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Lecture 2 - Network Topologies, Categories and Internet

This document discusses different network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, and hybrid topologies. It also categorizes networks based on size into local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). Finally, it describes the hierarchical structure of the modern Internet, with international, national, regional, and local internet service providers (ISPs).

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Lecture 2 - Network Topologies, Categories and Internet

This document discusses different network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, and hybrid topologies. It also categorizes networks based on size into local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). Finally, it describes the hierarchical structure of the modern Internet, with international, national, regional, and local internet service providers (ISPs).

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Almaaqal University

College of Engineering
Dept. of Control & Computer

Computer Networks

Lecture 2
Network Topologies, Categories
and Internet
4th Grade

Assist. Lect. Alnawar J. Mohammed 1


CATEGORIES OF TOPOLOGY

2.2
A Fully Connected Mesh Topology
(five devices)

• In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated


point-to-point link to every other device.
• To find the number of physical links in a mesh
network with n nodes. We need n(n - 1) physical
links for Half duplex links.
• In the case of using Full duplex the number of
links for n nodes will be [n(n-1)]/2 2.3
Mesh Topology
Advantages:
• Provides redundant paths between devices.
• The network can be expanded without disruption to
current uses.
• Privacy or security. When every message travels along a
dedicated line, only the intended recipient sees it.

Disadvantages:
• Requires more cables than the other topologies. So, wiring
is very complicated.
• Troubleshooting a failed cable is tricky.
• Cable cost is high.
2.4
A Star Topology Connecting Four
Stations

• In a star topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-


point link only to a central controller, usually called a hub.
• The devices are not directly linked to one another. Unlike a
mesh topology, a star topology does not allow direct traffic
between devices.
• In a star, each device needs only one link and one I/O port
to connect it to any number of others. 2.5
Star Topology
Advantages:
•If a cable fails, it will only affect one workstation.
•More computers can be added without disruption.

Disadvantages:
•It is more expensive as it uses the most cabling.
But less expensive than mesh topology.
•Failure of the central computer will stop the
network from working.
2.6
A Bus Topology Connecting Three
Stations

A bus topology is multipoint. One long cable acts as


a backbone to link all the devices in a network.

2.7
Bus Topology
Advantages:
• It is cheap as it uses the least amount of cables.
• Ease of installation.

Disadvantages:
•With a lot of users, the network will be slow as data
has to travel through the same central cable.
•Failure of the central cable will stop the network from
working.
•Difficult to add new devices. Adding new devices may
therefore require modification or replacement of the
backbone. 2.8
A Ring Topology Connecting Six
Stations

• In a ring topology, each device has a dedicated point-


to-point connection with only the two devices on
either side of it.

• A signal is passed along the ring in one direction,


from device to device, until it reaches its destination.
2.9
Ring Topology
Advantages:
•Easy to install and reconfigure. To add or delete a device
requires changing only two connections so, it is cheap to
expand.
•The data flows around the network in one direction so
it is fast.
•There is no reliance on a central computer.
Disadvantages:
•If there are a lot of users on the network, it could slow
down as all the data is sent along a single line.
•If a break occurred in the ring such as one computer in
the ring stops working, the whole network stops. 2.10
A hybrid topology: a star backbone
with three bus networks

A network can be hybrid. For example, we can have a


main star topology with each branch connecting several
stations in a bus topology
2.11
Categories of Networks
Today when we speak about networks, we are generally
referring to three primary categories. The category of a
network is determined by its size:

1- Local Area Network (LAN)


• A local area network (LAN) is usually privately owned
and links the devices in a single office, building, or
campus.
• Depending on the needs of an organization and the
type of technology used, a LAN can be as simple as
two PCs and a printer in someone's home office; or it
can extend throughout a company and include audio
and video peripherals.
• Currently, LAN size is limited to a few kilometers and
in general less than 2 miles. 2.12
Categories of Networks
1- Local Area Network
• In addition to size, LANs are distinguished from other
types of networks by their transmission media and
topology.
• In general, a given LAN will use only one type of
transmission medium.
• The most common LAN topologies are bus, ring, and
star.
• Early LANs had data rates in the 4 to 16 megabits
per second (Mbps) range. Today, however, speeds are
normally 100Mbps or 1000 Mbps.

2.13
An isolated LAN connecting 12
computers to a hub in a closet

2.14
Categories of Networks
2- Wide Area Network (WAN)

• A wide area network (WAN) provides long-distance


transmission of data, image, audio, and video
information over large geographic areas that may
comprise a country, or even the whole world.

• A WAN can be as complex as the backbones that


connect the Internet, we normally refer to it as a
switched WAN or as simple as a dial-up line that
connects a home computer to the Internet. and we
refer to it as a point-to-point WAN.

2.15
WANs: a switched WAN and a
point-to-point WAN

2.16
A Heterogeneous Network Made Of
Four WANs And Two LANs

2.17
Categories of Networks

3- Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)

• A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network


with a size between a LAN and a WAN.

• It normally covers the area inside a town or a city.

• It is designed for customers who need a high-speed


connectivity over a city or part of city.

2.18
THE INTERNET
The Internet has affected many aspects of our daily
lives.
The Internet is a communication system that has
brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and
organized it for our use.

2.19
The Internet Today (ISPs)
• The Internet today is not a simple hierarchical
structure. It is made up of many wide- and local-area
networks (heterogenous networks) joined by
connecting devices and switching stations.

• It is difficult to give an accurate representation of the


Internet because it is continually changing new
networks are being added, and existing networks are
being removed.

2.20
The Internet Today (ISPs)
Today most end users who want Internet connection use
the services of Internet service providers (lSPs). There
are different types of ISPs:
1- International Internet Service Providers
At the top of the hierarchy are the international service
providers that connect national ISPs together.
2- National Internet Service Providers
• The national Internet service providers are backbone
networks created by specialized companies.
• To provide connectivity between the users, these
backbone networks are connected by complex
switching stations called network access points
(NAPs).
• These normally operate at a high data rate (up to 600
Mbps). 2.21
The Internet Today (ISPs)
3- Regional Internet Service Providers
• Regional internet service providers or regional ISPs
are smaller ISPs that are connected to one or more
national ISPs.
• They are at the third level of the hierarchy with a
smaller data rate.

4- Local Internet Service Providers


• Local Internet service providers provide direct
service to the users.
• The local ISPs can be connected to regional ISPs or
directly to national ISPs.
• Most users are connected to the local ISPs.
2.22
Hierarchical organization of the
Internet

2.23
2.24

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