Cambridge IGCSE™

* 0 6 7 1 6 1 8 1 6 7 *

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/12

Paper 1 Theory February/March 2020

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages. Blank pages are indicated.

DC (ST/CT) 184893/2
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Section A

1 The rocks on Earth are continually changing as part of the rock cycle.

(a) (i) State the name of one sedimentary rock.

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(ii) Explain how sedimentary rocks are changed into metamorphic rocks.

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(b) Some types of metamorphic rock are in high demand for industry.

Give reasons why some types of metamorphic rock might not be extracted.

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............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 5]

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2 The map shows the human population density of the world in 2018.

Tropic of
Cancer

Equator

Tropic of
Capricorn

Key human population

low density
medium density
high density

(a) Describe the distribution of high human population density in 2018 shown on the map.

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(b) Give reasons why some areas of the world have a low population density.

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[Total: 5]

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3 The table shows some data for a type of soil.

particle size air content water

large high quickly drains

(a) (i) State the type of soil described in the table.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Some types of soil are better suited for growing crops than other types of soil.

Suggest two disadvantages of growing crops in a quickly draining soil, compared with a
soil that drains more slowly.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[2]

(b) Describe two techniques used to increase agricultural yields.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

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2 ................................................................................................................................................

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[2]

(c) People need a clean supply of safe drinking water (potable water).

State two ways water can be made potable.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 7]

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4 Complete and label the diagram to represent the structure of the Earth.

The Earth
crust

[3]

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Section B

5 The photograph shows a build-up of algae on a beach in Europe. The beach is next to intensively
farmed agricultural land.

layer of algae

The algae cover rocks where birds nest and where shellfish are farmed for food.

The algae are harmless when wet but produce toxic hydrogen sulfide gas as the algae dry and
decompose.

Toxic gas is trapped under the dry algae. Some layers of rotting algae are one metre thick.

Many animals have died on the beach and some people have become unconscious when walking
over the algae.

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(a) (i) Suggest why an increase in fish deaths has not been reported in this coastal area.

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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest two impacts on local people of the large amount of algae on the beach, other
than harming human health.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[2]

(iii) Suggest one impact to the beach ecosystem of the large amount of algae on the beach.

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(b) A large build-up of algae is sometimes referred to as an algal bloom.

Describe how algal blooms form.

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[Total: 9]

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6 The photograph shows the edge of a volcanic crater.

sulfur dioxide
emissions

solid sulfur crater

(a) Suggest reasons why people live very close to active volcanoes despite the potential dangers.

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(b) The activity of the volcano in the photograph is monitored for part of one year.

month
monitored activity
January February March
number of small earthquakes around the volcano 50 60 150
temperature around the volcano
140 206 590
/ °C
emissions of sulfur dioxide
340 540 16 000
/ tonnes

What do the results suggest about the activity of this volcano?

Give reasons for your answer.

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(c) Some local people talk about preparations for a volcanic eruption.

person A
I have lived here for 60 years and the volcano has
never erupted. We are safe and there is no need to
make any evacuation plans.

person B
The government has put a new mobile phone
communication mast in the village.
I get a good phone signal now.

person C

I used to take tourists up the volcano, but I’m not

allowed to do this anymore because there is an
exclusion zone around the volcano.

person D

I have a stock-pile of food and water and

extra supplies of my medicines.

person E
We had a volcanic-eruption drill at school last week.
My grandfather says there is nothing to worry about and he
would never leave his home.

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Do you think there is an effective strategy in place for managing the impact of a volcanic
eruption in this area?

Support your view with references to the comments made by the different people.

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(d) Sulfur dioxide gas from volcanic emissions can lead to atmospheric pollution.

(i) State the name of this type of atmospheric pollution.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name one other source of sulfur dioxide gas in the atmosphere.

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(e) Trees in a forested area near another volcano have started to die.

Some scientists think the trees were killed by high concentrations of carbon dioxide gas in the
soil. This carbon dioxide was emitted from two volcanic vents.

The diagram shows the concentration of carbon dioxide in the soil and the distribution of live
trees in the forested area.

Key concentration of carbon

dioxide in the soil
tree
very high
high
medium
normal

volcanic
vent

0 5 10
m

(i) How does the information in the diagram suggest that high carbon dioxide concentrations
in the soil might have killed trees in the forested area?

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(ii) Carbon dioxide gas is emitted from many volcanoes.

Name one environmental problem caused by high levels of carbon dioxide gas in the
atmosphere.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 16]

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7 (a) The table and bar chart show coal production and coal consumption in China between 2009
and 2016.

year
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
coal production
3.00 3.25 3.50 3.60 3.95 3.70 3.65 3.40
/ billion tonnes
coal consumption
3.25 3.50 3.90 4.10 4.30 4.10 4.95 3.65
/ billion tonnes

5.00 Key

4.50 coal production

4.00
coal consumption
3.50

3.00
coal
/ billion tonnes
2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
year

(i) Complete the bar chart for 2012 and complete the key. [3]

(ii) Use the data to describe the trend in coal production and in coal consumption in China
between 2009 and 2016.

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(iii) Suggest whether China imports coal.

Use the data to support your opinion.

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(iv) State two factors affecting the global demand for energy.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[2]

(b) Coal is a fossil fuel.

Describe the formation of coal.

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(c) Wave power is a renewable resource.

(i) Name one other renewable resource.

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(ii) Suggest reasons why some countries do not use wave power to generate electricity.

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(d) The population of China in 2009 was 1.331 billion and in 2016 it was 1.379 billion.

Calculate the percentage increase in population for China from 2009 to 2016.

...................................................... % [2]

(e) The diagram shows population pyramids for China in 1950, 2015 and the prediction for 2050.

1950 2015 2050

age group male female male female male female
70+
60 – 69
50 – 59
40 – 49
30 – 39
20 – 29
10 – 19
0–9
10 5 0 5 10 10 5 0 5 10 10 5 0 5 10
percentage of total population percentage of total population percentage of total population

China introduced a policy called the one-child policy in 1979. This actively encouraged
families to only have one child.

(i) Suggest why China introduced the one-child policy.

Use the data from the 1950 population pyramid to support your answer.

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(ii) The percentage of the total population aged 20 to 49 years old is higher in the 2015
population pyramid compared with the 1950 population pyramid.

Suggest reasons for this difference.

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(iii) The population pyramid for 2050 is a prediction.

Describe the shape of the predicted population pyramid for 2050.

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(iv) The one-child policy in China ended in 2015.

Explain what the shape of the 2050 population pyramid indicates about the trend in birth
rates in China by 2050.

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(v) Suggest reasons why the actual data for the 2050 population may be different from the
predicted data.

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(vi) Other than national population policies, describe two strategies for controlling human
population size.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[2]

[Total: 29]

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8 The photograph shows a dolphin in captivity.

‘Zoos and captive breeding programmes are the best way of conserving biodiversity.’

To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.

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at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2020 0680/12/F/M/20