TABLE for calculating outliers:

Quiz Midterm Predicted y |y- ŷ| |y- ŷ|2
ŷ
20 92
15 72
13 72
18 95
18 88
20 98
14 65
16 77

90
 Example: Table shows income level versus percent of income donated to charity.

income 42 48 50 59 65 72
level in
$1000
percent 9 10 8 5 6 3
donated
to charity

10. Draw the scatter plot. Does it look like a straight line will fit the data?
11. Calculate the least squares line / regression line.
12. Draw the regression line over the scatterplot.
13. Find the correlation coefficient. Is it significant? Give the p-value and the
degrees of freedom.
14. Write an interpretation of the slope of the line.
15. Find the estimated donating percent for someone earning $62,000, $45,000.
Do NOT predict outside the domain!
16. Find s - the standard deviation of the residuals
17. Are the any outliers? If so, what are they?

91
TABLE for calculating outliers:
Income level Percent Predicted y Residual |y- ŷ|2
in $1000 donated to ŷ y- ŷ
charity
42 9
48 10
50 8
59 5
65 6
72 3

92
 Chapter 12: Linear Regression and Correlation – Practice

The following table shows the calories and sugar content for one cup of each of 7
different breakfast cereals.

Cereal Name Apple Corn Corn Fruit Honey Multi Wheaties

Jacks Flakes Pops Loops Nut Grain
Cheerio Cheerio
s s
Calories, x 130 100 120 120 120 110 110
Sugar 16 2 14 15 11 6 4
( in gms), y

1. Draw the scatter plot. Does it look like a straight line will fit the data?
2. Calculate the least squares line / regression line. line of best fit. Put the
equation in the form yhat = a + b x.
3. Draw the regression line over the scatterplot.
4. Find the correlation coefficient. Is it significant? Give the p-value and the
degrees of freedom.
5. Write an interpretation of the slope of the line
6. Find the estimated grams of sugar for a cereal containing 115 calories in one
cup.
7. Find s - the standard deviation of the residuals
8. Are the any outliers? If so, what are they?

93
Table for calculating outliers:
Calories, x Sugar (g) y Predicted y Residual |y-ŷ|2
ŷ y- ŷ
130 16
100 2
120 14
120 15
120 11
110 6
110 4

94
 Chapter 13: F Distribution and One Way ANOVA – Notes

ANOVA

Basic Assumptions for ANOVA

F-Distribution

95
 ANOVA summary table

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean Square F

Variation Squares (SS) Freedom (df) (MS)

Example: Are the means for the final exam scores the same for all statistics class
delivery types? The table below shows the scores on final exams from several
randomly selected classes that used the different delivery types.

Online Hybrid Face to Face

72 83 80
84 73 78
77 84 84
80 81 81
81 86
79
82

Assume that all distributions are normal, the 3 population standard deviations are
approximately the same, and the data were collected independently and randomly.
Use the 0.05 level of significance.

For each delivery type, complete the following table:

Online Hybrid Face to Face

Sample mean
Sample standard
deviation
Sample size

H0: Ha:

96
 Complete the ANOVA table:

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean F

Variation Squares Freedom Square
(SS) (df) (MS)

Distribution to use for the test:

Test Statistic:

Graph and probability statement:

Decision:

Conclusion:

97