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Transformer Protection

The document describes the protection scheme for a transformer which includes: 1. Transformer biased differential protection (87T) as the main protection which measures current differential and uses biased curves to restrain tripping during external faults. 2. Overcurrent protection (50/51) as backup with overload and short circuit elements to allow time for main protection. 3. Restricted earth fault protection (64REF) as additional backup, which compares phase and neutral currents to detect internal faults close to the neutral point.

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firman
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40 views

Transformer Protection

The document describes the protection scheme for a transformer which includes: 1. Transformer biased differential protection (87T) as the main protection which measures current differential and uses biased curves to restrain tripping during external faults. 2. Overcurrent protection (50/51) as backup with overload and short circuit elements to allow time for main protection. 3. Restricted earth fault protection (64REF) as additional backup, which compares phase and neutral currents to detect internal faults close to the neutral point.

Uploaded by

firman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROTECTION SCHEME FOR TRANSFORMER

1. Transformer Biased Differential Protection as


the main protection

2. Overcurrent Protection as the back up


protection

3. Restricted Earth Fault Protection as the back


up protection
PROTECTION SCHEME FOR TRANSFORMER

1. Transformer Biased Differential Protection (87T)

• This form of protection is normally the main protection for large expensive transformers.
• The time delay is very minimum.
• It measures the current flowing into and out of the transformer and if the current differential is substantial, the
fault will be internal of transformer.
• The protection is not supposed to trip for fault outside of transformer, ie line fault.

• When fault is outside the transformer, the


differential between Ip and Is where Ip is
Iprimary and Is is Isecondary may not be zero
due to the different CT sensitivity for primary
and secondary current. Thus, we need to have a
restrain instruction to the relay not to trip for
such circumstances.

Image credit to electrical deck


PROTECTION SCHEME FOR TRANSFORMER

1. Transformer Biased Differential Protection

• The protection uses the biased curves setting to restrain tripping for fault outside of transformer. When fault
is outside of the transformer, the Ip and Is values and thus the average value is large. For large average current,
the required operating current is set higher, thus preventing tripping.

Image credit to electrical engineering portal Image credit to electrical engineering materials
PROTECTION SCHEME FOR TRANSFORMER

1. Transformer Biased Differential Protection

• Note that in addition, the transformer should not trip during start up where there is in rush of magnetisation
current, resulting in difference between primary and secondary current. During transformer start up, there is
also harmonic current generated which can be picked by the harmonic bias winding in the relay. This will act as
restrain from tripping when harmonic current is detected.

Image credit to electrical engineering portal


PROTECTION SCHEME FOR TRANSFORMER

1. Transformer Biased Differential Protection

• Another point about transformer protection is the


phase difference between primary and secondary
windings.
• When using numerical relay, the phase difference
and transformer ratio can be programmed into the
relay and both the incoming and outgoing CT can be
arranged in same way regardless of star or delta
winding. Interposing CT are not required.
• When not using numerical relay, interposing CT is
required for the transformer voltage ratio. Also the CT
on delta side should be arranged in star fashion and
vice versa.
Image credit to Circuit Globe
PROTECTION SCHEME FOR TRANSFORMER

2. Transformer Overcurrent Protection (50/51)

• Overcurrent protection serves as back up protection to large


transformers. Usually there is a slight time delay to allow main
protection to kick in.

• There are 2 elements in the overcurrent protection namely overload


and short circuit.

• Overload is set to 1.1 x full load transformer current/ ct ratio (as


compared to motor 1.25). The IDMT curve setting should be IEC
extremely inversed to ensure that it is below the transformer
damage curve. TMS should be obtained from graph to ensure
discrimination downstream of transformer.

• Short circuit is set to 1.3 x fault current/ ct ratio but we need to


check this setting with the transformer inrush current as it should
Image credit to All About Electrical 4 U
not trip when transformer is starting with inrush current due to
magnetisation of core. Definite time delay is 0.02s
PROTECTION SCHEME FOR TRANSFORMER
3. Transformer Restricted Earth Fault (64REF)

• When fault occurs outside of transformer, the fault


current will flow through the phase and return via the
neutral. By summing up the phase current and
comparing to neutral current, there will be no
operating current through the relay.

• However, if fault occurs inside the transformer, there


will be no current feeding the lines and thus only
current flowing through the neutral. Thus there will
be operating current through the relay.

• It is normally set to 10-20% of transformer current/


CT ratio. TMS is normally set to 0.1 to allow main
protection to trip first. Image credit to Electrical Portal
• Transformer restricted earth fault is a type of
differential protection.
PROTECTION SCHEME FOR TRANSFORMER

3. Transformer Restricted Earth Fault

• It is noted that differential protection when set to 20%


of primary operating current will only cover up to 50%
of windings. While restricted earth fault protection set
at 20% of primary operating current will cover up to
80% of the windings.

• Thus strictly to say, REF device is not just back up, but
it serves as main protection for fault very close to the
neutral point.

• CT shall be protection class CT PX or PS for differential.


Calculation of knee point voltage is shown later. Ratio
shall be the expected primary current x 1.2/
secondary current of selected relay. Image credit to Electrical Engineering Portal
PROTECTION SCHEME FOR TRANSFORMER

3. Combining Transformer Restricted Earth Fault and


Overcurrent relay.

• The phase CT is connected such that when there is


current imbalance in the phase, it will not cause trip
to system due to current flowing in the opposite
direction in the neutral CT, ie NCT.

Image credit to All About Electrical 4 U


PROTECTION SCHEME FOR TRANSFORMER
3. Transformer Restricted Earth Fault (64REF)

Calculating stabilising resistor.

Why do we need stabilising resistor? This is because


during heavy fault current outside the protected zone,
there is an induced voltage Vs across the line CT. This
induced voltage will actually cause a small current to flow
through the relay and must be restricted to less than
operating current of the relay. Vs

Vs= fault current / ct ratio x (resistance of CT + resistance


of cable connecting CT to relay). Resistance of CT is
normally taken as 5 ohm or can be obtained from CT
supplier.
Image credit to Electrical Portal
PROTECTION SCHEME FOR TRANSFORMER
3. Transformer Restricted Earth Fault (64REF)

Calculating stabilising resistor.

Thus current flowing through relay = Vs / (resistance of


resistor + resistance of relay) < I operating of relay in
secondary.

Resistance of relay is calculated as VA burden of relay/ I2

Knee point of CT is 2 x Vs in order to be safe.

Set then I operating to be from 0.01 to 1 x In where In is


the secondary current in CT. So if select CT ratio with 1
amps operating at the secondary side, Ioperating can be
set to say 0.1 or 0.15. Image credit to Electrical Portal
Thus resistance of the resistor can be calculated > Vs/ I –
VA/ I2

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