Unit-III

What is a Web Browser?

Let's play word association, just like when a psychologist asks you what comes to mind when
you hear certain words: What do you think when you hear the words "Opera. Safari. Chrome.
Firefox."
If you think of the Broadway play version of "The Lion King," maybe it is time to see a
psychologist. However, if you said, "Internet browsers," you're spot on. That's because the
leading Internet Browsers are:
 Google Chrome
 Mozilla Firefox
 Apple Safari
 Microsoft Internet Explorer
 Microsoft Edge
 Opera
 Maxthon
And that order pretty much lines up with how they're ranked in terms of market share and
popularity...today. Browsers come and go. Ten years ago Netscape Navigator was a well-know
browser: Netscape is long gone today. Another, called Mosaic, is considered the first modern
browser—it was discontinued in 1997.
So, what exactly is a browser?
Definition
A browser, short for web browser, is the software application (a program) that you're using right
now to search for, reach and explore websites. Whereas Excel® is a program for spreadsheets
and Word® a program for writing documents, a browser is a program for Internet exploring
(which is where that name came from).
Browsers don't get talked about much. A lot of people simply click on the "icon" on our
computers that take us to the Internet—and that's as far as it goes. And in a way, that's enough.
Most of us simply get in a car and turn the key...we don't know what kind of engine we have or
what features it has...it takes us where we want to go. That's why when it comes to computers:
 There are some computer users that can't name more than one or two browsers
 Many of them don't know they can switch to another browser for free
 There are some who go to Google's webpage to "google" a topic and think that Google
is their browser.
So for some basic browser education sake, let's cover a few points:
 Know your browser. Look at the very far-upper-left corner of your screen. You'll see
the name of your browser.
Features
The most popular browsers have a number of features in common. They allow users to
set bookmarks and browse in a private mode. They also can be customized with extensions, and
some of them provide a sync service.
Most browsers have these user interface features:
 Allow the user to open multiple pages at the same time, either in different browser
windows or in different tabs of the same window.
 Back and forward buttons to go back to the previous page visited or forward to the next
one.
 A refresh or reload button to reload the current page.
 A stop button to cancel loading the page. (In some browsers, the stop button is merged
with the reload button.)
 A home button to return to the user's home page.
 An address bar to input the URL of a page and display it.
 A search bar to input terms into a search engine. (In some browsers, the search bar is
merged with the address bar.)
 Introduction to Browsing the Web
 Web browsers are programs that allow you to access web pages on the Internet, read
HTML (hypertext markup language) documents on your computer, or view your local
intranet site. These browsers don't just display information. They also help you find
information using search engines, purchase products online using various online
shopping sites, interact with other people using social media services, use web-based
editing applications to create documents, and much more.
 JAWS works best with the latest versions of Google Chrome™, Mozilla® Firefox®, and
Internet Explorer 11®. JAWS provides the same powerful features for each supported
browser, allowing you to choose the one that best suits your needs. The Microsoft®
Edge® browser also provides a certain level of support, but there are some features such
as PlaceMarkers and some Navigation Quick Keys that are still not supported. A newer,
Chromium-based version of Edge is slated to appear in 2020 and it is expected to be a
 much better solution for users. JAWS will alert you if you try to use a feature that is not
available.
 When browsing the web, JAWS gives you quick access to the information you need, and
provides detailed information about the structure and organization of web pages. Tables,
lists, headings, and alternate text for images are all announced. The information comes
right from the HTML used to create the page. HTML is designed with accessibility in
mind, and JAWS supports more of the built-in HTML accessibility features than any
other screen reader.
 JAWS uses the Virtual Cursor on web pages, letting you read as you would in a word
processing document. The Virtual Cursor is also available in other applications, such as
HTML based help systems, HTML based e-mails in Outlook, and in PDF (Portable
Document Format) files. Many of the features discussed within these topics are also
available wherever the Virtual Cursor is used.
 When you open the browser, your home page opens. If you don't have a home page
specified, you can select a web page from your Favorites menu, or press ALT+D to move
to the Address Bar and type in the address of a page. Once a page is selected, it is loaded
and JAWS announces the page title along with the number of links, headings, and
regions. Then, JAWS begins reading the text on the screen from top to bottom. To move
through the page, use UP and DOWN ARROW, PAGE UP, and PAGE DOWN as you
would in a word processing document. The JAWS commands to Read By Word, Line,
Sentence, and Paragraph work normally.
 If you are using Fusion, JAWS will not automatically begin reading the page after
announcing the title followed by the number of elements. This prevents focus from being
bumped back up to the top of the page if you are a low vision user attempting to navigate
with the mouse. To change this setting, open JAWS Settings Center and select
"Document and Web Pages Automatically Read."
 As you navigate a page, JAWS says, "link," when it encounters a link to another
document or portion of the page. To follow a link, press ENTER while positioned on the
link.
 To go back to the previous page, press ALT+LEFT ARROW or BACKSPACE. To move
forward one page after you have moved back, press ALT+RIGHT ARROW.
Window to Web Browsing
One of the most common problems all Internet users face is the fact that it can be quite difficult
to find what you want on the Internet. There is no central ―main menu‖ that users can access to
navigate through the Internet. Although there might not be an official menu, there are several
resources available – both on-line and off-line – that can make ―surfing the net‖ easier. The
Internet is a terrific resource. It contains hundreds of web sites dedicated to thousands of topics.
There are some web sites, which are used to search information on the web. This searching on
the web, moving from page to page, website to website in search of information is known as web
browsing. There is one main software/application which is mainly used for the web browsing,
called web browser . There are different types of web browser.
Search services on the Internet come in two main flavours:
1) ‗search engine‘ that index words or terms in Internet documents; and
2) ‗directories‘ that classify Web documents or locations into an arbitrary subject classification
scheme or taxonomy.
Most search engines take one or more words entered by the user, search the contents of every
Web page stored in their databases and display the result. Search engines tend to ―index‖ (record
by word) all of the terms on a given Web document. Internet directories are on-line Web sites
that place Web page into one or more categories. Web pages are usually listed with a brief
description and their URL.Directories operate on a different principle. They require people to
view the individual Web site and determine its placement into a subject classification scheme or
taxonomy. Once done, certain keywords associated with those sites can be used for searching the
directory‘s data banks to find Web sites of interest some popular search engineers are:-
• Google- http://www.google.com
• Infoseek- http://guide.infoseek.com
• Alta Vista – http://www.altavista.digital.com
• Lycos – http://www.lycos.com
• Yahoo! – http://www.yahoo.com
 Web Browser
A web browser is an interface that helps a computer user gain access to all the content
that is on the Internet and the hard disk of the computer. It can view images, text
documents, audio and video files, games, etc. More than one web browser can also be
installed on a single computer. The user can navigate through files, folders and websites
with the help of a browser. When the browser is used for browsing web pages, the pages
 may contain certain links which can be opened in a new browser. Multiple tabs and
windows of the same browser can also be opened.There are four leading web browsers:
Explorer, FireFox, Netscape and Safari but there are many others browsers available.
 Netscape
Netscape is one of the original Web browsers. This is what Microsoft designed
Internet Explorer to compete against. Netscape and IE comprise the major portion of the
browser market. Netscape was introduced in 1994.
 Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer (IE) is a product from software giant Microsoft. This is the most
commonly used browser in the universe. This was introduced in 1995 along with
Windows 95 launch and it has passed Netscape popularity in 1998.
 Safari
Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. and included in Mac OS X. It
was first released as a public beta in January 2003. Safari has very good support for latest
technologies like XHTML, CSS2 etc.
 Firefox
Firefox is a new browser derived from Mozilla. It was released in 2004 and has
grown to be the second most popular browser on the Internet.
 Opera
Opera is smaller and faster than most other browsers, yet it is full- featured. Fast,
user-friendly, with keyboard interface, multiple windows, zoom functions, and more.
Java and non Java-enabled versions available. Ideal for newcomers to the Internet, school
children, handicap and as a front-end for CD-Rom and kiosks.
 Google Chrome
This web browser was developed by Google. Its beta and commercial versions
were released in September 2008 for Microsoft Windows. It has soon become the fourth-
most widely used web browser with a market share of 1.23%. The browser versions for
Mac OS X are under development. The browser options are very similar to that of Safari,
the settings locations are similar to Internet Explorer 7, and the window design is based
on Windows Vista.
 Get the latest version.
Browsers get updates and updated regularly, usually because computers and
technology change fast also. You can check what version of your browser you're
currently using by going to whatbrowser.org.
 Try a different browser.
You can switch to another browser at any time. It won't affect your computer
and it will give you an idea of how they are different.
 Read browser reviews.
You can compare features of the different browsers on websites like
http://internet-browser-review.toptenreviews.com. You'll learn what kind of features
browsers offer and what to look for.
Search within a webpage
1. On your computer, open a webpage in Chrome.
2. At the top right, click More Find.
3. Type your search term in the bar that appears in the top right.
4. Press Enter to search the page.
5. Matches appear highlighted in yellow.

List of Top 10 Most Popular Search Engines In the World (Updated 2019)

1. Google
No need for further introductions. The search engine giant holds the first place
in search with a stunning difference of 65% from second in place Bing. According to
the latest netmarketshare report (November 2018) 73% of searches were powered by
Google and only 7.91% by Bing. Google is also dominating the mobile/tablet search
engine market share with 81%.
2. Bing
Bing is Microsoft‘s attempt to challenge Google in search, but despite their
efforts they still did not manage to convince users that their search engine can
produce better results than Google. Their search engine market share is constantly
below 10%, even though Bing is the default search engine on Windows PCs.
3. Yahoo
Yahoo is one the most popular email providers and holds the fourth place in
search with 3.90% market share. From October 2011 to October 2015, Yahoo search
was powered exclusively by Bing. Since October 2015 Yahoo agreed with Google to
provide search-related services and since then the results of Yahoo are powered both
by Google and Bing. Yahoo is also the default search engine for Firefox browsers in
the United States (since 2014).
4. Ask.com
Formerly known as Ask Jeeves, Ask.com receives approximately 0.42% of the
search share. ASK is based on a question/answer format where most questions are
answered by other users or are in the form of polls. It also has the general search
functionality but the results returned lack quality compared to Google or even Bing
and Yahoo.
5. AOL.com
According to net market share the old time famous AOL is still in the top 10
search engines with a market share that is close to 0.06%. The AOL network includes
many popular web sites like engadget.com, techchrunch.com and the
huffingtonpost.com. On June 23, 2015, AOL was acquired by Verizon
Communications.
6. Baidu
Baidu was founded in 2000 and it is the most popular search engine in China.
Its market share is increasing steadily and according to Wikipedia, Baidu is serving
billion of search queries per month. It is currently ranked at position 4, in the Alexa
Rankings.
7. Wolframalpha
Wolframalpha is different that all the other search engines. They market it as
a Computational Knowledge Engine which can give you facts and data for a number
of topics. It can do all sorts of calculations, for example if you enter ―mortgage
2000‖ as input it will calculate your loan amount, interest paid etc. based on a number
of assumptions.
 8. DuckDuckGo
Has a number of advantages over the other search engines. It has a clean
interface, it does not track users, it is not fully loaded with ads and has a number of
very nice features (only one page of results, you can search directly other web sites
etc).I am sure that some of the features of duckduckgo will be used by other search
engines and with some proper funding duckduckgo can get a decent search engine
market share. Currently is at 0.24%.
Update: According to duckduckgo traffic stats (December 2018), duckduckgo is
serving more than 30 million searches per day.
9. Internet Archive
archive.org is the internet archive search engine. You can use it to find out
how a web site looked since 1996. It is very useful tool if you want to trace the
history of a domain and examine how it has changed over the years.

10. Yandex.ru
According to Alexa, Yandex.ru is among the 30 most popular websites on the
Internet with a ranking position of 4 in Russian.Yandex present themselves as a
technology company that builds intelligent products and services powered by machine
learning. According to Wikipedia, Yandex operates the largest search engine in
Russia with about 65% market share in that country. As a final word, if you search
―What is the best search engine?‖ in any of the search engines listed above, you will
get an answer that Google is the best and most popular search engine and Bing is in
the second place (on a Global level).

These are the 10 best and most popular search engines on the Internet today.
The list is by no means complete and for sure many more will be created in the future but as
far as the first places are concerned, Google and Bing will hold the lead positions for years to
come.
How to Download Software
Downloading is how you copy a file from a website to your computer, tablet, or device.
An upload is when you send a file to a website. Downloads are mostly used for program
installations, apps, documents, and anything else that you need a local copy of. Uploads are
mostly used for sending documents.
Here’s how to download the file using Internet Explorer, version 11, running in Windows
8.1.
Downloads in other versions of Windows, other operating systems, and other browsers
will be very similar, usually with the same messages in different places. The same basic steps
apply to most downloads:
 Click the link.
 Choose open or save.
 Confirm the download.
 Find and run or open the download.
Click on the download link for the file. Sometimes there are multiple download links to choose
from and there should be a short description that says what the differences are between these
files. Typical differences include download versions for 64-bit Windows or 32-bit Windows, or
for additional language editions.
A message will appear at the bottom of your Internet Explorer window. It will start as white and
might flash yellow, and will ask if you want to run or save the file. On some computers the ‗Run‘
option will not be available. Saving a file makes it easier to open it or run it again later, and may
trigger fewer confirmation messages, like this one:

During the download, the message should show what percentage of the download process is
complete, and then show a message saying ‗Running security scan.‘

If you chose to save the file, you can click on the view downloads button as soon as it appears. If
you chose to run the file, it should open or run as soon as the download is complete.

The ‗View downloads‘ button should open a list of recent downloads, with the newest download
at the top of the list. Double-click on that entry to open it. If it is a document, it should open in
the program that matches it. If it is a program, a new message will appear from User Account
Control confirming that you want to run the program. Click yes.
if the download location box did not open, and you‘re not sure where you downloaded to, click
the gear icon in the top right corner of Internet Explorer. From the menu choose view downloads.

if you need to find a downloaded file later, there are two ways. Look in your ‗Documents‘ list;
click the link marked ‗Downloads‘ in the left column, usually under ‗Favorites.‘ Or go back into
Internet Explorer, click the gear icon at the top-right corner, and choose ‗View downloads.‘ Most
other browsers also have a link in their menus to the default download folder – Firefox, for
example, has a Downloads link in the Tools menu, and for either Internet Explorer or Firefox or
Chrome, pressing the keyboard shortcut ‗Ctrl-J‘ brings up the Downloads folder.
How do I open a html file in my browser?
 Make sure that there is a browser installed on your computer. ...

 Find the saved file. ...

 Right-click (Windows) or double-click (Mac) the file and select "Open with" from the
action menu. ...

 View your HTML file in your chosen browser. ...

 Alternate method: Run your browser, then press Ctrl-O.

How do I open a saved Web page?

 Open the webpage that you want to save. Any web browser can quickly save the webpage
that you are currently visiting. ...

 Open the "Save page as" window. ...

 Give the saved page a name. ...

 Select a location to save the page. ...

 Select whether you want the complete page or just the HTML. ...

 Open the saved webpage.

What is the first step of viewing a Web page?

 HTML defines the content of every web page on the Internet. By ―marking up‖ your raw
content with HTML tags, you're able to tell web browsers how you want different parts
of your content to be displayed. Creating an HTML document with properly marked up
content is the first step of developing a web page.
How to Save Bookmarks?
1. Open Chrome.
2. Go to google.com/bookmarks.
3. Sign in with the same Google Account you used with Google Toolbar.
4. On the left, click Export bookmarks. ...
5. At the top right, click More .
6. Select Bookmarks. ...
7. From the drop-down menu, select Bookmarks HTML file.
8. Select Choose File.
How to Back Up Your Bookmarks

To back up bookmarks in Chrome, click the Chrome menu icon at the top-right corner of your
browser window and then go to Bookmarks > Bookmark Manager.

You can also quickly open the Bookmark manager by pressing Ctrl+Shift+O.

From the Bookmarks Manager, click the menu icon and then select ―Export Bookmarks.‖

Put your exported bookmarks in a safe place and then click ―Save.‖

Note: Google saves your bookmarks in HTML format. You can import them into another
browser or view its contents by double-clicking the file and opening it.