88History of Architecture (PRE-HISTORIC – BYZANTINE) ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

PRE-HISTORIC o General Character

 MASSIVENESS, MONUMENTALITY, GRANDEUR
STONE AGE o System of Construction
 PERSIAN: Columnar and Trabeated with flat timber roof sometimes
o PALEOLITHIC / OLD STONE AGE domed.
o MESOLITHIC / MIDDLE STONE AGE  ASSYRIAN & BABYLONIAN: Arch, Vault and Buttresses w/
o NEOLITHIC / NEW STONE AGE glazed tile adornment.
o Çatal Höyük, Anatolia. Largest and best-preserved Neolithic site o PRINCIPAL STRUCTURES
found to date.  BABYLON (Ziggurats)
o Hill of Heaven, Mountain of God, Temple
BRONZE AGE Close to Heaven
o Oriented to 4 Cardinal Directions
o MINOAN ARCHITECTURE (CRETE)  ASSYRIA (PALACES)
o Named after King Minos of Knossos  PARTS OF PALACE
o HARAPPA o Seraglio – palace proper of Assyrian palace
o Harappan Civilisation (HC) was spread over large parts of western o Harem – private family
region of the Indian Subcontinent apartments/women’s quarter
o KHAN – Service chamber
IRON AGE  PERSIA (PALACES)
o PLANS
o MEGALITH  MESOPOTAMIA
o Very large stone used to construct a structure or monument, either  Rooms were narrow
alone or with other stones.  Rectangular
o At Carnac (largest in the world)  Persia
o MENHIR / MONOLITH - Single  Square
 massive upright  Could be Large (help of Columns)
 stone/rock used as a monument o ROOFS
o DOLMEN  MESOPOTAMIA (Flat outside)
 Stone table  Persia (Flat, timber)
 (Altar or tomb) Large horizontal slab with 2 vertical slabs o CEILINGS
o CROMLECH / STONE CIRCLE  MESOPOTAMIA
 Ancient stone burial chamber  Babylonian (brick barrel vaults; sometimes dome)
 Stonehenge (Salisbury Plains of Southern England)  Assyrian (flat)
 Unsolved mystery  Persia (Wooden Brackets & Beams)
o WALLS
MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE  MESOPOTAMIA
 Thick-walled; whitewashed/painted
INFLUENCES
 Babylonian (sun-dried bricks faced w/ kiln-burnt bricks)
o GEOGRAPHICAL  Assyrian (sun-dried bricks finished w/ alabaster)
o Palace of Sargon II (mud brick wall w/
 (MESOPOTAMIA) Means Between 2 rivers (Rivers Tigris &
Euphrates) orthostats (Base of walls)
o GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE / PRINCIPAL MAT.  Persia (double mud-bricks)
o COLUMNS
 Babylon
 MESOPOTAMIA (not used)
 Use of bricks
 Persia (slender & graceful; ornate)
 Chaldaea
o OPENINGS
o Bitumen (Cementing materials)
 MESOPOTAMIA (semicircular headed)
 Assyria
 Assyrian (ventilation through terra-cotta pipes)
 Use of bricks
 Persia (square headed)
 Alabaster/limestone slabs o ORNAMENTS
 PERSIA
 MESOPOTAMIA
 TIMBER and COLORED LIMESTONE due to no rain.
 Flat buttress (vertically paneled), & stepped
 Persian Tiles Battlements above & stone plinths below
o CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
 Assyrian
 Babylon o Lamassu (Colossal winged bulls)
 Chaldaea  Persia
o Swamps & Floods (produces miasma)
 Ornate Columns
 Assyria
 Bas-reliefs/reliefs sculptures
 Less Swamps
 PERSIA ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES
 Hot and dry
 Extreme Cold and Heat  BABYLON
 Abundnat sunlight (innovation of open-columned halls o ZIGGURATS (ARCHAIC, 2-3 STAGE, 7 STAGE)
in palaces of Susa (First Capital) and Persepolis (Present  NANNA ZIGURRAT AT UR
Capital)  3 FLIGHT STAIRS
o RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
 Load bearing construction of mud
 Polytheism (3000 Gods) brick core
 Because of City states, each worship their own God  ZIGURRAT AT BORSIPPA (TONGUE
 Gods TOWER)
o Anus (Father)  Surviving ziggurat
o Ninhursag (Mother)  Honor of the local god NABU
o Adad (Rain)  Rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar II
o Apsu (Primeval of Sweet Water)  CHOGHA ZANBIL ZIGGURAT
o Ea (Wisdom)  Best preserved in the world
o Enlil (earth)  First inscribed on the UNESCO
o Nisaba (Grain) WORLD HERITAGE list.
o Dumuzi (Vegetation & Underworld) o CITY OF BABYLON (w/ towers and 100 bronze gates)
o Ishtar (love)  HANGING GARDENS
o Sin (Moon)  Legendary garden (7 wonders of
o Skanash (sun) Ancient World)
 Superstition and Symbolism  Some say built by Nebuchadnezzar II
 Theocracy (Priests Rule in the name of God) for his wife AMYTIS
 Persia  Others say built by Assyrian Queen
 Zoroastrianism (one good, one evil) Sammu-Ramat
 Fire (Manifestation of Good & Purity)  Ishtar Gate (for Ishtar – Goddess of love)
o SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE  built by Nebuchadnezzar II
 Classes  One of the 8 gates in the walls of
 Upper (Priests/Merchants) Babylon
 Middle (Artisans)  Meant to impress and intimidate
 Lower (Unskilled Workers) visitors
 Serfs/Slaves  ASSYRIAN
 Assyrian and Persian believe in military superiority thus o Palaces (celebrates victories, wealth & power)
manifested in their bldgs.  PALACE OF SARGON (reason why Sagron is
o HISTORICAL INFLUENCE the most famous king)
 Babylonian Period  PERSIAN
 Akkadian Empire (First Empire) o Palaces
o King Sargon the Great (older)  PALACE FLATFORM at PERSOPOLIS
 Neo-Babylonian Period  Ruins still exist
 Assyrian Period  Took 50 yrs to build
 Persian Period  Parts:
 o Propylaea (entrance to o Greek Royal Family
hall) ruled Ptolemaic Empire
o Audience & Reception of Egypt
Halls o Ptolomi I
o Storerooms (Satrap/Governor)
o Military Quarters (General of Alex. The
 GATE OF ALL NATIONS (BY ERXES) Great)
 Consisted of grand hall (square), w/ 4
columns) & entrance on west wall EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
 APADANA PALACE (tallest building)
 Built by Darius, finished by Xerxes I.  FLOURISHED IN NILE RIVER IN NORTHWEST AFRICA
 Greatest palace of Persepolis.  MASSIVE MASONRY OF TOMBS AND TEMPLES
 The Throne Hall (100 Column Palace)  Hieroglyphic systems
 Starter by Xerxes, finished by (son)  Hieratic (cursive ink)
Artexerxes I.  Measurement (cubic)
 2nd largest building
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Terminologies
 General Character
 Voussoir – used to form curved parts of arch/vault o MASSIVENESS, MONUMENTALITY, SIMPLICITY
 Battlement, Embattlement – indentation forming defensive/decorative  System of Construction
parts o COLUMNAR & TRABEATED CONSTRUCTION
 Buttress – built against a wall o POST & LINTEL
 Plinth – square block beneath a column
 PRINCIPAL STRUCTURES
 Dado – lower part of interior wall o Tombs (esp. pyramids) & temples
 Frieze - decoration below ceiling
 Roofs
 Stela, Stele – ancient stone slab/pillar o Flat and made of timber beams
 Propylon – monumental gateway before a main gate o Thatched roofs (layering plants & vegetation)
 Columns
ANCIENT –EGYPT (EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE)
o Placed together to support the stone entablature (a horizontal,
Influences continuous lintel)
o Shafts & capitals were formed out of stacked stone/half drums
 GEOGRAPHICAL  Bud Shape
o Arch. is along the river  Bell Shape/ Campaniform
o Often mimicked palms, papyrus plants, lotus flowers & other
 GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE/ PRINCIPAL MAT.
plan forms.
o STONE (TOMBS & TEMPLES)
o SUN-BAKED MUD-BRICKS (DWELLINGS)
o SANDSTONE & GRANITE (IMPORTANT SPACES)
 CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
o Dry, hot climate, relatively low humidity
 RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
o Polytheism
o Pharao (king of Egypt)
 Viewed as human and divine
o Gods
 Amun - 1st & greatest God of Egypt
 Isis - Sister & Wife of Osiris (Cow)
 Osiris - Father of Horus (God of death)
 Horus – Sky God (Falcon)
 Ra/Re – Sun God (Hawk)
 Hathor – Mother of Ra (Cow)
 Anubis – Leads the dead (Jackal)
 Thoth – Moon (Ibis/Baboon)
 Wadjet – (cobra)
 Sphinx – lion bodied
 Sekhmet- lion headed
 Nephthys – vulture wings
o Symbols
 Bull – power & regen.
 Cow - mother
 Ram – sexual power & fecundity
 Papyrus - fertility
 Uraeus- (sacred serpent) sovereignty
 Ankh – eternal life
 Ansate cross
 Crux ansata
 Griffin – head wings of eagle, body of lion
 Beard
 Gods (curved)
 Kings (straight)
 Crook & Flail – Scepters
 Scarab – sacred beetle
 SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE
o Monarchy
 Pharaonic religion and state
 Pharao ruler of all (toms, pyramids &
temples)
 Slave labor
 Farming (when rainy builders)
o Social Strata
 Pharao
 Gov. Off. Nobles & Priests
 Soldiers
 Scribes
 Merchants
 Artisans  Walls
 Farmers o Immensely thick (9- 24)
 Slaves o Massive blank wall crowned w/ characteristic “gorge” cornice
 HISTORICAL INFLUENCE of roll & hollow moldings.
o Predynastic  Openings
o Archaic o Colonnade and doorway were trabeated (usually square-headed
o Old Kingdom & spanned with massive lintels)
 (Started pyramid building) o Clerestory screens (hypostyle halls)
o 1st intermediate  Moldings
o Middle Kingdom o gorge” cornice of roll & hollow moldings.
o 2nd intermediate  Ornaments
o New Kingdom o Colossal Statues (colossus)
 (Peak of Egyptian Success)  Gods represented by animals
 Cleopatra VII (last ruler before conquered by o Bas-relief
romans)  Basso-relievo (low)
 Ended w/ the rule of Ptolemies  Alto- relievo (high)
 Ptolemies Dynasty o Hieroglyphic in Bas-relief
  Pictorial representation
o Painting
o Chief Ornamental Motifs (lotus, palm, papyrus)

o GEOGRAPHICAL
o GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
o CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
o RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
o SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE
o HISTORICAL INFLUENCE

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

 TEMPLES
o Classes
 Cult (for GODS)
 Mortuary (for the dead & pharaohs)
o Parts  Rock-Hewn Tomb
 Avenue of sphinxes  For Nobility
 Obelisks  Examples
 Pylon o Mastaba
 Court hypostyle halls  Mastaba K.1 at Beit Khallaf
 Sanctuary  Most impressive of the huge tombs in
 Various chapels Beit Khallaf
o Examples  Mastaba at Gizeh
 Temples of Khons, Karnak  4th – 5th dynasty
 Constructed Rameses III  Adjoin the famous pyramids
 Erected Nectanebo I  Mastaba of Ti (Ty or Thi), Sakkara
 Temples of Mentuhetep, Der el-Bahari  5th dynasty
 Built during middle kingdom  Most famous of the Old Kingdom
 Mortuary o Pyramids
 Temples of Hatshepsut, Der el-Bahari, Thebes  Pyramid of Djoser (Zoser) at Saqqara
 Built by Queen Hatshepsut  Step pyramid
 Architect was Senmut  World’s first large scale monument in
 Great Temple of Amun, Karnak, Thebes stone
 Grandest of all Egyptian temple  Built by Imhotep
 Largest religious structure built  The North Pyramid of Seneferu at Dahshur
 Temple at Luxor or Amon-Mut-Khonsu Temple  Red Pyramid
of Luxor
 Earliest known true pyramid
 Built by King Amenhotep III:
 Made after abandonment of bent
Architect was Hotep (Hapu)
pyramid
 Dedicated to Theban triad, Amun,  The Great Pyramids of Giza
Mut & Khons
 Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)
 Temple of Serapeum, Alexandria
o Area twice than St. Peter,
 Built by Ptolemmy II; Ar.
Rome
Parmeniskos
 Pyramid of Chephren (Khafre)
 4 Seti I, Abydos
o Less Large than Cheops
 Mortuary, (but buried Seti in the
valley of kings)  Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura)
 Completed by Ramesses II o Smallest
 The Ramesseum, Thebes o Rock-Hewn Tombs
 Mortuary  The Valley of the Kings at Thebes
 by Ramesses II  Tomb of the kings
 Temple of Rameses II, Abydos  Principal burial site for the ruler in
 For Osiris New Kingdom
 Temple of Rameses III, Medinet-Habu  Tombs only served only for the
 Resembles Ramesseum SARCOPHAGUS & funerary
 The Great Temple, Abu-Simblel deposits
 Most suspended & impressive rock-  OBELISKS
hewn temple o Greek word obeliskos (pointed pillar), obeliskus (in the shape
 By Rameses II of spear)
 The Small Temple, Abu-Simblel o Huge monoliths
 Dedicated to wife Queen Nefertari & o Height is 9-10 times the diameter of the base
Hathor o Examples
 TOMBS  Obelisk in the Piazza of St. John of Laterano
o CLASSES  Obelisk in St. Peter’s Square
 MASTABA  A large pink or red granite obelisk
 Rectangular base, sloping sides & flat  Move to St. Peter’s under Domenico
roof Fontana
 Pyramid  Cleopatra’s Needle in London
 Principal Royal Tomb  Built for the third jubilee of
 Types: Thutmosis III
o Step (Earliest form)  Now stands in the city of
o Bent (Steeper slope) Westminister near Golden Jubilee
o True Bridges
 Cleopatra’s Needle in Central Park, New York
 Parts of a Complex
 Twin of London’s Obelisk but taller
o Pyramid
 Cleopatra’s Needle in Place de la Concorde,
o Offering Chapel
Paris
o Raised & Enclosed  Magnificent gift to King Louis-
causeway Philippe by Mahomet-Ali
o Valley Building  Obelisk in Heliopolis
o Canal (connect VB &  Oldest obelisk in Egypt
Nile)  Obelisk in Luxor
 Partner obelisk in Paris
 Obelisk in Aswan
  Unfished  Triangular-headed Opening
 Others  Dome-shaped roofs
o Sphinx  Cyclopean walls/ Mycenaean Citadels
 Body of a lion; head of a human o Made up of huge limestone boulders
 Types:
 Criosphinx (head of a Ram) EXAMPLES
 Hieracosphins (head of a Hwak)
 Anrosphinx (head of a Man)  TOMBS
 Example: o TREASURY OF ATREUS MYCENAE
 The Great Sphinx, Giza
 CITADELS & PALACES
o The Great of Chephren
o THE ACROPOLIS OF TIRYNS
 Sphinx of Queen Hetepheres II
o Fist Sphinx o PALACE OF MYCENAE
o Colossi of Memnon, Thebes 
 2 massive statues of Pharaoh Amenhotep III
 Original function was to stand guard HELLENIC CULTURE & CIV. (recognized the Greek Arch)
o Pharos/Lighthouse
 By Ptolemy II ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
o Mammisi / Mammisi temple
 Birth house GENERAL CHAR.
 Dedicated to local goddess and children
 SIMPLICITY & HARMONY
Terminologies  PURITY OF LINES
 PERFECTION OF PROPORTIONS
 Abacus – slab forming the crowning member of a capital  REFINEMENT OF DETAILS (long horizontal line; stylobates, architraves
 Capital – upper part of a pillar/ column & cornices)
 Cartouche – oblong/oval magical rope
 Cavetto – hollow molding PLANS
 Cenotaph – monument erected as memorial for dead people buried
elsewhere  TEMPLES (most important class of bldgs.)
 Cornice – topmost part of entablature o Simple, nice balanced & symmetrical
 Crypto-porticos – Colonnade or portico concealed/partly enclosed o Oriented to face east
 Entablature – part of building above columns
o Parts:
 Hypostyle hall – large room with flat roof
 Naos (Principal Chamber) – contains statue of
 Nemes – striped headcloth
gods
 Serdab – inner secret chamber in the mastaba
 Pronaos – Space between naos & portico
 Shaft – main body of a column
 Porticoes & Colonnades – colonnade space
 Soffit – underside of an arch. element, as an arch, beam, cornice or staircase
forming an entrance/vestibule.
 Stele – upright stone slab containing the name of the dead found in mastaba
 Torus – large convex molding  Prostylar – only a front portico
 Volute – decorative scroll\  Amphiprostyle – both ends portico
 Epinaos/Posticum – space in rear portico
corresponding to the pronaos
 Pteroma – Space between side walls of the naos
ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE and columns
 Theater
IINLUNECES o Orchestra – where chorus performed ritual dancing
o Cavea/Koilon/Auditorium – bank of seats
 GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
o Skene/Scene – dressing room
o Bounded By Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea
o Logeion/Stage
o ATHENS as its center kingdom
o Proskenion/Proscenium – used as acting area (ground-level
 GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
portion)
o MARBLE is the chief building material
o Paraskenion/Parascenia – side additions to the skene
 CLIMATIC INFLUENCE o Diazoma – wide horizontal walkway
o COLD & HOT climate resulted to open-type of structures
o Kerkis – banks of stone seats of the cavea
 RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE o Parodos – side entrance for the actors or chorus
o AEGEANS: worship “nature”
o Klimakes - staircases separated the seating sections
o GREEKS: Represents their deities by large statues. They
worship natural phenomena. WALLS
 SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE
o Music, dancing, wrestling, boxing, gymnastic  Solidly constructed of block of stones or marble
o Tyrannic, aristocratic & democratic governments  Hollow walls construction was used to lessen weight upon the architraves
 HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
o Early Period (3000 B.C – 1100 B.C.) OPENING
 Cycladic Civ.
 Minoan Civ.  Square-headed & spanned by lintels
 Helladic & Mycenaean/Late Helladic Period
o Hellenic Greece (800-323BC) ROOFS
 Archaic Greece
 Classical Greece  Timber framing
o Hellenistic Greece (323-31)  Sloping rafters were covered by antefixae (ornamental blocks fixed
vertically to cover the ends of roofing tiles)
AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE
COLUMNS
MINOAN CULTURE & CIV.
 Principal external features
 Nation of craftsmen & merchants enjoys dancing, bullfighting  THE GREEK ORDERS
 Interest in highly decorative art o DORIC (sturdy strength)
 Palaces were built comfortable intimate country villas  Plain Capitol
 Stands w/out base
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  20 flutings separated by arrises
 Intercolumniation (no. of triglyphs)
 ROUGH & MASSIVE WALLS  Monotriglyph (1 triglyph interval)
 STAIRWAY WAS DEVELOPED  Ditriglyph (2 triglyph interval)
 COMPLICATED PLANS  Polytriglyph (more than 2 triglyph
 Low-pitch/flat roof interval)
 MEGARON (TRIPARTIE RECTANGULAR ROOM) o IONIC (clear-cut beauty)
 Thinner & more elegant
EXAMPLES  Decorated Capital (scroll-like/volutes)
 24 flutings separated by fillets
 PALACE OF KING MINOS, KNOSSOS 
o CORINTHIAN (florid detail)
MYCENAEAN CULTURE & CIV.
 Seldomly used by Greeks, often seen in Roman
temples
 Earliest Greek speaking people
 Distinguished by its bell shape & acanthus leaf
 War people
 Composed of many city-states

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 o Hexastyle– 6 columns
o Heptastyle– 7 columns
o Octastyle– 8 columns
o Enneastyle– 9 columns
o Decastyle– 10 columns
o Dodecastyle – 12
columns
 Arrangement of exterior columns
o Read Notes
 Examples of Temples
 READ NOTES

o THEATRES
 EXAMPLES
 Theatre of Dionysius Eleutherueus,
Acropolis Athens
o World’s first theatre
o Major theatre in Athens
o Prototype of all Greek
theatre
 Theatre of Epidaurus
o Dedicated to Asclepius
(God of meds)
o Arch. Polykleitos
(younger)
 Odeon (odeum)
 Comparatively small theatre of
Greece and Rome
 Example:
o Odeum of Heroes
Atticus, Acropolis,
Athens
(Stone theatre structure)
o OTHER PUBLIC SPACES/BLDGS.
 AGORA – town square
 STOA – long colonnaded bldg. connects public
monuments & other purposes
 PRYTANEION – senate house
 BOULEUTERION – council house
MOULDINGS  ASSEMBLY HALLS – for citizens
 STADIUM – where games were celebrated
 Refined & delicate  HIPPODROME – longer type bldg. for
 Most Important horse/chariot racing
o Cyma Reversa  PALAESTRA – wrestling school
o Cyma Recta  GYMNASIUM – place for PE
 NAVAL BLDGS. – included ship sheds & stores
o Ovolo
o Astragal o TOMBS
o Torus  Example
o Corona  Nereid Monument
o Fillet  The Alexander Sarcophagus –
o Cavetto adorned w/ carvings of Alexander the
o Scotia Great.
o Birds’ beak  The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus –
most famous of all tombs; Arch.
Satyros & Pythius of Priene
o DOMESTIC BLDGS.
 Parts
 Pasta – opens on one side; similar to
porch
 Andron – special room for men and
guests
 Gynaeceum – women’s apartment

Terminologies

 Abacus - The uppermost member of the capital of a column.

 Acanthus - A common plant of the Mediterranean, whose leaves, stylized,
ORNAMENTS form the characteristic decoration of capitals of Corinthian and Composite
orders.
 Refined  Acropolis - The elevated stronghold of a Greek city
 Acroteria - Blocks resting on the vertex and lower extremities of the
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES pediment to support statuary or ornaments.
 Adytum, adyton- The inner shrine of a temple reserved for priests.
 TEMENOS (citadels/acropolis)  Agalma - in ancient Greece, any work of art dedicated to God
o Sacred enclosure  Ancones - Consoles on either side of a doorway supporting a cornice.
o Important bldgs. (Acropolis, Athens)  Andron, andronitis,- the part of a building used by men, especially the
banquet room.
 Propylaea- erected under Pericles: Arch.
 Angle Capitals - capital at a corner column
Mnesicles
 Annulet - A small molding, usually circular in plan and square/angular in
 Pinacotheca – building to contain painted pictures
section;
 Parthenon – temple dedicated to Athena
 Anta - pilaster formed by a thickening at the end of a wall.
 Temple of Athena Nike – dedicated to Athena
 Antefixae - Ornamental blocks, fixed vertically at regular intervals along the
Nike; Arch. Callicrates lower edge of a roof, to cover the ends of tiles
 Erechteion – dedicated for Athena & Poseidon;  Anteral - term applied to a temple without columns at the sides.
Arch. Mnesicles  Anthemion - honeysuckle ornament.
o TEMPLES  Apophyge - part of a column which is molded into a concave sweep where
 Most important class of bldg. Also called scape or conge.
 Face east  Apotheca - a storeroom of any kind, but especially one for storing wine.
 Methods admitting light;  Apteral - building which has no columns along the sides but may have a
 Clearstories portico
 Skylights  Architrave - lowest member of the entablature;
 Light from temple door  Archivium - building in which archives of a city or state were deposited;
 Few temples were Hypaethral (party open to the also called archeion or tabularium.
sky)  Capital. -The crowing feature of a column or a pilaster.
 Type of Temples;  Choragic Monument - A type of monument erected to support a tripod as a
 No. of columns on the front entrance prize for athletic exercises or musical competitions in Greek festivals.
o Henostyle – 1 column  Clepsydra - water clock or instrument for measuring time
 Consoles - A bracket or truss generally with scrolls or volutes at the two
o Distyle– 2 columns
ends
o Tristyle– 3 columns
 Cornice - crowning or upper portion of the entablature
o Tetrastyle– 4 columns  Crepidoma - steps forming the base of a columned Greek temple (3 steps).
o Pentastyle – 5 columns
  Cyclostyle - structure composed of a circular ring of columns without a o XYSTUS
central core.  PUBLIC PARK WITH AVENUES OF TREES
 Cymatium- The crowning member of a cornice.  ATHLETIC SPORTS TOOK PLACE
 Cyrtostyle -A circular projecting portico. o THEATER – SEMI-CIRCLE IN SHAPE
 Demi-metope. half of a metope which is found at the retiring or projecting  SIMILAR TO GREEK THEATERS
angles of a Doric frieze o AMPITHEATER – ELLIPTICAL IN SHAPE
  FOR RACES & GLADIATOR COMBATS
 The Colosseum (Flavian
ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Amphitheater) – largest in the world
o CICRCUS – HORSE & CHARIOT RACING
Influence
o TRIUMPHAL ARCHES & GATEWAYS
 GEOGRAPHICAL  VICTORIUS CAMPAIGN OF EMPERORS & GENERALS
o PILLARS OF VISTORY/ MONUMENTAL COLUMNS/ VICTORY
o MEDITERRANEAN SEA
COLUMN
o CIVILIZATION OVER EUROPE, WESTERN ASIA AND NORTH
 RECORD VISTORIES OVER CONQUERS OF LAND
AFRICA o PALACES
 GEOLOGICAL  HOUSE THE EMPERORS
o CONCRETE was invented and helped romans build structure  PALACE OF DIOCLETIAN, SPALATO –
 CLIMATIC LARGEST (A CITY IN A HOUSE)
o 3 REGIONS: o ROMAN HOUSES
 NORTH ITALY  DOMUS - PRIVATE HOUSE
 CENTRAL ITALY  PROTHYRUM – CENTER APARTMENT
 SOUTH ITALY  ATRIUM – OPEN ENTRANCE
 RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE  TABLINUM – OPEN LIVING ROOM
o >> HONORED EMPERORS THAN GODS, LESS TEMPLES  PERISTYLE – INNER COLONNADE W/
GARDEN
 SOCIAL POLITICAL
 CUBICULA – BEDROOM
o WEALTH AND HIGH-DENSITY POPULATION
 OECUS – RECEPTION ROOM
o BUILDINGS TO IMPRESS AND PERFORM PUBLIC FUNCTION  ALAE – FOR CONVERSATION
 HISTORICAL INFLUENCE  NATATIO – SWIMMING ROOM
o ETRUSCAN  VILLA - LUXURIOUS COUNTRY HOUSE
 > North Italy, Terracotta Sculptures, Radiating  INSULA - APARTMENT BLOCK
Arch, Tuscan Order o AQUEDUCTS - USED FOR WATER SUPPLY
o ROMAN  AQUA MARCIA – LONGEST OF 11
 > Columnar and Trabeated o PONS / BRIDGES - STONE BRIDGES USED TO RESIST THE RUSH
 > Arch, Vault and Dome OF WATER
 PONS SUBLICOS – EARLIEST BRIDGE OF ROME
Architecture Character o FOUNTAINS
 LACUS / LOCUS - DESIGNED SIMILAR TO A LARGE
Own arch; arch, vault, dome, column, & aqueduct BASIN OF WATER
 SALIENTES - FOUNTAIN WITH SPOUTING JETS
 Gen. Char. Terminologies
o VASTNESS & MAGNIFICENCE  COFFER – ORNAMENTAL SUNKEN PANEL IN A CEILING OR DOME
o OSTENTATION & ORNATENESS  ROTUNDA – ROUND BLDG. COVERED W/ A DOME
o Importance for internal space
o Worshiped inside
 Bldg. System
o Post & Lintel Construction
o Arch & Vault
o Use of Domes
 ROMAN WALL
o OPUS RETICULATUM - NET MESH
o OPUS INCERTUM – POLYGONAL WORK (IRREGULAR
SHAPED UNCUT ROCKS)
o OPUS MIXTUM – TUFA BLOCKS APPLIED W/ MORTAR
o OPUS QUADRATUM - RECTANGULAR BLOSK W/ OR
OUT MORTAR
o OPUS TESTACEUM – TRIANGULAR BRICKS

STRUCTURES:

 CLASSICAL ORDERS (2) ORDERS

o TUSCAN ORDER
 SIMPLEST AMONG THE 5 ORDERS
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
o COMPOSITE ORDER
 COMBINATION OF IONIC & CORINTHIAN ORDERS
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER:
o FORUM: MARKET, MEETING PLACE
 FORUM ROMANUM – OLDEST & MOST  SIMPLICITY IN DESIGN
IMPORTANT  COARSENESS IN EXECUTION
 FORUM OF TRAJAN - LARGEST
o TEMPLES INFLUENCES:
 RECTANGULAR (pseudo-peripteral style)
 CIRCULAR & POLYGONAL A. GEOGRAPHICAL – THE BIRTH OF CHRISTIANITY NEAR THE EASTERN PART OF THE
 PANTHEON – MOST FAMOUS & ROMAN EMPIRE
PERFECT PRESERVATION
 Temple of Vesta - most B. GEOLOGICAL – RUINS FROM THE ROMAN BUILDINGS WERE QUARRIED & USED AS
sacred shrine MATERIALS
o BASILICAS – halls of justice
 Basila of Constantine (Basilica Nova or Maxentius) C. CLIMACTIC – VARIETY IN CLIMACTIC CONDITIONS MEANS DIVERSITY OF ARCH’L
– Largest bldg. in Forum. FEATURES
o THERMAE: PUBLIC BATH
 APODYTERIA D. RELIGIOUS – THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY HAS INSPIRED BUILDINGS IN THIS PERIOD
 DRESSING ROOM
 SUDARIUM E. HISTORICAL – CHRISTIANITY BECAME THE OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
 DRY SWEATING ROOM
 TEPIDARIUM F. SOCIO-POLITICAL – CONSTANTINE CHANGED THE CAPITAL OF HIS EMPIRE FROM ROME
 WARM ROOM TO BYZANTIUM
 CALIDARIUM
 HOT ROOM / HOT WATER BATH STRUCTURES:
 FRIGIDARIUM
 HOUSE CHURCH - PRIVATE PLACE WHERE EARLY CHRISTIANS GATHERED TO
 COOLING ROOM
WORSHIP
 UNCTUARIA / UNTORIA
 BASILICA - RECTANGULAR; GREEK / LATIN CROSS
 OILS & PERFUME ROOM
o ATRIUM - OPEN COURTYARD WITH SURROUNDING
 SPAERESTERIUM
COLLONADES
 GAME ROOM
o NARTHEX - ENTRANCE HALL / PORCH
 PALAESTRA
o NAVE - CENTRAL AISLE
 PHYSICAL EXERCISE
o BALNEUM: PRIVATE BATH o AISLE - SIDE CORRIDORS RUNNING PARALLEL ALONG THE NAVE
 TEPIDARIUM, CALIDARIUM, FRIGIDARIUM
 o TRANSCEPT - IN CRUCIFORM CHURCH, THE WHOLE ARM – FLAT ROOFS COMBINED WITH DOMES & OPEN COURTYARDS WITH SURROUNDING
PERPENDICULAR TO THE NAVE ARCADES WERE PREDOMINANT
o CROSSING - AREA WHERE THE NAVE AND TRANSCEPT  RELIGIOUS
INTERSECT – WITH BYZANTINE AS THE NEW CAPITAL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, NEW CHURCHES
o APSE - TERMINAL OF A CHURCH; USUALLY SEMI-CIRCULAR IN WERE BUILT FOR THE CHRISTIANS
SHAPE – THE “ICONOCLASTIC MOVEMENT” BANNED THE USE OF STATUES AS A DECORATION,
 BAPTISTERY - CIRCULAR / POLYGONAL; BAPTISM PLACE USUALLY THUS, PAINTING BECAME AS SUBSTITUTE. THIS IS SEEN ON THE DOME CEILINGS OF THE
SURROUNDS A BASILICA BUILDINGS.
 MAUSOLEUM - MONUMENTAL TOMBS  HISTORICAL
– INFLUENCED BY THE MASSIVE CHARACTER OF BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE
Terminologies – MOSTLY INCORPORATED THE DOME CONSTRUCTION FROM THE ROMANS
 SOCIO-POLITICAL
 BEMA – RAISED SATGE FOR CLERGY – PROMINENT MOVERS OF THIS ARCHT:
 LOULUS - ANCIENT TOMB JUSTINIAN I - ORDERED TO BUILD HAGIA SOPHIA
 SPECULAR – TOMB OR RECEPTACLE FOR RELICS THEODOSIUS II - BUILT SEVERAL MILITARY GATES & TOWERS AGAINST GOTHS & HUNS
 CANCELLO/CANCELLI – LATTICED SCREEN / GRILLE FEATURES
SEPARATING CHOIR FROM CHURCH  CENTRALIZED PLAN; GREEK CROSS
 FONT – BASIN FOR BAPTISM  MASSIVE DOMES WITH PENDENTIVES
 AMBO – RAISED STAND 2 OR MORE  SMALL DOMES AROUND A CENTRAL DOME
 EXTENSIVE USE OF MOSAIC DECORATIONS
NOTABLE STRUCTURE: – HAGIA SOPHIA @ CONSTANTINOPLE ARCHITECT : ISIDORUS OF
MILETUS ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES – ST. MARK’S BASILICA @ VENICE ARCHITECT :
DOMENICO I CONTARINI

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER:
 SIMPLICITY
 RICHNESS
INFLUENCES:
 GEOGRAPHICAL
– BYZANTINE EMPIRE STOOD ON SEVEN HILLS THAT GAVE IT A COMMANDING AND
CENTRAL POSITION FOR GOVERNMENT
 GEOLOGICAL
– CLAY BRICKS & CONCRETE RUBBLES FROM THE ROMAN BUILDINGS WERE MAINLY
USED AS MATERIALS
– MARBLES WERE SHIPPED
 CLIMACTIC
– CLIMATE WAS HOT SO SMALL WINDOWS & OPENINGS WERE USED