Microscope 1

Microscope

Uses Small sample observation

Notable experiments Discovery of cells

Inventor Hans Lippershey

Zacharias Janssen

Related items Electron microscope

A microscope (from the Greek: μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument to
see objects too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called
microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.

History
An early microscope was made in 1590 in Middelburg, Netherlands.[1] Two eyeglass makers are variously given
credit: Hans Lippershey (who developed an early telescope) and Hans Janssen. Giovanni Faber coined the name for
Galileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625.[2] (Galileo had called it the "occhiolino" or "little eye".)
The first detailed account of the interior construction of living tissue based on the use of a microscope did not appear
until 1644, in Giambattista Odierna's L'ochio della mosca, or The Fly's Eye.[3]
It was not until the 1660s and 1670s that the microscope was used seriously in Italy, Holland and England. Marcelo
Malpighi in Italy began the analysis of biological structures beginning with the lungs. Robert Hooke's Micrographia
had a huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations. The greatest contribution came from Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek who discovered red blood cells and spermatozoa. On 9 October 1676, Leeuwenhoek reported the
discovery of micro-organisms.[3]
The most common type of microscope—and the first invented—is the optical microscope. This is an optical
instrument containing one or more lenses producing an enlarged image of an object placed in the focal plane of the
lenses.
Microscope 2

Types
"Microscopes" can be separated into optical
theory microscopes (Light microscope),
electron microscopes (e.g., TEM), and
scanning probe microscopes (SPM). Optical
microscopes function through the optical
theory of lenses in order to magnify the
image generated by the passage of a wave
through the sample, or reflected by the
sample. The waves used are electromagnetic
(in optical microscopes) or electron beams
(in electron microscopes). Types are the
compound light, stereo, and the electronic
microscope.

Types of microscopes
Optical
Optical microscopes, using visible wavelengths of light, are the simplest and most used. Optical microscopes have
refractive glass and occasionally of plastic or quartz, to focus light into the eye or another light detector.
Mirror-based optical microscopes operate in the same manner. Typical magnification of a light microscope,
assuming visible range light, is up to 1500x with a theoretical resolution limit of around 0.2 micrometres or 200
nanometers. Specialized techniques (e.g., scanning confocal microscopy, Vertico SMI) may exceed this
magnification but the resolution is diffraction limited. The use of shorter wavelengths of light, such as the ultraviolet,
is one way to improve the spatial resolution of the optical microscope, as are devices such as the near-field scanning
optical microscope.
Sarfus, a recent optical technique increases the sensitivity of standard optical microscope to a point it becomes
possible to directly visualize nanometric films (down to 0.3 nanometer) and isolated nano-objects (down to
2 nm-diameter). The technique is based on the use of non-reflecting substrates for cross-polarized reflected light
microscopy.

Ultraviolet light enables the resolution of microscopic

features, as well as to image samples that are
transparent to the eye. Near infrared light images
circuitry embedded in bonded silicon devices, as silicon
is transparent in this region. Many wavelengths of light,
ranging from the ultraviolet to the visible are used to
excite fluorescence emission from objects for viewing
by eye or with sensitive cameras.

Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy

illumination technique in which small phase shifts in
the light passing through a transparent specimen are CBP Office of Field Operations agent checking the authenticity of a
converted into amplitude or contrast changes in the travel document at an international airport using a stereo microscope

image. A phase contrast microscope does not require

staining to view the slide. This microscope made it possible to study the cell cycle.

The traditional optical microscope has recently been modified into a digital microscope, where, instead of directly
viewing the object, a charge-coupled device (CCD) is used to record the image, which is then displayed on a
computer monitor.
Microscope 3

Electron
Three major variants of electron microscopes exist:
• Scanning electron microscope (SEM): looks at the surface of bulk objects by scanning the surface with a fine
electron beam and measuring reflection. May also be used for spectroscopy. See also environmental scanning
electron microscope
• Transmission electron microscope (TEM): passes electrons completely through the sample, analogous to basic
optical microscopy. This requires careful sample preparation, since electrons are scattered so strongly by most
materials.This is a scientific device that allows people to see objects that could normally not be seen by the naked
or unaided eye.
• Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM): is a powerful technique for viewing surfaces at the atomic level.
The SEM and STM can also be considered examples of scanning probe microscopy.

Scanning probe
• AFM, atomic force microscopy
• BEEM, ballistic electron emission microscopy
• EFM, electrostatic force microscope
• ESTM electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope
• FMM, force modulation microscopy
• KPFM, kelvin probe force microscopy
• MFM, magnetic force microscopy
• MRFM, magnetic resonance force microscopy
• NSOM, near-field scanning optical microscopy (or SNOM, scanning near-field optical microscopy)
• PFM, Piezo Force Microscopy
• PSTM, photon scanning tunneling microscopy
• PTMS, photothermal microspectroscopy/microscopy
• SAP, scanning atom probe[4]
• SECM, scanning electrochemical microscopy
• SCM, scanning capacitance microscopy
• SGM, scanning gate microscopy
• SICM, scanning ion-conductance microscopy
• SPSM spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy
• SThM, scanning thermal microscopy[5] /annurev.matsci.29.1.505]
• STM, scanning tunneling microscopy
• SVM, scanning voltage microscopy
• SHPM, scanning Hall probe microscopy
• SSM, Scanning SQUID microscope
Of these techniques AFM and STM are the most commonly used followed by MFM and SNOM/NSOM.
Microscope 4

Other
Scanning acoustic microscopes use sound waves to measure variations in acoustic
impedance. Similar to Sonar in principle, they are used for such jobs as detecting
defects in the subsurfaces of materials including those found in integrated circuits.

See also
• Bright field microscopy
• Condensed Matter Physics
• Confocal microscopy
• Dark field microscopy
• Digital microscope
• Electron Microscope
• Fluorescence interference contrast microscopy
• Fluorescence microscope
Replica of microscope by Van
• Intel Play
Leeuwenhoek
• Laser capture microdissection
• Microscope image processing
• Microscope slide
• Microscopy
• Microscopy laboratory in: A Study Guide to the Science of Botany at
Wikibooks
• Optical Microscope
• Phase contrast microscopy
• Telescope
• Timeline of microscope technology
• X-ray microscope

External links
• nOOpia [6], nOOpia microscopy blog
• Milestones in Light Microscopy [7], Nature Publishing
Different microscopes
• FAQ on Optical Microscopes [8]

• Nikon MicroscopyU, tutorials from Nikon [9]

• Molecular Expressions : Exploring the World of Optics and Microscopy, Florida State University. [10]
• Microscopes made from bamboo [11] at Nature.com
• Audio microscope glossary [12]
Microscope 5

References
[1] "Microscopes: Time Line" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ educational_games/ physics/ microscopes/ timeline/ index. html). Nobel Web AB. .
Retrieved 2010-01-27.
[2] Gould, Stephen Jay (2000). "Chapter 2: The Sharp-Eyed Lynx, Outfoxed by Nature". The Lying Stones of Marrakech: Penultimate
Reflections in Natural History. New York, N.Y: Harmony. ISBN 0-224-05044-3.
[3] Wootton, David (2006). Bad medicine: doctors doing harm since Hippocrates. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press.
ISBN 0-19-280355-7.
[4] Morita S (2006). Roadmap of Scanning Probe Microscopy. NanoScience and Technology. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-34314-8.
[5] Majumdar A (1999). "Scanning Thermal Microscopy" (http:/ / arjournals. annualreviews. org/ doi/ abs/ 10. 1146). Annual Review of
Materials Science 29: 505–85. .
[6] http:/ / www. noopia. com
[7] http:/ / www. nature. com/ milestones/ milelight/ index. html
[8] http:/ / www. micro. magnet. fsu. edu/ primer/ faq. html
[9] http:/ / www. microscopyu. com
[10] http:/ / micro. magnet. fsu. edu/ index. html
[11] http:/ / www. nature. com/ nm/ journal/ v13/ n10/ full/ nm1007-1128a. html
[12] http:/ / www. histology-world. com/ microscope/ audiomicroscope/ audiomicroscope. htm
Article Sources and Contributors 6

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