16 Matrices and Determinants
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DETERMINANTS
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MATR IC E S
Mat
Matri
ri
rixx De
Deff init
initio
io
ionn:
Matrix is a rectangular array of real complex numbers in rows and columns. A matrix is denoted by the capital letters A, B, C
etc. If there are m rows and n columns in the matrix, then the matrix is called a m ï n matrix.
Let us consider the following system of equations
x + 2y + 3z = 11
2x ă y ă z = ă 3
3x + 4y + 2z = 17
If we arrange the coefficients of x, y and z in the order in which they occur in the given equations and enclose them in brackets,
we get the following rectangular array of numbers.
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 1 1 2 1 1
or
3 4 2 3 4 2
This type of rectangular array of numbers has been given the name matrix. The horizontal lines are called rows and the vertical
lines are called columns.
1 2 3 1 2 3
Example : A or A
3 2 4 3 2 4
Here A is a 2 × 3 ma trix because A has two rows and three columns.
Eleme
Element
nt of a matrix :
The numbers occurring in the rectangular array (matrix) are called the elements of the matrix. The elements of the matrix denoted
by the capital letters are usually denoted by the corresponding small letters with lower suffixes. Thus the element of the ith row
and jth column of the matrix denoted by the capital letter A is usually denoted by the corresponding small letter aij. The matrix
A is sometimes also written as (a ij) or [a ij].
Def
Definitio
initio
initionn:
A set of mn numbers (real or complex) in the form of m horizontal lines (called rows) and n vertical line (called columns), is called
an m ï n matrix (to be read as m and n matrix).
Type of Matri
Matrices
ces :
(a) Row Matrix : If a matrix has only one row and any number of columns, is called row matrix or row vector.
For example : A 2 3 4 5 and B 1 i 2 1 i are row matrices of order 1 ï 4 and 1 ï 3 respectively.
1 i
2 i
Column matrix or column vector : For example, A and B 2 are column matrices of orders 4 ï 1
(b)
3 4
w
and 2 ï 1 respectively.
(c) Square matrix : A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is called a Square Matrix.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
4 MARKS
Thus m ï n matrix A will be a square matrix if m = n, and it will be termed as a square matrix of order n or n-rowed
square matrix.
Diagonal Elements : In a square matrix all those elements aij for which i = j i.e. all those elements which occur in the
same row and same column namely a11.a22.a33 are called the diagonal elements and the line along which they lie is called
the principal diagonal. Also the sum of the diagonal elements of a square matrix A is called trace of A.
i.e. a11 + a 22 + a 33 + ... = Trace of A
In general a 11, a22 , ... ann are the diagonal elements of n-rowed square matrix and
a11 + a 22 + ... a = Trace of A.
(d) Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix A is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non-diagonal elements be zero.
1 0 0 d1 0 0
0 4 0 d
Thus or 0 2 0
0 0 8 0 0 d3
Above are diagonal matrices of the type 3 ï 3. These are in short written as
Diag [1, 4, 8] or Diag [d1, d 2, d 3]
(e) Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix [i.e. all non-diagonal elements being zero] whose all the diagonal elements are equal
is called a scalar matrix.
3 0 0 d 0 0
0 3 0
Thus or 0 d 0
0 0 3 0 0 d
are both scalar matrics of type 3 ï 3.
In general for a scalar matrix,
aij = 0 for i j and a ij = d for i = j
(f) Unit Matrix : A square matrix A all of whose non-diagonal elements are zero (i.e. it is a diagonal matrix) and also the
diagonal elements are unity is called a unit matrix or an identity matrix.
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
Thus and 0 0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0 1
are unit matrices of order 3 and 4 respectively. In general for a unit matrix
aij = 0 for i j and a ij = 1 for i = j
They are generally denoted by I3, I4 or In where 3, 4, n denote the order of the square matrix. In case the order be known
then we may simply denote it by I.
(g) Zero matrix or Null Matrix : Any m ï n matrix in which all the elements are zero is called a zero matrix or null matrix
of the type m ï n and is denoted by Omï n.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 5
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 0
Thus 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
All the above are zero or null matrices of the type 3 ï 2, 3 ï 3 and 2 ï 4 respectively.
Trace of a Matrix : The sum of the diagonal elements of a square matrix A (say) is called the trace of a matrix A.
2 7 9
For example, If A 0 3 2
8 9 4
Then Trace of A = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 or (A) = 9
(h) Horizontal Matrix : Any matrix in which the number of columns is more than the number of rows is called a horizontal
matrix.
2 3 4 5
8 9 7 2
For example, is a horizontal matrix.
2 2 3 4
Since here no. of columns > no. of rows.
(i) Vertical Matrix : Any matrix in which the number of rows is more than the number of columns is called matrix.
2 3
4 5
For example, is a column matrix.
6 7
8 9
since here no. of rows > no. of columns.
(j) Sub Matrix : A matrix which is obtained from a given matrix by deleting any number of rows and number of columns
is called a sub-matrix of the given matrix.
3 4
For example, is a sub matrix of
2 3
8 9 5
2
3 4
3 2 3
(k) Upper Triangular Matrix : A square matrix in which all elements below the leading diagonal are zero, is called Upper
Triangular Matrix.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
6 MARKS
3 2 4 1
0 2 3 2
For example, 0 0 7 5 is an upper triangular matrix.
0 0 0 8
(l) Lower Triangular Matrix : A square matrix in which all elements above the leading diagonal are zero is called Lower
Triangle Matrix.
2 0 0
3 4 0
For example, is a lower triangular matrix.
2 8 6
Differ
ifference
ence b
beetwee
tween
n a Matri
Matrix
x and a De
Deter
ter
terminant
minant
(i) A matrix can not be reduced to a number but determinant can be reduced to a number.
(ii) The number of rows may or may not be equal to the number of columns in matrices but in determinant the number of
rows is equal to the number of columns.
(iii) On interchanging the rows and columns, a different matrix is formed but in determinant it does not change the value.
(iv) A square matrix A such that |A| 0, is called a non-singular matrix if |A|´ = 0, then the matrix A is called a singular
matrix.
(v) Matrices represented by [ ], ( ), | | | | but determinant is represented by | |.
Illustration 1
Write down the matrix A a ij 2 2 where a ij = 2i ă 3j .
Solution : aij = 2i ă 3j
aij = 2.1 ă 3.1 = ă 1, a12 = 2.1 ă 3.2 = 4. a 13 = 2.1 ă 3.3 = ă 7
a21 = 2.2 ă 3.1 = 1, a22 = 2.2 ă 3.2 = ă 2, a23 = 2.2 ă 3.3 = ă 5
1 4 7
A
1 2 5
Illustration 2
Construct a 3 ï 3 matrix A = [a ij], where a ij = |2i ă j|.
Solution :
Required matrix is having 3 rows and 3 columns.
a11 a12 a13
a a22 a23
A = 21
a31 a32 a33
a11 = |2 ï 1 ă 1| = 1 a 12 = |2 ï 1 ă 2| = 0 a13 = |2 ï 1 ă 3| = |ă 1| = 1
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 7
a21 = |2 ï 1 ă 1| = 3 a 22 = |2 ï 2 ă 2| = 2 a23 = |2 ï 2 ă 3| =1
a31 = |2 ï 3 ă 1| = 5 a 32 = |2 ï 3 ă 2| = 4 a33 = |2 ï 3 ă 3| =3
1 0 1
A 3 2 1
Required matrix is
5 4 3
Illustration 3
i j , if i j
A ij i j , if i j
Construct a 4 ï 3 matrix A = [a ij], where
i j , if i j
Solution :
Required matrix is having 4 rows and 3 columns.
a11 a12 a13
a a22 a23
A
21
a31 a32 a33
a41 a42 a43
a11 = 1 ï 1 = 1 ( i = j)
a12 = 1 + 2 = 3 ( i < j)
a13 = 1 + 3 = 4 ( i < j)
a21 = 2 ă 1 = 1 ( i > j )
a22 = 2 ï 2 = 4 ( i = j)
a23 = 2 + 3 = 5 ( i < j)
a31 = 3 ă 1 = 2 ( i > j )
a32 = 3 ă 2 = 1 ( i > j )
a33 = 3 ï 3 = 9 ( i = j)
a41 = 4 ă 1 = 3 ( i > j )
a42 =4ă2=2 ( i > j )
a43 = 4 ă 3 = 1 ( i > j )
1 3 4
1 4 5
Required matrix is A
2 1 9
3 2 1
Equa
Equality
lity of Mat
Matrices
rices :
Comparable matrices. Two matrices are said to be comparable if their orders are same.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
8 MARKS
Equal matrices. Two matrices are said to be equal if :
(i) Their orders are same
(ii) Their corresponding elements are same
If A = [aij] and B = [b ij] are two equal matrices, then
(i) order of A = order of B
(ii) aij = b ij i and j . i.e., (i, j)th element of A = (i, j)th element of B.
Illustration 4
x y 2 x y 3 3
y z 7 y z 4 4 , find x , y and z.
Solution :
x+y=3 and 2x ă y = 3
Solving them we get, x=2 and y=1
y+z=4 and 7y ă z = 4
Solving them we get, y=1 and z=3
Al
Algebra
gebra o
off Mat
atric
ric
rices
es
(i) Addition of Matrices : Two matrices A and B can be added only if A and B are of same order. Sum is obtained by adding
the corresponding elements of A and B.
If A = [a ij]m ï n
and B = [bij ]m ï n
,
then, A + B = [aij]m ï n
+ [bij ]m ï n
= [aij + bij ]m ï n
1 5 2 4 9 8
For example : If A and B
3 7 6 3 6 1
then, since order of A and B is same, both are 2 ï 3 matrices.
Therefore, we can add A and B.
1 5 2 4 9 8 1 4 5 7 2 8 5 14 10
A B
3 7 6 3 6 1 3 3 76 6 1 6 13 7
Difference of matrices A and B of same order is obtained by adding A and ă B. ă B is obtained by changing the sign of each
element of B.
A ă B can also be obtained by subtracting from the elements of A the corresponding elements of B. A and B must be of same
order.
For A and B of last example,
1 5 2 4 9 8 1 4 5 9 2 8 3 4 6
AB
3 7 6 3 6 1 3 3 7 6 6 1 0 1 5
Properties of Matri
Matrix
x Addition :
Property I : Matrix addition is commutative i.e. if A and B be any two m ï n matrices, then A + B = B + A.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 9
Property II : Matrix addition is associative i.e. if A, B and C be three m ï n matrices, then
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
Property III : Cancellation laws hold good for addition of matrices
i.e. if A, B, C, be any three m ï n matrices, then
(i) A + B = A + C B = C (left cancellation law)
(ii) B + A = C + A B = C (right cancellation law)
(i) Negative of a Matrix : If A be a given Matrix then ă A is called the negative of matrix A and all its elements are the
corresponding elements of A multiplied by ă 1.
2 3 1
Thus if A =
6 4 2
2 3 1
then ă A =
6 4 2
(ii) Scalar Multiple of a Matrix : If A be a given matrix and k is any scalar number real or complex. [We call it scalar k
to distinguish it from matrix [k] which is 1 ï 1 matrix] then by matrix kA = Ak is meant the matrix all of whose elements
are k times of the corresponding elements of A.
2 3 1
If A =
5 2 4
3.2 3.3 3.1
then 3A =
3.5 3.2 3.4
6 9 3
or 3A =
15 6 12
4.2 4.3 4.1
ă 4A =
Similarly
4.5 4.2 4.4
8 12 4
=
20 8 16
II. Subtraction of Matrices :
i.e. A ă B. This can be proceeded as follows A + (ă B) i.e. negative of B is added to matrix B.
Illustration 5
3 2 1 7 5 3 , find matrix Y.
If X and 2X + Y
15 11 19
7 5 9
Solution :
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
10 MARKS
3 2 1 6 4 2
2X = 2
7 5 9 14 10 18
7 5 3
Now, 2X + Y =
15 11 19
6 4 2 7 5 3
14 10 18 + Y = 15 11 19
7 5 3 6 4 2
Y = ă
15 11 19 14 10 18
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1
=
15 14 11 10 19 18 1 1 1
Illustration 6
8 9 10 13 12 11
Find matrix X and Y such that 2X + Y and X + 2Y
11 12 13 10 9 8
Solution :
8 9 10
2X + Y
11 12 13
Multiplying both sides by 2, we get :
16 18 20
4X + 2Y = ...(i)
22 24 26
13 12 11
X + 2Y =
8
Subtracting, ...(ii)
10 9
16 18 20
from equation (i) 4X + 2Y =
22 24 26
13 12 11
X + 2Y =
10 9 8
ă ă ă
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 11
16 18 20 13 12 11 3 6 9
3X = ă =
22 24 26 10 9 8 12 15 18
1 3 6 9 1 2 3
X =
3 12 15 18 4 5 6
Putting the value of X in equation (ii), we get
1 2 3 13 12 11
2Y =
4 5 6 10 9 8
13 12 11 1 2 3 12 10 8
2Y = 2Y
10 9 8 4 5 6 6 4 2
1 12 10 8 6 5 4
Y =
2 6 4 2 3 2 1
Illustration 7
If is an imaginary cube root of unity, show that
1 2 2 1 2 1
2 2 2
1 1 1 is a null matrix.
2 1 1 2 2 1
Solution :
1 2 2 1 2 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 1 1 2 1
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 0 0
2 2
= 1 1 1
2
0 0 0 , which is a null matrix.
2 2 2
1 1 1 0 0 0
Matri
Matrixx Mult
Multip
ip
iplicat
licat
lication
ion
If A = [aij ]m ï p
B = [b ij] pï nand then C = AB = [Cik ] m ï n
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
12 MARKS
p
where Cik = a ij b jk
j 1
i.e. Cik = a ij b ik + a12 b2k + ... aip bpk
In other words Cik = Sum of the products of nth row of A (having p elements) with kth column of B (having p elements). This
is known as row by coloum multiplication of matrices.
It may be noted that in determinants we have row by row or column by column multiplication.
Illustration 8
2 3
1 2 3 4 5
If A and B compute AB and show that AB BA.
4 2 5 2 3
2 1
3 2
Solution :
A is 2 ï 3 type and B is 3 ï 2 type and hence both AB and BA are defined because the number of columns in pre-factor is
equal to the number of rows in post-factor.
AB =
1.2 2.4 3.2 1.3 2.5 3.1
4.2 2.4 5.2 4.3 2.5 5.1
0 4
=
10 3 2 2
2 3
1 2 3
BA = 4 5 4 2 5
2 1 2 3
3 2
10 2 21
= 16 2 37
2 2 11
3 3
Hence AB BA
If A and B be two matrices then their product is defined or in other words A is conformable to B for multiplication if the number
of columns of A is the same as the number of rows in B. i.e., If be m ï p and p ï n, the matrix AB will be of the type
m ï n.
Pro
Propert
pert
perties
ies of matrix mul
multipl
tipl
tiplicatio
icatio
ication
n
(a) Multiplication of matrices is distributive with respect to addition of matrices.
i.e. A (B + C) = AB + AC.
(b) Matri multiplication is associative if conformability is assured.
i.e. A (BC) = (AB) C.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 13
(c) The multiplication of matrices is not always commutative i.e. AB is not always equal to BA.
(d) Multiplication of a matrix A by a null matrix conformable with A for multiplication is a null matrix i.e. A0 = 0.
In particular if A be a square matrix and O be square null matrix of the same order, then AO = OA = O.
(e) If AB = O then it does not necessarily mean that A = O or B = O or both are O as shown below.
0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
None of the matrices on the left is a null matrix whereas their product is a null matrix.
(f) Multiplication of matrix A by a unit matrix I : Let A be a m ï n matrix and I be a square unit matrix of order n,
so that A and I are conformable for multiplication, then
AI n = A.
Similarly for IA to exist I should be square unit matrix of order m and in that case ImA = A
Illustration 9
4 2
1 2 4
Find AB, where A 1 6 , B
3 5 1
3 5
Solution :
Order of A is 3 ï 2 and that of B is 2 ï 3. Number of columns in A is 2 and number of rows in B is 2, therefore product AB
is defined and order of AB is 3 ï 3.
4 2 a11 a12 a13
1 6 1 2 4 a
AB = 3 5 1 21 a22 a23
3 5 a31 a32 a33
3 3
1st
column 1
a11 = [1 st row of A] [4 2] = 4 ï 1 + 2 ï 3 = 10
of 3
B
2nd
= [1 st row of A]
column [4 2] 2 = 4 ï 2 + 2 ï 5 = 18
a12 of 5
B
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
14 MARKS
3 rd
4 = 4 ï 4 + 2 ï 1 = 18
a13 = [1 st row of A] column [4 2]
of 1
B
1 st
column 1
= [2 nd row of A] [1 6] = 1 ï 1 + 6 ï 3 = 19
a21
of 3
B
2 nd
column 2
= [2 nd row of A] [1 6] = 1 ï 2 + 6 ï 5 = 32
a22
of 5
B
3 rd
column [1 6] 4
a23 nd
= [2 row of A] 1 = 1 ï 4 + 6 ï 1 = 10
of
B
1st
column [3 5] 1
a31 = [3 rd row of A] 3 = 3 ï 1 + 5 ï 3 = 18
of
B
2 nd
column [3 5] 2
a32 = [3 rd row of A] 5 = 3 ï 2 + 5 ï 5 = 31
of
B
3rd
column 4
a33 = [3 rd row of A] [3 5] = 3 ï 4 + 5 ï 1 = 17
of 1
B
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 15
a11 a12 a13 4 1 2 3 4 2 2 5 4 4 2 1
AB a21 a22 a23 1 1 6 3 1 2 6 5 1 4 6 1
a31 a32 a33 3 1 5 3 3 2 5 5 3 4 5 1
10 18 18
19 32 10
=
18 31 17
Illustration 1 0
2 3
1 2 3
If A and B 4 5 find AB and BA and show that AB BA.
4 2 5 2 1
Solution :
A is a 2 ï 3 matrix and B is a 3 ï 2 matrix
AB is defined and it will be a 2 ï 2 matrix.
2 3
1 2 3
Now AB = A 4 5
4 2 5
2 1
286 3 10 3 0 4
=
8 8 10 12 10 5 10 3
Since B is a 3 ï 2 matrix and A is a 2 ï 3 matrix
BA is defined and it will be a 3 ï 3 matrix.
2 3
1 2 3
BA 4 5
Again 4 2 5
2 1
2 12 4 6 6 15 10 2 21
4 20 8 10 12 25 16 2 37
=
2 4 4 2 6 5 2 2 11
ClearlyAB BA.
Illustration 1 1
4 3
If A 2
and A ă a A + bI = 0, find a and b.
2 5
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
16 MARKS
Solution :
4 3 4 3
A 2 = A.A =
2 5 2 5
4 4 3 2 4 3 3 5 22 27
=
2 4 5 2 2 3 5 5 18 31
4 3 4a 3a
ă aA = ă a
2 5 2a 5a
1 0 b 0
bI = b
0 1 0 b
Now, A2 ă aA + bI = 0
22 27 4 a 3a b 0 0 0
18 31 2a 5 a 0 b 0 0
22 4 a b 27 3 a 0 0
18 2a 31 5a b 0 0
22 ă 4a + b = 0, 27 ă 3a = 0
18 ă 2a = 0 and 31 ă 5a + b = 0
Solving them, we get : a = 9 and b = 14
Illustration 1 2
1 3 2 1
Find the value of x if 1 x 1 2 5 1 2 0
15 3 2 x
Solution :
1 3 2 1
1 x 1 2 5 1 2 0
15 3 2 x
1
1 1 x 2 1 15 1 3 x 5 1 3 1 2 x 1 1 2 2 0
x
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 17
1
2 x 16 5x 6 x 4 2
=0
x
[(2x + 16) ï 1 + (5x + 6) ï 2 + (x + 4) ï x] =0
2
[2x + 16 + 10x + 12 + x + 4x] = 0
[x2 + 16x + 28] =0
x2 + 16 x + 28 =0
(x + 2) (x + 14) =0
x = ă 2, ă 14
x=ă2 or x = ă 14
Illustration 1 3
cos sin cos 2 cos 2
If A 2
, show that A
sin cos sin 2 cos 2
Solution :
A2 = A.A
cos2 sin2
cos sin cos sin cos sin sin cos
= sin cos
sin cos sin cos
sin 2 cos 2
cos sin
cos2 sin2 2sin cos cos 2 sin2
= 2
2sin cos cos sin sin 2 cos2
2
Illustration 1 4
cos x sin 0
cos 0 , show that f (x ).f (y) = f (x + y)
) = sin
If f (
0 0 1
Solution :
cos x sin x 0 cos y sin y 0
sin
x cos x 0 , f (y ) sin y cos y 0
f (x) =
0 0 1 0 0 1
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
18 MARKS
cos( x y) sin( x y) 0
sin( ) cos( ) 0
x y x y
f (x + y) =
0 0 1
cos x sin x 0 cos y sin y 0
sin x cos x 0 sin y cos y 0
Now, f (x). f (y) =
0 0 1 0 0 1
cos x cos y sin x sin y cos x sin y sin x cos y 0
sin cos cos sin
x y x y sin x sin y cos x cos y 0
=
0 0 1
cos( x y) sin( x y) 0
sin( ) cos( ) 0
x y x y
= = f (x + y)
0 0 1
Illustration 1 5
0
tan cos sin
If A 2 then show that : I2 + A = (I 2 ă A)
tan sin cos
2 0
Solution :
Let tan = t then
2
1 tan2 2 2 tan
cos =
2 1 t and sin 2
2t
1 t2 1 t2
1 tan2 1 tan 2
2 2
1 0 0 t 1 t
Now, L.H.S. = I2 + A =
0 1 t 0 t 1
1 t2 2t
2 1 t2
1 t
R.H.S. = (I 2 ă A) 2 t 1 t2
1 t 2 1 t 2
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 19
1 0 0 t 1 t2 2t 1 1 t2 2t 1
= 0 1 2 2 .
2
t 0 2t 1 t 1 t 2t 1 t 1 t 2
1 t 2 2t 2 2t t t 3 1 1 t 2 t (1 t 2) 1
=
2 2
t t 3 2t 2t 2 1 t 2 1 t t (1 t 2 ) 1 t 2 1 t
1 t 1 t 2 1 t
=
t 1 1 t 2 t 1
cos sin
I2 + A = (I2 ă A)
sin cos
Illustration 1 6
Three shopkeepers A, B and C go to a store to buy stationary. A purchases 12 dozen notebooks, 5 dozen pens and 6 dozen
pencils, B purchases 10 dozen notebooks, 6 dozen pens and 7 dozen pencils and C purchases 11 dozen notebooks, 13 dozen
pens and 8 dozen pencils. A notebook costs 40 paise, a pen costs Rs. 1.25 and a pencil costs 35 paise. Use matrix multiplication
to calculate each individualÊs bill.
Solution :
Cost of one dozen notebooks is Rs. 12 ï 0.40 = Rs. 4.80, cost of one dozen pens is
Rs. 12 ï 1.25 = Rs. 15 and cost of one dozen pencils is
Rs. 12 ï 0.35 = Rs. 4.20.
Purchases madey by A, B and C can be represented by a 3 ï 3 matrix X as
Notebook Pen Pencil
A 12 5 6
B 10 6 7
C 11 13 8
12 5 6
10 6 7
X =
11 13 8
Cost per dozen can be represented by a 3 ï 1 matrix Y as
4.80
15
Y =
4.20
Now, product XY will give the bills of A, B and C
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
20 MARKS
A's bill 12 5 6 4.80
B's bill
= XY = 10 6 7 15
C's bill 11 13 8 4.20
12 ï 4.80 + 5 ï 15 + 6 ï 4.20 157.80
10 ï 4.80 + 6 ï 15 + 7 ï 4.20 167.40
=
11 ï 4.80 + 13 ï 15 + 8 ï 4.20 281.40
AÊs bill is of Rs. 157.80
BÊs bill is of Rs. 167.40
and CÊs bill is of Rs. 281.40.
Vari
ariou
ou
ouss Kind
Kinds
s of Matrices
(i) Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix A is called idempotent provided it satisfies the relation A2 = A.
Illustration 1 7
2 2 4
Show that the matrix A 1 3 4 is idempotent.
1 2 3
Solution :
2 2 4 2 2 4
1 3 4 1 3 4
A2 = A.A =
1 2 3 1 2 3
2.2 ( 2).( 1) ( 4).1 2( 2) ( 2).3 ( 4).( 2) 2.( 4) ( 2).4 ( 4).( 3)
( 1).2 3.( 1) 4.1 ( 1).( 2) 3.3 4.( 2) ( 1).( 4) 3.4 4. ( 3)
=
1.2 ( 2).( 1) ( 3).1 1.( 2) ( 2).3 ( 3).( 2) 1.( 4) ( 2) .4 ( 3).( 3)
2 2 4
1 3 4
= = A.
1 2 3
Hence the matrix A is idempotent.
(ii) Periodic Matrix : A square matrix A is called periodic, if Ak+1 = A, where k is a positive integer. If k is the least positive integer
for which A k+1 = A, then k is said to be period of A. For k = 1, we get A 2 = A and we called it to be idempotent matrix.
(iii) Nilpotent Matrix : A square matrix A is called Nilpotent matrix of order m provided it satisfies the relation Ak = 0 and Akă
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 21
1
0, where k is positive integer and 0 is null matrix and k is the order of the nilpotent matrix A.
Illustration 1 8
1 1 3
6 is nilpotent matrix of order 3.
Show that 5 2
2 1 3
Solution : Let
1 1 3
5 2 6
A =
2 1 3
1 1 3 1 1 3
5 2 6 5 2 6
A 2 = A.A =
2 1 3 2 1 3
1 5 6 1 2 3 3 6 9
5 10 12 5 4 6 15 12 18
=
2 5 6 2 2 3 6 6 9
0 0 0
3 3 9
=
1 1 3
0 0 0 1 1 3
3 3 9 5 2 6
A3 = A2.A =
1 1 3 2 1 3
0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 15 18 3 6 9 9 18 37
= = 0 0 0
1 5 6 1 2 3 3 6 9 0 0 0
A3 = 0 i.e., Ak = 0
Hence A is nilpotent of order 3.
(iv) Involutory Matri x : A square matrix A is called involutory provided it satisfies the relation
A2 = I, where I is identity matrix.
Illustration 1 9
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
22 MARKS
5 8 0
0 is involutory.
Show that the matrix A 3 5
1 2 1
Solution :
5 8 0 5 8 0
3 5 0 3 5 0
A 2 = A.A =
1 2 1 1 2 1
25 24 0 40 40 0 0 0 0
15 15 0 24 25 0 0 0 0
=
5 6 1 8 10 2 0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
=
0 0 1
=I
Hence the given matrix A is involutory.
Trans
ranspos
pos
pose
e of a matri
matrix
x
Let A be any matrix then the matrix obtained by interchanging its rows and columns is called the transpose of AO and is denoted
by A´ or AT . If A is a m ï n matrix then A´ will be a n ï m matrix.
1 2
1 2 3
Example : A , then A ' 2 0
2 0 5
3 5
i = 1, 2, ..., m
Note : If A = |aij|;
j = 1, 2, ..., n
j = 1, 2, ... n
Then A´ = [a ji];
i = 1, 2, ..., m
Pro
Propert
pert
perty
y of tra
transp
nsp
nspose
ose of M
Matrice
atrice
atrices
s:
Property I. (A + B)´ = A´ + B´
Property II. If A is any matrix, then (A´)´ = A
Property III. If k is any number real or complex and A be any matrix, then (kA)´ = kA´
Property IV. If A be a m ï n matrix and B be a n ï p matrix, then (AB)´ = B´A´.
Symmetric M
Mat
at
atric
ric
rices
es :
A square matrix A = [aij ] will be called symmetric it for all values of i and j, a ij = a ji.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 23
i.e. every i-jth element = j-ith element.
a h g
e.g. A h b f
g f c
3 3
Property A´ = A
Skew S
Symm
ymm
ymmetric
etric M
Matri
atri
atrixx:
A square matrix A = [aij ] wil be called skew symmetric if its i-jth element is ă ive of j-ith element for all values of i and j i.e.
an = an for all values of i and j.
Since diagonal elements will be of the type a11 .a22 .a33, ... a n and by given condition an = ă a n for all values of i
or 2a ii = 0 a ii = 0
Hence the diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zero.
0 h g
h 0 f
e.g. is a skew symmetric matrix.
g f 0
Property : A´ = ă A.
Some re
res
sults rel
relate
ate
ated
d to sy
symme
mme
mmetr
tr
tric
ic and sskew
kew ssymm
ymm
ymmetr
etr
etric
ic matr
matrice
ice
ices
s:
(i) If A is any square matrix, then A + A´ is a symmetric matrix and A ă A´ is a skew symmetric matrix.
A ă A´ is a skew symmetric matrix.
Proof : (A + A´) = A´ + (A´) = A´ + A + A´ [ (A + B)´ (A´ + B´]
Hence A + A´ is a symmetric matrix.
Again (A ă A´) = A´ ă (A´) = A´ ă A = ă (A ă A´)
Hence A ă A´ is a skew symmetric matrix
(ii) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew symmetric matrix.
1 1
Proof : Let A be any square matrix. Then as in (i) (A + A´) will be a symmetric matrix and (A ă A´) will be
2 2
a skew symmetric matrix.
1 1
Let B = (A + A´) and C = (A ă A´)
2 2
1 1
Then A = (A + A´) + (A ă A´) = B + C
2 2
where B is a symmetric matrix and C is a skew symmetric matrix.
To prove that the representation is unique :
If possible let A = D + E where D is a symmetric and E is a skew symmetric matrix. Then D´ = D and E´ = ă E.
...(1)
Now A = D + E A´ = D´ + E´ = D ă E [From (1)]
Thus A = D + E 1
and E = (A ă A´) = C.
and A' = D E 2
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
24 MARKS
Illustration 20
4 2 3
Express A as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix, where A 1 3 6
5 0 7
Solution :
4 2 3
1 3 6
We have A =
5 0 7
4 1 5
2 3 0
A´ =
3 6 7
4 2 3 4 1 5
1 3 6 2 3 0
then A + A´ =
5 0 7 3 6 7
8 3 8
3 6 6
= ...(1)
8 6 0
4 2 3 4 1 5
1 3 6 2 3 0
and A ă A´ =
5 0 7 3 6 7
0 1 2
1 0 6
= ...(2)
2 6 14
Adding (1) and (2), we get
8 3 8 0 1 2
3 6 6 1 0 6
2A = +
8 6 0 2 6 14
4 3 / 2 4 0 1 / 2 1
3 / 2 3 3 1 / 2 0 3
A =
4 3 0 1 3 7
Symmetric matrix Skew symmetric matrix
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 25
DE TER MIN ANTS
Determinant is a number associated with every square matrix, i.e. the number of rows and columns are equal.
Determinant of a square matrix A = [aij ] is denoted by |A| = |aij| or = |A|
a11 a12 a1n
a21 a22 a2n
or
an1 an2 ann
Determinant of order 2 :
Order 2 means 2 rows & 2 columns.
a11 a12
i.e. A
a21 a22
denotion aij means number associated with ith row & jth column.
Also notice in order 2 there are 2 ï 2 = 4 numbers
Determinant of order 3 :
order = 3 rows ï 3 columns
a11 a12 a13
A a21 a22 a23
i.e.
a31 a32 a33
Value of determinant of order 2 :
a11 a12
for |A| =
a21 a22
= (a 11 ï a22 ă a21 ï a12)
i.e. cross multiply and subtract
or oder 3 :
a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23
for |A| =
a31 a32 a33
Here there are 2 possibilities of expanding the determinant i.e. finding its value.
One is by expanding row & the other is by expanding column.
We will solve first by expanding row.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
26 MARKS
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
A a 11 a 12 a 13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
we can achieve this by
leaving the elements of
that row & column.
Similarly for a12 & a13.
Sign Convention :
Why there is (ă) sign for a 12 ?
How to decide :
1. multiply the term with (ă1)i + j
for example for a11 , it is (ă 1)1+1 = 1
for a12 , it is (ă 1)1 + 2 = 1 that is the reason for ă 1 sign.
for a 13, it is (ă 1)1 + 3 = 1
or other way to learn sign convention is by alternate +, ă
Expanding by column
a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23
For |A| =
a31 a32 a33
a22 a23 a a a a
|A| = a11 a21 12 13 a31 12 13
a32 a33 a32 a33 a22 a23
though we will generally use expension by row method.
Illustration 21
1 2 4
3 4 9
Find the value of the determinant
2 1 6
Solution :
Expanding the determinant along the first row
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 27
4 9 3 9 3 4
= 1 2 4
1 6 2 6 2 1
= 1 (24 ă 9) ă 2 (18 ă 8) + 4 (3 ă 8)
= 15 ă 2 ï 0 + 4 ï (ă 5) = ă 5
Illustration 22
3 1 7
Find the value of the determinant 5 0 2
2 5 3
Solution :
Expanding the determinant along the second row,
1 7 3 7 3 1
=ă 5 0 2
5 3 2 3 2 5
= ă 5 (3 ă 35) + 0 (9 ă 14) ă 2 (15 ă 2)
= 160 ă 26 = 134
No te : Since 5 is in second row and first colum n so , the sign b efore 5 is ( ă 1) 2 + 1
= (ă 1) 3
= ă 1 (minus). Similarly the sign before 0 is + (plus) and that before 2 is ă (minus).
Minor
inors
s and co
cofacto
facto
factors
rs :
In the determinant
a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
if we leave the row and the column passing through the element aij then the second order determinant thus obtained is called the
minor of aij and it is denoted by Mij Thus we can get 9 minors corresponding to the 9 elements.
For example, in determinant (i)
a12 a13
The minor of the element a21 = M21
a32 a33
a11 a13
The minor of the element a32 = M32
a 21 a 23
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
28 MARKS
In terms of the notation of minors if we expand the determinant along the first row, then,
= (ă1)1+1 a11 M 11 + (ă1)1+2 a 12M 12 + (ă1)1+3 a13 M13
= a11M11 ă a12 M12 + a 13M13
Similarly expanding along the second column. We have,
= a1 M12 + a 22M22 ă a 32M32
Cofactors : The minor Mij multiplied by (ă1)i +j
is called the cofactor of the element aij
If we note the cofactor of the element aij, by A ij, then
Cofactor of a ij = Aij = (ă1)i + j Mij
a12 a13
Cofactor of the element a 21 A 21 ( 1) 2 1 M21
a32 a33
3 2 a11 a13
Cofactor of the element a 32 A 32 ( 1) M32
a21 a23
So the cofactor of an element aij = (ă1)i + j ï the determinant obtained by leaving the row and the column passing through that
element.
In terms of the notation of the cofactors.
= a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
= a21 A21 + a22 A22 + a23 A23
= a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33
Also a11A 21 + a 12A 22 + a 13A 23 = 0
a11A 31 + a 12A32 + a 13A 33 = 0 etc.
Therefore, in a determinant the sum of the products of the elements of any row or column with the corresponding cofactors is
equal value of the dterminant. Also the sum of the products of the elements of any row or column with the cofactors of the
corresponding elements of any other row or column is zero.
Illustration 23
4 2 3
Find the determinant of minors and cofactors of the determinant 7 2 5
8 1 3
Solution :
2 5
Here M11 = (Delete 1st row and first column)
1 3
=6ă5
M 11 = 1
C11 = 1( (ă 1)1 + 1 = 1)
7 5
M12 = (Delete 1st row and 2nd column)
8 3
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 29
= 21 ă (ă 40)
M 12 = 61
C12 = 61( (ă 1)1 + 2 = ă 1)
7 2
M13 = (Delete 1st row and 3rd column)
8 1
= 7 ă 16
M 13 = ă 23
C13 = ă 23( (ă 1)1 + 3 = 1)
3 4
M21 = (Delete 2nd row and 1st column)
1 3
= 9 ă (ă 4)
M 21 = 13
C21 = ă 13( (ă 1)2 + 1 = ă 1)
2 4
M22 = (Delete 2nd row and 2nd column)
8 3
= 6 ă 32
M22 = ă 26
C22 = ă 26( (ă 1)2 + 2 = 1)
2 3
M23 = (Delete 2nd row and 3rd column)
8 1
= ă 2 ă 24
M 23 = ă 26
C23 = 26( (ă 1)2 + 3 = ă 1)
3 4
M31 = (Delete 3rd row and 1st column)
2 5
= ă 15 ă 8
M31 = ă 23
C31 = ă 23( (ă 1)3 + 1 = 1)
2 4
M32 = (Delete 3rd row and 2nd column)
7 5
= ă 10 ă 28
M 32 = ă 38
C32 = 38( (ă 1)3 + 2 = ă 1)
2 3
and M33 = (Delete 3rd row and 3rd column)
7 2
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
30 MARKS
= 4 ă 21
M33 = ă 17
C33 = ă 17( (ă 1)3 + 3 = 1)
Hence Determinants of Minors and Cofactors are :
1 61 23 1 61 23
13 26 26 13 26 26
and are respectively.
23 38 17 23 38 17
Orth
Orthogona
ogona
ogonall Matri
Matrixx:
A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix if the product of the matrix A and as transpose A´ is an identity matrix.
i.e. AA´ = I
Note (i) If AA´ = I then Aă1 = A´
Note (ii) If A and B are orthogonal then AB is also orthogonal.
Illustration 24
1 2 2
1
Verify that A 2 1 2 is an orthogonal matrix.
3 2 2 1
Solution :
1 2 2
1
Given A 2 1 2
3
2 2 1
1 2 2
1
A´ = 3 2 1 2
2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 2
1 1
AA´ = 3 2 1 2 2 1 2
2 2 1 3 2 2 1
1 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2
1
=
9 2 2 4 41 4 422
2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 1
9 0 0 1 0 0
1
= 0 9 0 = 0 1 0 = 1
9 0 0 0 1
0 9
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 31
Hence A is orthogonal matrix.
Adj
djoint
oint of a Matrix :
If A = [a ij] be a n-squared matrix then the matrix B = [bij ] such that bij is the co-factor of the element aji in the determinant
|A| is called the adjoint of matrix A and is written as adj.A.
In simple language we can say that adj.A is the transpose of the matrix formed by the co-factors of elements of |A|.
Working rule for finding the adjoint of A.
Write down the determinant |A| and the co-factors of various rows which will be columns of adj.A or replace each element in
A by its co-factors and then take transpose to get adj.A.
Rule to write the cofactors of an element aij .
Cross the row and column intersecting at the element aij and the determinant which is left be denoted by D, then
Cofactor of aij D if i j even
D if i j = odd
Illustration 25
A find adj.A and show that adj. (adj.A) = A.
Co-factor of is and co-factor of is ă .
Co-factor of is ă and co-factor of is .
Matrix formed by co-factors is ...(1)
Adj. A = transpose of matrix (1)
= ...(2)
You may see that , ă are the co-factors of first row of A and it forms the first column of
adj.A, ă , are the co-factors of 2nd row of A and it forms the second column of adj.A.
Rule for adjoint of 2 ï 2 matrix : If A be 2 ï 2 then adj.A is written by interchanging the elements of leading diagonal and
3 4 7 4
changing the sign of the elemnts of other diagonal i.e. if A then adj.A =
5 7 5 3
...(3)
i.e. elements 3, 7 of leading diagonal have been interchanged and the sign of 4, ă 5 in the other diagonal have been changed.
Pro
Proper
per
pertie
tie
ties
s of a
adjoin
djoin
djointt A.
The product of a matrix and its adjoint is commutative.
(a) If A be n-rowed square matrix, then (adj.A) A = A (adj.A) = |A|.ln
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
32 MARKS
1 0 0 A 0 0
= A 0 1 0 0 A 0 ...(I)
0 0 1 0 0 A
where |A| is determinant A and ln is the n-rowed unit matrix.
Deduction (a) If A is a n-squared singular matrix i.e., |A| = 0, then
A (adj.A) = (adj.A) = O (null matrix by (I)
A matrix is said to be singular if its determinant is zero i.e. |A| = 0
Deduction (b) |adj.A| = |A|nă1 if |A| is not zero.
If clearly follows from above on taking determinants of both sides in (I) (a) that
|A|. |adj.A|=|A|n=|adj.A|.|A|
|adj.A| = |A|nă1 provided |A| is not zero.
If |A| is not zero then A is said to be non-singular matrix.
Verification of the rule
(adj.A) A = A (Adj.A) = |A|In
0 1 1
if A 1 2 0
3 1 4
8 5 2
4 3 1
then Adj A =
7 3 1
Also |A| = ă 11 by calculation
A (adj.A) by actual multiplication
11 0 0 A 0 0
0 11 0
= 0 A 0
0 0 11 0 0 A
=diag[|A|.|A|.|A|]
Taking determinants of both sides, we get
|A adj. A|= |diag. [|A|, |A|, |A|]
or |A11 adj.A|= |A|n
|adj.A| = |A|nă1 provided
|A| 0 i.e. A is non-singular.
(b) Adj. (Adj.A) = |A|nă2 A if A be non-singular
Put Adj.A = B then
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 33
B adj.B = |B|In = diag. [|B|, |B, ...|B|]
A (B adj.B) = A diag. [|B|, |B|... |B|]
= |B|A
Now put B = adj.A in (I)
|B|=|adj.A|=|A|nă1
A (adj.A) adj. (adj.A) = |A|nă1 A
|A| In adj. (adj. A) = |A|nă1 A
adj. (adj.A) = |A|nă2 A
Particular Case : If A be 3 ï 3 matrix, then
adj.(adj.A) = |A|n ă 2 A
= |A|3 ă 2 A = |A|.A
2 5
Minor of 2 =
0 6 = ă 12 ă 0 = ă 12
Cofactor of 2 = (ă 1)1 + 2 (ă 12) = 12 [ 2 occurs in the 1st row and 2nd column]
Inv
Inver
er
erse
se or rec
recipr
ipr
iprocal
ocal of a sq
square
uare matri
matrix
x
Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then a matrix B (if such a matrix exists) is called the inverse of A if AB = BA = In
Inverse of the square matrix A is denoted by A ă1.
Exi
Exis
stence of tthe
he inv
invers
ers
erse
e:
The inverse of a square matrix A exists if and only if A is a non-singular matrix.
If part : Let A be non-singular square matrix of order n. Then |A| 0
adj .A
Let B =
A
A ( adj A) A In
Then AB = I n A.( adj A) A I n ...(1)
A A
a d j .A
Hence B i.e. is the inverse of matrix A (by definition of inverse)
A
Only if part : Let A be a square matrix of order n. Let inverse of A exist. Let B be the inverse of A.
Then by definition of inverse
AB = In |AB|= |In| = 1
or |A| |B| = 1 [ |AB| = |A| |B|]
|A| 0, because product |A| |B| is non-zero.
Hence A is non singular.
1 adj .A
Note : (i) A (ii) AA ă1 = I n [From (1)]
A
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
34 MARKS
Theo
heore
re
rems
ms :
(i) If A and B be any two non-singular matrices, then AB is also a non-singular matrix and (AB)ă1 = Bă1 Aă1.
A, B are non-singular |A| 0, |B| 0
|AB| = |A| |B| 0 Hence AB is non-singular.
Now AB (Bă1 Aă1)
= A {B(Bă1 Aă1 )} = A {BBă1) A ă1 } [by associative law]
= A {In Aă1 } { BBă1 = In ]
= AAă1 [ I n Aă1 = Aă1 ]
= In
Hence B ă1 A ă1 is the inverse of AB
(AB)ă1 = Bă1 Aă1
(ii) If A is a non singular matrix, then (Aă1 )ă1 = A
Let A be a square matrix of order n,
Then Aă1 A = In inverse of Aă1 = A (A ă1)ă1 = A
(iii) I nă1 = In as I nă1 In = I n
Complex Conjugate (or C
Coonjugaate) o
orr a Matr
Matrix
ix
If a matrix A is having complex numbers as its elements, the matrix obtained from A by replacing each element of A by its conjugate
(a ib a ib) is called the conjugate of matrix A and is denoted by A.
For example :
a ib x iy p iq
i i i
If A =
r is iv i
3 3
a ib x iy p iq
i i i
then =
A
r is iv i 3 3
Note : If all elements of A are real then A A .
Prope
Propertie
rtie
rties
s of Comp
Comple
le
lex
x Conjugate of a Matr
Matrix
ix
(i) (A) A, i.e., conjugate of the conjugate of a matrix is the matrix itself.
(ii) (A + B) A B, i.e., the conjugate of the sum of the two matrices is the sum of their conjugates.
(iii) ( kA) kA, where k is any number.
(iv) (AB) A.B, where A and B being conformable to multiplication.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 35
Conjugate Tran
Transpose
spose of a Matri
Matrix
x:
The conjugate of the transpose of a matrix A is called the conjugate transpose of A and is denoted by A .
Thus, A = Conjugate of A´ = (A´)
2 4i 3 5 9i
i
If A =
4 3i
2 5 4 i
2 4i 4 2
3 i 5
then Aă = (A´) =
5 9i 3i 4 i
Pro
Proper
per
perties
ties of T
Trans
rans
ranspose
pose
posed
d Conju
Conjugate
gate Matrix
(i) For any matrix A, (A)´ (A´), i.e., the transposed conjugate of a matrix is equal to the conjugate of its transpose.
(ii) For any matrix A, (A ) = A
(iii) If A and B are two matrices conformable to addition, then (A + B) = A + B
(iv) For a matrix A, (k A) = kA , where k is a scalar.
(v) If A and B are two matrices conformable to the product AB, then (AB) = BA
H ermi
ermiti
ti
tian
an Mat
Matri
ri
rixx:
A square matrix A such that A´ A is called Hermitian matrix, provided aij = a ij a ji for all values of i and j or Aă1 =
A.
For example :
a i i
i x iy
If A =
i iy y
a i i
i x iy
A´ =
i iy y
a i i
i x iy A
(A´) =
i iy y
Hence A is Hermitian.
Skew
Skew-He
-He
-Herm
rm
rmitian
itian M
Mat
at
atrix
rix :
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
36 MARKS
A square matrix A such that A´ A is called skew-hermitian matrix, provided aij = ă a ji for all values of i and j for A
= ă A.
For example :
2 i 2 3 i 2 i
2 3 3i
i i
If A =
2 i 3i 0
2i 2 3i 2 i
2 3i i 3i
A´ =
2 i 3i 0
2 i 2 3 i 2 i 2 i 2 3 i 2 i
2 3 3i 2 3i i 3i
i i
(A´) =
2 i 3i
0 2i 3i 0
(A´) = ă A
or A = ă A
Hence A is Skew-Hermitian Matrix.
Properties of H
Herm
erm
ermitian
itian a
and
nd S
Skkew-Hermitian Matrix
(i) The diagonal elements of a Hermitian matrix are necessarily real.
(ii) The diagonal elements of a Skew-Hermitian matrix are either purely imaginary or zero.
(iii) Every square matrix (with complex elements) can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian
matrices.
1 1
i.e., A = (A + A ) (A A )
2 2
1 1
where (A + A ) and (A A ) are Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian parts of A.
2 2
Illustration 26
2 3i 2 5
Express A as the sum of a Hermitian and a Skew-Hermitian matrix where A 3 i 7 3 i
3 2i i 2 i
Solution :
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 37
2 3i 2 5
We have A 3 i 7 3 i
3 2i i 2 i
2 3 i 3 i 3 2 i
i
A´ = 2 7
5 3 i 2 i
2 3i 3 i 3 2i
i
(A´) = 2 7
5 3 i 2 i
2 3 i 3 i 3 2 i
i
or A = 2 7
5 3 i 2 i
2 3i 2 5 2 3 i 3 i 3 2 i
A + A = 3 i 7 3 i
2 7 i
3 2i i 2 i 5 3i 2 i
4 1 i 8 2i
1 i 14 3 2i
= ...(1)
8 2i 3 2i 4
2 3i 2 5 2 3i 3 i 3 2i
3 7 3 3 7 i
i i i
and A ă A =
3 2i i 2 i 3 2i 3i 2 i
6i 5 i 2 2 i
5 0 3
i
= ...(2)
2 2i 3 2i
adding (1) and (2), we get
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
38 MARKS
4 1 i 8 2i 6i 5i 2 2i
1 i 14 3 2 i 5 i 0 3
2A =
8 2 i 2 i 4 2 2 i 3 2 i
1 i
4 i 3i
5 i
2
2 2 2 2 2 2i
1 i 3 5 i
7 1 0 3
= 2 2 2 2 2 i
Hence A
3 3
4i i 2 1i
2 2
Un
Unit
it
itaa ry Ma
Matt r ix :
A square matrix A is called a unitary matrix if AA = I, where I is an identity matrix and A is the transposed conjugate of A.
Illustration 27
1 1 1 i
Prove that the matrix is unitary.
3 1 i 1
Solution :
1 1 1 i
Let A =
3 1 i 1
1 1 1 i
A´ =
3 1 i 1
1 1 1 i
(A´) =
3 1 i 1
1 1 1 i
or A =
3 1 i 1
1 1 1 i 1 1 1 i
AA =
3 1 i 1 3 1 i 1
1 3 0 1 0
= I
3 0 3 0 1
Hence A is unitary matrix.
Properties of Unitary Matrix
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 39
(i) If A is unitary matrix, then A´ is also unitary.
(ii) If A is unitary matrix, then Aă1 is also unitary.
(iii) If A and B are unitary matrices then AB is also unitary.
Illustration 28
a h g x
If A.B.C are three matrices such that A x y z , B h b f , C y
find ABC.
g f c z
Solution :
Since associative law holds for matrix multiplication, therefore A (BC) = (AB) C which can be written as ABC.
a h g x ax hy gz
h b f y hx by fz
Now BC =
g f c z gx yf zc
a h g x ax hy gz
h b f y hx by fz
A(BC) = [xyz]
g f c z gx yf zc
= [x (ax + hy + gz) + y (hx + by + fz) + z (gx + yf + zc)]
= [ax2 + by 2 + cz2 + 2hxy + 2gzx + 2fyz]
Illustration 29
1 2 3
Find the transpose and adjoint of the matrix A, where A 0 5 0
2 4 3
Solution :
1 0 2
Ist part : A´ 2 5 4
3 0 3
2nd part :
Let B be the matrix whose elements are cofactors of the corresponding elements of the matrix A. Then B =
15 0 10
6 3 0
15 0 5
15 6 15
0 3 0
adj. A = B´ =
10 0 5
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
40 MARKS
Illustration 30
0 1 2
Find the inverse of the matrix A 1 2 3
3 1 1
Solution :
Let B be the matrix whose elements are the cofactors of the corresponding elements of A. Then
1 8 5 1 1 1
1 6 3 8 6 2
B= adj A = B´ =
1 2 1 5 3 1
0 1 2
A 1 2 3
= 0 (ă 1) + 1.8 + 2 (ă 5) = ă 2
3 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
adj A adj A
A 1 4 3 1
A 2 5 3 1
2 2 2
Illustration 31
1 2 5
Compute the inverse of the matrix A
2 3 1 ă1
and verify that A A = I
1 1 1
Solution :
Let B be the matrix whose elements are co-factors of the corresponding elements of A, then
2 3 5 2 3 13
B 3 6 3 3 6 9
adj A = B´ =
13 9 1 5 3 1
1 2 5
A 2 3 1
= 1.2 + 2(ă 3) + 5.5 = 21
1 1 1
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 41
2 / 21 3 / 21 13 / 21
adj A adj A
A 1
3 / 21 6 / 21 9 / 21
A 21
5 / 21 3 / 21 1 / 21
1 2 5
Also A 2 3 1
1 1 1
2 6 13 4 9 13 10 3 13
21 21 21
1 0 0
3 12 9 6 18 9 15 6 9 0 1 0 I
A A
1
21 21 21
0 0 1
5 61 10 9 1 25 3 1
21 21 21
Illustration 32
1 2 2
A 2 1 2 2 ă1
Let , prove that A ă 4A ă 5I = 0, hence obtain A .
2 2 1
Solution :
1 2 2 1 2 2
2 1 2 2 1 2
A2 = A.A =
2 2 1 2 2 1
1 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 9 8 8
2 2 4 4 1 4 4 2 2 8 9 8
=
2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 1 8 8 9
9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0
8 9 8 8 4 8 0 5 0
Now A 2 ă 4A ă 5I =
8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5
9 4 5 8 8 0 8 8 0 0 0 0
8 8 0 9 4 5 8 8 0
= 0 0 0 O
8 8 0 8 8 0 9 4 5 0 0 0
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
42 MARKS
Thus A 2 ă 4A ă 5I = O [Here O is the zero matrix]
ă1 2
ă1 ă1
A A ă 4A A ă 5A I = A O = O ă1
or (Aă1 A) A ă 4 (A ă1 A) ă 5Aă1 = O; or IA ă 4I ă 5A ă1 = O
1 2 2 4 0 0 3 2 2
2 1 2 0 4 0 2 3 2
5Aă1 = A ă 4I =
2 2 1 0 0 4 2 2 3
3 2 2 3 / 5 2/ 5 2 / 5
1
A 1 2 3 2 2 / 5 3 / 5 2 / 5
5
2 2 3 2/ 5 2 / 5 3 / 5
Ele
Elemle
mle
mlentary
ntary ope
operat
rat
rations
ions or e
elem
lem
lementary
entary trans
transformati
formati
formations
ons of a mat
matri
ri
rix
x:
Any of the following operations is called an elementary transformation.
(i) Interchanging any two rows of the given matrix. This transformation is indicated by Rij , if the ith row are interchanged.
or denoted by Ri Rj
(ii) The multiplying every element of any row of the given matrix by a non-zero number. This transformation is indicated by Ri (k),
if the multiplication of the ith row by a constant k(k 0)
or denoted by Ri k.R j
(iii) Addition of a constant multiple of the elements of any row to the corresponding elements of any other row. This transformation
is indicated by Rij (k), if the addition of the ith row to the elements of the jth row multiplied by constant k(k 0).
or denoted by Ri Ri + kRj
Note : Similarly we can deline the three column operations. Cij (Ci Cj). Ci(k) (C i kCi ) and Cij (k) (Ci Ci + kC j).
To com
compute
pute the Invers
Inverse
e of a M
Matrix
atrix fro
from
m el
elemen
emen
ementary
tary Row Tr
Transfor
ansfor
ansformation
mation :
If A is reduced to I by elementary row (L.H.S.) transformation, then suppose I is reduced to P (R.H.S.) and not change A in
R.H.S.
i.e., A =I A
After transformation I = PA
then P is the inverse of A
P = Aă1
Solu
Solution
tion of si
simu
mu
mullta
tanneous li
linear
near equ
equations
ations (Matrix M
Method)
ethod)
Let us consider the following system of n linear equations in n unknowns x1, x 2, ..., xn
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 43
a11 x1 a12 x2 ... a1n xn b1
a 21x1 a 22x2 ... a 2 nx n b2
... ... ... ... ...(1)
an1 x1 an2 x2 ... ann xn bn
If b1 = b2 = ... = b n = 0, then the system of equations (1) is called a system of homogeneous linear equations and if at least
one of b 1, b2 ..., bn is non zero, then it is called a system of non homogeneous linear equations.
Solution of a system of equations :
A set of values 1, 2, ..., n of x1, x 2, ..., x n respectively which satisfy all the equations of the given system of equations is
called a solution of the given system of equations.
The system of equations is said to be consistent if its solution exist otherwise it is said to be inconsistant.
a11 a12 ... a1n x1 b1
a b
21 a22 ... a2n x2
A= , X , B =
2
Let
...
an1 an2 ... ann bn bn
Then the system of equations (1) can be written as AX = B
Here A is a n ï n matrix and is called the coefficient matrix. Each of X and B is a n ï 1 matrix.
I. When system of equations is non-homogeneous :
(i) If |A| 0, the system of equations is consistent and has a unique solution given by X = Aă1 B
Proof : Since |A| 0, therefore Aă1 exist.
Now AX = B \ Aă1 (AX) = Aă1 B
or, (Aă1 A) X = Aă1 B [by associative law for matrix multiplication]
or InX = A ă1B
or X = Aă1B [ I nX = X]
(ii) If |A| = 0, the system of equations has no solution or an infinite number of solutions according as (adj A).B is non-zero
or zero.
II. When system of equations is homogeneous :
(i) If |A| 0, the system of equations has only trivial solution and number of solutions is one.
(ii) If |A| = 0, the system of equations has non-trivial solution and the number of solutions is infinite.
If the system of homogeneous linear equations has number of equations less than the number of unknowns, then it has
non-trivial solution.
Illustration 34
Solve the following equations by matrix method :
5x + 3y + z = 16
2x + y + 3z = 19
x + 2y + 4z = 25
Solution :
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
44 MARKS
5 3 1 x 16
2 1 3 , X 19
Let A= y and B =
1 2 4 z 15
Then the matrix equation of the given system of equations become AX = B
5 3 1
Now A 2 1 3 5 (4 6) 3 (8 3) 1 (4 1) 22 0
1 2 4
Hence A is non-singular. Therefore the given system of equations will have the unique solution given by X = Aă1 B
Let C be the matrix whose elements are the cofactors of the corresponding elements of A, then
2 5 3 2 10 8
C 10 19 7
adj A = C´ 5 19 13
8 13 1 3 7 1
2 10 8
1
5 19 13
1 adj A
A
A 22
3 7 1
2 / 22 10 / 22 8 / 22 16 1
5 / 22 19 / 22 13 / 22 19 2
3 / 22 7 / 22 1/ 22 25 5
x 1
2
y x = 1, y = 2, z = 5
z 5
Illustration 35
5 1 3 1 1 2
Find the product of two matrices A and B where A 7 1 5 , B 3 2 1
and use it for solving the equations
1 1 1 2 1 3
x + y + 2z = 1
3x + 2y + z = 7
2x + y + 3z = 2
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 45
a b c
Remark. For reducing a 3 ï 3 matrix, A d e f to identify matrix by using elementary
g h i
row transformation, it is advisable to follow the order shown below :
>
a b c
i ix viii
>
d e f
<
ii iii vii
>
g h i
<
iv
>
v
>
vi
(i) first reduce a to 1, (ii) then reduce d to 0,
(iii) then reduce e to 1 (by dividing), iv) then reduce g to 0 (by using R1),
(v) then reduce h to 0 (by using R2), (vi) then reduce i to 1 (by dividing),
(vii) then reduce f to 0 (by using R3), (viii) then reduce c to 0 (by using R 2 ).
Illustration 33
0 0 ă1
Find the inverse of the matrix, A 3 4 5 by using elementary row transformations.
ă 2 ă 4 ă 7
Solution : We have
A = I 3A
0 0 ă 1 1 0 0
3 4 5 0 1 0 A
ă 2 ă 4 ă 7 0 0 1
Applying R1 R 3, we get
ă2 ă4 ă 7 0 0 1
3 4 5 0 1 0 A
0 0 ă 1 1 0 0
Applying R1 R1 + R2, we get
1 0 ă 2 0 1 1
3 4 5 0 1 0 A
0 0 ă 1 1 0 0
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
46 MARKS
Applying R2 R 2 ă 3R 1, we get
1 0 ă 2 0 1 1
0 4 11 0 ă 2 ă 3 A
0 0 ă 1 1 0 0
1
Applying R2 R , we get
4 2
1 0 ă 2 0 1 1
11 2 3
0 1 0 A
4 3 4
0 0 1 1 0 0
Applying R3 ă R3, we get
1 0 ă 2 0 1 1
0 11 2 3
1 0 A
4 4 4
0 0 1 1 0 0
Applying R 2 R 2 11 R 3
4
0 1 1
1 0 2 11
0 3
0
2
1 A
4 4 4
0 0 1 1
0 0
Applying R1 R1 + 2R3
2 1 1
1 0 0
11
2 3
A
0 1 0 4 4 4
0 0 1 1
0 0
2 1 1
11 8 4 4
2 3 3
1 1
A 11 2
4 4 4 4
1
4 0 0
0 0
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 47
5 1 3 1 1 2
Solution : AB 7 1 5 3 2 1
1 1 1 2 1 3
5 3 6 5 2 3 10 1 9
7 3 10 7 2 5 14 1 15
=
1 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 3
4 0 0 1 0 0
0 4 0 4 0 1 0 4I
3 ....(1)
0 0 4 0 0 1
Also given system of equations in matrix from is BX = C ....(2)
x 1
where X y and C 7
z 2
From (2), X = Bă1 C [multiplying both sides of (2) by Bă1 as Bă1 B = I]
A
From (1), AB 413 . B I3
4
5 7 6
4 4 4
5 / 4 1/4 3 / 4 1 2
A
5 / 4 7
1 7 7 10
B 7/4 1/ 4 1
4 4 4 4
1 / 4 1 / 4 1 / 4 3 1
1 7 2
4 4 4
x = 2, y = 1, z = ă1
Rank of a ma
matrix
trix
1 3 4
Consider the matrix A
2 6 8 2 3
Above is 2 ï 3 matrix.
Sub-matrix of order r :
If we retain any r rows and equal number of r columns we will have a square submatrix of order r whose determinant is called
minor of order r.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
48 MARKS
In the above matrix we cannot have a square sub matrix of order 3 because there are no 3 rows though 3 columns are there. We
1 3 3 4 1 4
can at the most have minors of order 2 say , ,
2 6 6 8 2 8
or we can have minors of order 1 which means each element of the matrix is a minor of order 1. Similarly if a matrix A is 3 ï
4 then we can have minors of order 3, 2 and 1 only.
The rank o
off a given ma
matrix o be r if
trix A is said tto
(a) Every minor of A of order r + 1 is zero.
(b) There is at least one minor of A of order r which does not vanish.
The rank r of matrix A is written as (A) = r
Note : From above it clearly follows that the rank of a null matrix i.e., zero matrix all of whose elements are zeroes is zero.
Also the rank of a singular square matrix of order n cannot be n because minor of highest order i.e., |A| = 0 and there is only
one minor of highest order.
Working rule :
Calculate the minors of highest possible order of a given matrix A. If it is not zero then the order of the minor is the rank. If
it is zero and all other minors of the same order be also zero then calculate minors of next lower order and if at least one of them
is not zero then this next lower order will be the rank. If, however, all the minors of next lower order are zero then calculate
minors of still next lower order and so on.
Illustration 36
1 2 3
A 2 4 7
Find the rank of the matrix
3 6 10
Solution :
First method :
1 2 3
A 2 4 7
= 1 (40 ă 42) ă 2 (20 ă 21) + 3 (12 ă 12) = 0
3 6 10
There will be square submatrices of A of order 2. Now we consider the determinants of these submatrices.
1 2 1 3
(i) 4 4 0 (ii) 7 6 1 0
2 4 2 7
Thus rank of A = 2
[Because there is at least one square submatrix of order 2 whose determinant is non-zero and determinants of all square submatrices
of A of order greater than 2 are zero. Only one such matrix exist and that is the matrix A itself.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 49
Second method : We put A in echelon form
1 2 3 1 2 3
R 2 R 2 2R 1
Now A 2 4 7 ~ 0 0 1
R R3 3R1
3 6 10 0 0 1 3
1 2 3
0 0 1 [R R R ]
~ 3 3 2
0 0 0
This is the echelon form of matrix A.
Rank A = number of non-zero rows in echelon form = 2
Soluti
lution
on of E
Equ
qu
quatio
atio
ations
ns
We have already introduced the following terms in relation to solution of equations.
i.e. Consistent (having solution). Inconsistent (having no solution), unique (only one solution) infinite (many solutions). Trivial
(all variables zero i.e. unique.
Re
Repres
pres
present
ent
entatio
atio
ation
n of eq
equati
uati
uation
on
ons
s iin
n ma
matri
tri
trix
x form
I. Intersecting lines. Unique solution. Consistent
x + 2y = 4
3x + y = 2
1 2 x 4
or or AX = B
3 1 y 2
1 2 4
A is called coefficient matrix and C = [A, B] = is 2 ï 3 matrix. C is called augmented matrix.
3 1 2
Natur
Nature
e of ssolutio
olutio
olution
n
(a) Rank A = Rank C = n = 2 the number of unknown. Solution is unique and is obtained as under.
1 2
Here A = 16 5 0
3 1
A is non-singular and Aă1 exists and
1 1 1 2
A 1 ( adj.A)
A 5 3 1
Multiplying both sides by Aă1 we have
Aă1 (AX) = Aă1 B or X = A ă1 B
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
50 MARKS
x 1 1 2 4
or =
y 5 3 1 2
1 0 0
= 10 2
5
x=0
y=2
2nd Method by CramerÊs rule
x y 1
D1 D2 D
x y 1
x y 1
4 2 1 4 1 2
or or
2 1 3 2 3 1 0 10 5
(b) Homogeneous equations. Unique solution. Trivial.
x + 2y = 0
1 2 x 0
3x + 2y = 0 or 3 1 y 0
AX = B
1 2 0
C [A, B]
3 1 0
Here as above Rank A = Rank C = n = 2 the number of unknown variables and hence the solution will be unique and is given
by X = Aă1 B
x 1 1 2 0 0
or
y 5 3 1 0 0
x = 0, y = 0
II. Coincident lines. Infinite solutions. Consistent
(c) x + 2y = 4
3x + 6y = 12
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 51
1 2 x 4
3
or
6 y 12
1 2 4
or AX = B C = [A, B] =
3 6 12
1 2
Here A 0
3 6
so that matrix A is singular and Aă1 will not exist
Apply R2 ă 3R1
1 2 4 1 2
C and A 0 0
0 0 0
Clearly Rank C = Rank A = 1 which is less than n = 2 the number of variables and hence the system of equations are
consistent and will have infinite solutions. As a matter of fact we have only one equation on two variables x + 2y = 4
(The second equation on dividing by 3 becomes the same as x + 2y = 4)
4 c
We can have infinite number of points on a line Choosing x = c we have y
2
(d) Homogeneous equations
x + 2y = 0
1 2 x 0
3x + 6y = 0 or 3 6 y 0
or Ax = B
Arguing as in (c) Rank C = Rank A = 1, |A| = 0. As a matter of fact we have only one equation x + 2y = 0. Rank C
= Rank A = 1, < n = 2 the number of variables.
Choosing y = c, x = ă 2c (c, ă 2c) constitute infinite solutions.
III. Parallel lines. Inconsistent. No solution.
(e) x + 2y = 4
1 2 4
3x + 6y = 7 or 3 6 7
1 2 4
or AX = B C
3 6 7
|A| = 0 i.e., A is singular.
Clearly Rank A = 1 but Rank C = 2
Rank A < Rank C Inconsistent
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
52 MARKS
7
As a matter of fact the two equations are x + 2y = 4 and x 2 y which are clearly inconsistent and have no solution.
3
Gi
Gist
st
I. Rank A = Rank C = n the number of variables then equations are consistent and have unique solution. A 0 sec (a), (b).
II. Rank A = Rank C = r < n the number of variables the equations are consistent and have infinite solutions, |A| = 0 sec (c), (d).
III. Rank A < Rank C
Inconsistent, |A| = 0 sec (e).
Non-homogeneous equation : We will illustrate the method by two examples. We have discussed this topic in determinants.
Here we illustrate the method by use of matrices.
Illustration 37
Solve the following equations
5x ă 6y + 4z = 15
7x + 4y ă 3z = 19
2x + y + 6z = 46
Solution :
5 6 4 x 15
19
The above equations can be written in matrix form as 7 6 3 y
2 1 6 z 46
or AX = B
5 6 4
A D 7 4 3
2 1 6
Apply C1 ă 2C 2, C3 ă 6C 2 to make two zeros in R3
17 6 40
D = 1 4 27
0 1 0
= ă [ă 459 + 40] = 419 0.
The matrix A is non-singular or rank of matrix A is 3. We will have a unique solution and the equations are consistent.
By Cr
Cramer’s
amer’s rrule.
ule.
x y z 1
D1 D2 D3 D
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 53
where D1 is obtained from D by replacing the first column of D by bÊs i.e., 15, 19, 46.
15 6 4
D 1 = 19 4 3
46 1 6
= 15 (27) ă 19 (ă 40) + 46 (2) = 1257
5 15 4 15 5 4
D2 = 7 19 3 19 7 3
2 46 6 46 2 6
= ă {15 (48) ă 19 (22) + 46 (ă 43) = 1676
5 6 15
D3 = 7 4 19
2 1 46
= 15 (ă 1) ă 19 (17) + 46 (62) = 2514
x y z 1
1257 1676 2514 419
x = 3, y = 4, z = 6.
2nd Method :
AX = B.
Since A is non-singular and hence its inverse exists. Multiplying both sides by Aă1 we get
Aă1 AX = A ă1B or IX = Aă1 B
or X = Aă1 B
adj .A
Now A 1 = A where
5 6 4
A = 7 4 3 419
2 1 6
Cofactors of elements of first row of |A| are 27, ă 48, ă 1
Cofactors of elements of 2nd row of |A| are 40, ă 22, ă 17
Cofactors of elements or 3rd row of |A| are 2, 43, 62
Above will be respective columns of adj.A
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
54 MARKS
27 40 2
adj.A= 48 22 43
1 17 62
27 40 2
1 Adj .A 1
A 48 22 43
A 419
1 17 62
X = Aă1 B
x 27 40 2 15
1 48 22 43 19
or y 419
z 1 17 62 46
x 27.15 40.19 2.46
1 48.15 22.19 43.46
y
419
or
z 1.15 17.19 62.46
1257 3
1
1676 4
= 419
2514 6
x = 3, y = 4, z = 6
Illustration 38
Solve the equations
x+y+z =6
xăy+z =2
2x + y ă z = 1
Solution :
1 1 1 x 6
1 1 1 y 2
In matrix form the given equations are or AX = B
2 1 1 z 1
1 1 1
A 1 1 1
2 1 1
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 55
1 1 1
A D 1 1 1
2 1 1
Apply R2 ă R1 , R 3 ă 2R 1,
1 1 1
0 2 0 6 0
=
0 1 3
i.e. matrix A is non-singular.
We will have unique solution and the equations are consistent.
By CramerÊs rule,
x y z 1
D1 D2 D3 D
where D1 is obtained from D by replacing the first column of D by bÊs i.e., 6, 2, 1
6 1 1 6 1 1
D1 2 1 1 4 2 0
1 1 1 7 2 0
By R2 ă R1 and R3 + R 1
4 2
D1 = 8 14 6
7 2
1 6 1 1 6 1
1 2 1 0 4 0
D2 =
2 1 1 0 11 3
4 0
= 12
11 3
1 1 6 1 1 6
D3 1 1 2 0 2 4
2 1 1 0 1 11
2 4
= 22 4 18
1 11
x y z 1
6 12 18 6
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
56 MARKS
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
Above gives the unique solution.
Illustration 39
Investigate for what values of , øthe simultaneous equations
x+y+z =6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + z =
1 1 1 x 6
1 2 3 y 10
or
1 2 z
have, (a) no solution, (b) a unique solution, (c) an infinite number of solutions.
Solution :
(a) For no solution
Rank A Rank C
(b) For unique solution i.e., coefficient matrix is non-singular.
Rank A Rank C = n
(c) For infinite number of solutions,
Rank A = Rank C = r where r < n
Augmented Matrix
1 1 1 6
C A, B 1 2 3 10
Apply R3 ă R 2
1 2
1 1 1 6
or 1 2 3 10 Apply R2 ă R 1
0 0 3 10
1 1 1 6
~ 0 1 2 4
0 0 3 10
1 1 1
Also A ~ 0 1 2
0 0 3
(a) = 3, ø 10.
In this case Rank A = 2 whereas Rank C = 3.
Rank A Rank C and hence no solution.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 57
(b) In case 3 then coefficient matrix A is non-singular Rank A = Rank C = 3, the number of variables. Hence we have
a unique solution which can be found by CramerÊs rule or by the help of inverse or by equivalent system of equations.
(c) In case = 3 and ø = 10 then the ranks of both A and C will be 2 < n = 3 and the equations will be consistent. We
shall assign arbitrary value to 3 ă 2 = 1 variable and remaining r = 2 variables shall be found in terms of these.
The equivalent system of equations when = 3 and ø = 10 are
1 1 1 x 6
0 1 2 y 4
0 0 0 z 0
or x + y + z = 6, y + 2z = 4, 0 = 0
Choose z=k y = 4 ă 2k
x = 6 ă y ă z = 6 ă (4 ă 2k) ă k = 2 + k.
Hom
omo
ogen
ene
eous E
Equ
qu
qua
ati
tio
ons :
Refer chapter of determinants. If D = |A| 0 then the system of homogeneous equations have trivial solution i.e., x = 0, y =
0 and z = 0. If however |A| = 0 then the system of equations will have non-trivial solution. We will illustrate the same by following
examples.
Illustration 40
Solve completely the equations
x + 3y ă 2z = 0
2x ă y + 4z = 0
x ă 11y + 14z = 0
Solution :
AX = O
1 3 2
A = 2 1 4
1 11 14
Reduce the matrix to Echelon form by applying elementary row, column operation
1 3 2
A = 0 7 8
by R2 ă 2R 1, R3 ă R1
0 14 16
= ă 112 + 112 = 0
Since |A| = 0 the system of equations with have non-trivial solution
Above is Echelon form of A and its rank is 2 the number of non-zero rows. Rank A = r < n where n = 3. Hence the system
has no n-trivia l solu tion . We sha ll a ssign arbi trary valu es to
n ă r = 3 ă 2 = 1 variable and remaining r = 2 variables shall be found in terms of these.
The equivalent system of equations is AX = O
1 3 2 x
0 7 8 y O
0 14 16 z
x + 3y ă 2z = 0, ă 7y + 8z = 0 and ă 14y + 16z = 0
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
58 MARKS
The last two are identical.
Thus we have only two equations in three variables i.e., x + 3y ă 2z = 0 and y = 8z/7.
We choose z = k y = 8k/7
24 10
and hence x = 2z ă 3y = 2k ă k k
7 7
Illustration 41
Discuss for all values of k the system of equations
x + (k + 4) y + (4k + 2) z = 0 or AX = O
2x + 3ky + (3k + 4) z = 0
x + 2 (k + 1) y + (3k + 4) z = 0
Solution :
1 k 4 4 k 2 x
3 k 4
The given equations can be written as 2
3k y O
1 2 k 2 3 k 4 z
1 k 4 4k 2
A 2 3k 3k 4
1 2k 2 3k 4
Apply R2 ă 2R 1 , R3 ă R1
1 k 4 4k 2
A 0 k 8 5k
0 k 2 k2
= (k ă 8) (ă k + 2) + 5k (k ă 2)
or ă k + 2k + 8 k ă 16 + 5k2 ă 10k = 4k2 ă 16
2
Now |A| = 0 when k2 = 4 k= 2
Hence when k = 2 then |A| = 0 so that the matrix A is singular and hence the system will have non-trivial solution. But when
k 2 then |A| 0 that the system will have only trivial solution i.e. x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
1 6 10 x
For k = 2 the equivalent system of equations will be 0 6 10 y O
0 0 0 z
Clearly rank of A is 2 and we will assign arbitrary values to n ă r i.e. 3 ă 2 = 1 variable and remaining r = 2 variables shall
be found in terms of these
x + 6y + 10z = 0, ă 6y ă 10z = 0, 0 = 0
Only two equations in three variables.
Choose z = c y = ă 5c/3 and x = 0
For k = ă 2 the equivalent system of equations will be
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 59
1 2 6 x
0 10 10 y 0
0 4 4 z
1 2 6 x
or 0 1 1 y 0
0 1 1 z
x + 2y ă 6z = 0, y ă z = 0 and y ă z = 0
Choose z = k y = k and x = 4k
P R OP
OPEE R T I E S OF DE
DETT E R MI
MINN A N TS
Property I. The value of a determinant is not changed when rows are changed into corresponding columns.
Naturally when rows are changed into corresponding columns, then columns will be changed into corresponding rows.
a1 b1 c1
Proof : Let a 2 b2 c 2
a 3 b3 c3
Expanding the determinant along first row,
a1 (b2c3 ă b 3c 2) ă b 1 (a 2 c3 ă a 3c2) + c1 (a2b3 ă a 3b2) ...(i)
1 2 3
Example : 2 3 4 1 (15 4) 2 (10 0) 3 (2 0) 3
0 1 5
1 2 0
and ´ 2 3 1 1 (15 4) 2 (10 3) 0 (8 9) 3
3 4 5
Clearly ´ =
Property II. If any two rows or columns of a determinant are interchanged, the sign of the determinant is changed, but its
value remains the same.
1 2 3
Example : 2 3 4 1 (15 4) 2 (10 0) 3 (2 0) 3
0 1 5
2 3 4
and ´ 1 2 3 [R1 R2 ]
0 1 5
= 2 (10 ă 3) ă 3 (5 ă 0) + 4 (1 ă 0) = 3
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
60 MARKS
Property III.
The value of a d eterminant is zero if a ny two rows or c olumns a re identica l
1 2 3
Example : 2 3 4 1 (9 8) 2 (6 4) 3 (4 3) 0
1 2 3
Property IV.
A common factor of all elements of any rwo (or of any column) may be taken outside the sign of
the determinant. In other words if all the elements of the same row (or the same column) are
multiplied by a certain number, then the determinant becomes multiplied by that number.
32 24 16 4 3 2
Example : 8 3 5 8 8 3 5 [taking 8 common from Ist row]
4 5 3 4 5 3
1 3 2
= 8 4 2 3 5 [taking 4 common from the Ist column]
1 5 3
Property V.
If every element of some column or (row) is the sum of two terms, then the determinant is equal
to the sum of two determinants; one containing only the first term in place of each sum, the other
only the second term. The remaining element of both determinants are the same as in the given
determinant.
a1 1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 1 b1 c1
a 2 b2 c 2 a 2 b2 c 2 2 b2 c 2
Proof : We have to prove that 2
a 3 3 b3 c 3 a 3 b3 c 3 3 b3 c 3
a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 a1 c1 e1 a1 d1 e1 b1 c1 e1 b1 d1 e1
a2 e2 a2 e2 b2 e2 b2
Note : a2 b2 c2 d2 e2 c2 d2 c2 d2 e2
a3 b3 c3 d3 e3 a3 c3 e3 a3 d3 e3 b3 c3 e3 b3 d3 e3
Property VI.
The value of a determinant does not change when any row or column is multiplied by a number
or an expression and is then added to or subtracted from any other row or column.
Here it should be noted that if the row or column which is changed is multiplied by a number,
then the determinant will have to be divided by that number.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 61
1 2 3 5 2 13
Example : 2 3 4 7, ´ 2 3 4 [R1 R1 2R3 ]
2 0 5 2 0 5
= 5 (15 ă 0) ă 2 (10 ă 8) + 13 (0 ă 6)
= 75 ă 4 ă 78 = ă 7
7 6 19
1
´ 2 3 4
3
R1 3R1 2R 3 2 0 5
[Here ´´ has also been obtained from applying R1 3R1 + 2R3]
1 1
= [7 (15 0) 6 (10 8) 19 (0 6)] ( 21) 7
3 3
In obtaining ´´ from , R1 has been changed and R1 has been multiplied by 3, therefore, the
determinant has been divided by 3
a1 b1 c1 a1 mb1 b1 c1
a 2 b2 c 2 a 2 mb2 b2 c 2
a 3 b3 c 3 a3 mb3 b3 c3
Ev
Evaaluation of de
dettermina
nannt :
While evaluating the detrminants we use some following notations :
For example :
(1) Ri denotes the i th row & C i denotes the ith column
(2) Ri R j denotes the exchange of i th and j th row and C i C j denotes the exchange of i th
& jth column.
(3) Ri Ri + R j denotes the addition of times the element of j th row.
Similarly Ci Ci + Cj
(4) Ri Ri denotes the multiplication of all elements of ith row by .
Trick : In evaluating determinants we always try to bring as many zeros as
possible by using the properties we did earlier.
Prod
oduuct o
off two determinant
ntss
a1 a2 a3 x1 x2 x3
Let 1 b1 b2 b3 and 2 y1 y2 y3
c1 c 2 c3 z1 z2 z3
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
62 MARKS
then product of 1 and 2 is defined as
a1 x1 a2 x2 a3 x3 a1 y1 a2 y2 a3 y3 a1 z1 a2 z2 a3 z3
1 2 b1 x1 b2 x2 b3 x3 b1 y1 b2 y2 b3 y3 b1 z1 b2 z2 b3 z3
c 1x1 c 2x 2 c 3x 3 c1 y1 c 2 y 2 c 3y3 c1z1 c 2z 2 c 3z 3
1 2 3 3 4 1
Example : Let 1 2 3 5 2 0 1 2
0 2 1 3 2 6
1.3 2.4 3 ( 1) 1.0 2 ( 1) 3.2 1 ( 3) 2.2 3.6
( 2).3 3.4 5 ( 1) ( 2).0 3 ( 1) 5.2 ( 2) ( 3) 3.2 5.6
Then 1 2 =
0.3 2.4 1 ( 1) 0.0 2( 1) 1.2 0 ( 3) 2.2 1.6
8 4 19
1 7 42
=
7 0 10
Note : (i) Here we have multiplied rows by rows. Since value of a determinant does not change
when rows and columns are interchanged, therefore, while finding the product of two determinants,
we can also multiply rows by columns or columns by columns.
Note : (ii) 12 = 21 (since in a determinant rows and columns can be interchanged)
An imp
mpor
or
orttant result
a1 a2 a3 A1 A 2 A3
2
If b1 b2 b3 then B1 B 2 B 3
c1 c2 c3 C1 C2 C3
Where capital letters denote the cofactors of corresponding small letters in i.e. Ai = cofactor of
ai , B i = cofactor of bi and c i = cofactor of c i in the determinant . We have seen that
a1 A1 + a 2A 2 + a3A3 =
b1 B1 + b2 B 2 + b3B3 =
c1 C1 + c2C 2 + c 3C3 =
and a1 B1 + a 2B 2 + a3B3 = 0
b1 A1 + b2 A 2 + b3A3 = 0
a1 C1 + a 2C 2 + a3C3 = 0
c1 A1 + c2A 2 + c 3A3 = 0
b1 C1 + b2 C 2 + b3C3 = 0
c1 B1 + c2B 2 + c 3B3 = 0
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 63
Case I. When 0
A1 A 2 A 3
Let 1 B1 B2 B3
C1 C 2 C3
a1 a 2 a 3 A 1 A 2 A 3
Now 1 b1 b2 b3 B1 B2 B3
c1 c2 c3 C1 C2 C3
a1A 1 a2A 2 a3A 3 a1B 1 a2B 2 a3B 3 a1C1 a2C 2 a3C 3
b1 A1 b2 A 2 b3 A 3 b1B1 b2B2 b3 B3 b1C1 b2 B2 b3C3
c1 A1 c2 A 2 c1 A 3 c1 B1 c2 B2 a3 B3 c1C1 c2C2 c3C3
0 0
0 0
= = 3
0 0
Thus 1 = 3 1 = 2 [ 0]
Case II. When = 0
Sub. Case (i) When all elements of the determinant are zero. In this case cofactors of each
element of the detreminant will be zero and hence 1 = 0
1 = 2 [Here 1 = 2 = 0]
Sub. Case (ii) When at least one element of the determinant is non-zero. There is no loss
of generality in assuming that a1 0.
a1 A1 a 2 A 2 a 3 A 3 0
a1 B1 a2 B2 a 3 B3 0
Now ...(i)
a1 C1 a2 C2 a3 C3 0
(i) is system of homogeneous linear equations in a1 , a2, a 3 where a 1 0, therefore it has nontrivial
solution.
A1 A 2 A 3
B1 B2 B3
= 0 1 = 0
C1 C2 C3
Thus 1 = 2 [ = 0 and 1 = 0]
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
64 MARKS
Illustration 42
a2 x2 ab cx ac bx x c b
2
ab cx b2 x2 bc a x c x a
Show that
a c bx bc a x c2 x2 b a x
Solution :
x c b
Let D c x a
b a x
Cofactors of Ist Row of D are
x2 + a2, ab + cx, ac ă bx
Cofactors of 2nd Row of D are
ab ă cx, x2 + b2 , ax + bc
and cofactors of 3rd row of D are :
ac + bx, bc ă ax, x2 + c2
Determinant of cofactors of D is
x2 a 2 ab cx ac bx
2 2
Dc = ab cx x b ax bc
ac bx bc ax 2
x c
2
a2 x2 ab cx ac bx
ab cx b2 x2 bc ax
= (Rows interchanging into columns)
ac bx ax bc c2 x2
= D2
2
x c b
= c x a ( Dc = D 2, D is third order determinant)
b a x
a 2 x2 ab cx ac bx x c b
2
ab cx b2 x2 bc ax c x a
Hence,
ac bx ax bc c 2 x2 b a x
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 65
Express a D
Deetermina
nannt iint
nt
ntoo P
Prrodu
ducct o
off ttw
wo D
Deeterminant
ntss :
This method will be clear from few examples.
Illustration 43
2
2 ( )( ) ( ) ( ) 0
Prove that
( ) ( ) 2
Solution :
2
L.H.S. = 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 2
1 1 0 1 1 0
0 0
= (Row by Row)
0 0
= 0 ï 0
= 0
= R.H.S.
Illustration 44
cos (A P) cos (A Q) cos (A R)
Prove that cos (B P) cos (B Q) cos (B R) 0
cos (C P) cos (C Q) cos (C R)
Solution :
cos (A P) cos (A Q) cos (A R)
cos (B P) cos (B Q) cos (B R)
L.H.S. =
cos (C P) cos (C Q) cos (C R)
cos A sin A 0 cos P sin P 0
cos B sin B 0 cos Q sin Q 0
= (Row by Row)
cos C sin C 0 cos R sin R 0
= 0 ï 0
= 0
= R.H.S.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
66 MARKS
Illustration 45
Prove that
( a1 b1 )2 ( a1 b2 )2 ( a1 b3 )2
(a 2 b1 )2 (a 2 b2 )2 (a 2 b3 )2 2 (a1 a 2 ) (a 2 a 3 ) (a 3 a1 ) (b1 b2 ) (b2 b3 ) (b3 b1 )
(a 3 b1 )2 (a 3 b2 )2 (a 3 b3 )2
Solution :
( a1 b1 ) 2 (a1 b2 ) 2 (a1 b3 ) 2
( a2 b1 ) 2 ( a2 b2 ) 2 (a2 b3 ) 2
L.H.S. =
( a3 b1 ) 2 ( a3 b2 ) 2 (a3 b3 ) 2
a12 2a1b1 b12 a12 2 a1b2 b22 a12 2a1b3 b32
a22 2a2b1 b12 a22 2a2b2 b22 a22 2a 2b2 b32
=
a23 2a3b1 b12 a23 2 a3b2 b22 a23 2 a3b3 b32
a21 a1 1 1 2b1 b1
2
a22 a2 1 1 2b2 b22
= (Row by Row)
a23 a3 1 1 2b3 b32
2 2
1 a1 a 1 1 b1 b1
1 a2 a22 ( 2) 1 b2 b22
= (ă 1)
1 a3 a 2 1 b3 b2
3 3
2 2
1 a1 a1 1 b1 b1
1 a2 a22 1 b2 b22
= (2)
1 a3 a23 1 b3 b32
= 2 (a1 ă a2) (a2 ă a 3) (a 3 ă a1) (b 1 ă b2) (b 2 ă b3) (b3 ă b1) = R.H.S.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 67
Illustration 46
1 a a2
1 b b2 (a b ) (b c ) (c a )
Show that
1 c c2
Solution :
2
1 a a
1 b b2
Let =
1 c c2
2 2
0 a b a b
0 b c b2 c2
Now = [R 1 R1 ă R2, R 2 R 2 ă R3]
1 c c2
0 1 a b
0 1 b c
= (a ă b) (b ă c)
1 c c2
= (a ă b) (b ă c) ( b + c ă a ă b)
= (a ă b) (b ă c) ( c ă a)
1 a a2
1 b b2
Note : Determinant is called a circular
1 c c2
determinant and its value can be directly used in solving problems.
Illustration 47
a b c
Let a , b , c be positive and not all equal. Show that the value of the determinant b c a
c a b
is negative. [IITă81]
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
68 MARKS
Solution :
ab c b c
a b c c a
[C1 C1 + C2 + C3]
ab c a b
1 b c
1 c a
= (a + b + c)
1 a b
[Taking (a + b + c) common from first column]
1 b c
0 cb ac
= (a + b + c) [R2 R2 ă R 1 and R3 R3 ă R1]
0 ab bc
= (a + b + c) {{c ă b} (b ă c) ă (a ă b) (a ă c)}
= (a + b + c) {bc + ca + ab ă a 2 ă b2 ă c2}
= ă (a + b + c) ( a2 + b2 + c2 ă bc ă ca ă ab)
1
= (a + b + c) [(a 2 + b2 ă 2ab) + (b 2 + c2 ă 2bc) + (c2 + a2 ă 2ac)]
2
1
= (a + b + c) [(a ă b)2 + (b ă c) 2 + (c – a)2 ] ...(i)
2
a, b, c are positive a + b + c > 0
Again since a, b, c are unequal (a ă b)2 + (b ă c) 2 + (c – a)2 > 0
from (i), < 0
Illustration 48
a2 1 ab ac
Prove that ab b2 1 bc 1 a 2 b2 c2
ac bc c2 1
Solution :
a2 1 ab ac
2
ab b 1 bc
L.H.S. =
ac bc c2 1
Multiplying C1 , C2, C 3 by a, b, c respectively
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 69
a (a 2 1) ab2 ac2
1
= a2 b b (b2 1) bc2
abc
a2 c b2 c c ( c2 1)
Now taking common a, b, c from R1, R2 , R3 respectively
a2 1 b2 c2
abc
= a2 b2 1 c2
abc
a2 b2 c2 1
1 a 2 b2 c2 b2 c2
2 2 2
= 1a b c b2 1 c2 [C1 C 1 + C2 + C3]
1 a 2 b2 c2 b2 c2 1
1 b2 c2
1 b2 1 c2
= (1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2)
1 b2 c2 1
1 b2 c2
0 1 0
= (1 + a2 + b2 + c 2) [R2 R2 ă R1 and R3 R3 ă R 1]
0 0 1
= (1 + a2 + b2 + c 2) (1.1.1)
= 1 + a2 + b 2 + c 2 = R.H.S.
Illustration 49
15 x 1 10
Solve the equation 11 3 x 1 16 0
7 x 1 13
Solution :
15 x 1 10
Given 11 3x 1 16 0
7 x 1 13
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
70 MARKS
15 x 1 10
or 4 2 x 0 6 0 [R2 R2 ă R1, R3 R3 ă R1]
8 0 3
or (ă 1) (ă 12 ă 6x + 48) = 0
or ă 36 + 6x = 0 x= 6
Illustration 50
a x c b
c bx a 0
If a + b + c = 0, solve the equation
b a c x
Solution :
a bc x c b
From given equation, a b c x b x a 0 [C1 C 1 + C 2 + C3]
a bc x a cx
1 c b
1 b x a 0
or (a + b + c ă x)
1 a cx
1 c b
or (ă x) 0 bc x a b 0 [R2 R 2 ă R1; R3 ă R1]
0 a c c bx
[ a + b + c = 0]
or x[( b ă c ă x) (c ă b ă x) ă (a ă c ) (a ă b)] = 0
or x(x2 ă b 2 ă c 2 + 2bc ă a 2 + ab + ca ă bc) = 0
or x (x2 ă a 2 ă b 2 ă c2 + ab + bc + ca) = 0
x= 0
or x2 = a2 + b2 + c2 ă (ab + bc + ca)
1
= (a2 + b2 + c2 ) ă {(a + b + c )2 ă (a2 + b2 + c2 )}
2
3
= (a 2 + b2 + c2) [ a + b + c = 0]
2
3 2 2 2
x = 0, or x (a b c )
2
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 71
Illustration 51
a bc a bc a a2 a3
b ca a bc b b2 b3
Show without expanding that
c ab a bc c c2 c3
Solution :
a3 a2 bc a3 bc [R1 a2 R1
1
2 2 2
b3 ab2 c ab3 c R2 b2 R 2
L.H.S. = a b c
c3 abc2 abc3 R 3 c2R 3]
a3 a a 2 3
a a a
2
( abc) ( abc)
b3 b b 2 b b3 b2
= 2 2 2
a b c [C2 C 2]
c3 c c2 c c3 c 2
2 3
a a a
b b2 b3
= [C 2 C 3]
c c2 c3
Illustration 52
1 a1 a2 a3
Evaluate : a 1 1 a2 a3
a1 a2 1 a3
Solution :
1 a1 a2 a3 a2 a3
1 a1 a2 a3 1 a2 a3 [C 1 C1 + C2 + C 3]
1 a1 a2 a3 a2 1 a3
a2 1 a3
1 1 a2 a3
= (1 + a1 + a 2 + a3)
1 a2 1 a3
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
72 MARKS
0 1 0
R R1 R 2
0 1 1 1
= (1 + a1 + a 2 + a3) R 2 R 2 R 3
1 a2 1 a3
1 0
= (1 + a1 + a 2 + a3) 1 1
= (1 + a1 + a2 + a3) (1 ă 0) = 1 + a1 + a2 + a 3
Illustration 53
a b 2c a b
c b c 2a b 2 ( a b c)3
Show that
c a c a 2b
Solution :
2 ( a b c) a b
2 ( a b c) b c 2a b
[C1 C1 + C2 + C3]
2 ( a b c) a c a 2b
1
a b
1 b c 2a b
= 2 (a + b + c)
1 a c a 2b
[taking 2 (a + b + c) common from first column]
0 ( b c a) 0
0 ( b c a) ( a b c)
= 2 (a + b + c) [R1 R1 ă R 2 and R2 R 2 ă R3]
1 a c a 2b
0 1 0
0 1 1
= 2 (a + b + c) (a + b + c) 2
1 a c a 2b
[taking (a + b + c) common from first and second rows]
= 2 (a + b + c) 1 {(ă 1) (ă 1) ă 1.0} = 2 ( a + b + c)3.
3
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 73
Illustration 54
a bc 2a 2a
2b b c a 2b (a b c )3
Prove that
2c 2c c a b
Solution :
ab c ab c abc
2b b c a 2b [R1 R1 R2 R3 ]
=
2c 2c cab
1 1 1
2b ca
b 2b
= (a + b + c) [taking (a + b + c) common from first row]
2c 2c c a b
1 0 0
2b b c a 0
= (a + b + c) [C 2 C2 ă C 1; C3 ă C 1]
2c 0 ca b
b ca 0
= (a + b + c) [Expanding along R 1]
0 c a b
= (a + b + c) [ă (b + c + a) ï ă (c + a + b)]
= (a + b + c) (a + b + c)2 = (a + b + c) 3
Illustration 55
x y z 1 1 1
2
Prove that x y 2 z 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 (y z )(z x )(x y )(yz zx xy )
yz zx xy x 3 y3 z3
Solution :
x2 y2 z2
1
x3 y3 z3
= x. y.z [C 1 xC 1, C2 yC 2, C 3 zC3 ]
xyz xyz xyz
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 1 1 1
xyz 3 3 3 2 2
= x y z 1 1 1 x y z2
xyz
1 1 1 x3 y3 z3 x3 y3 z3
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
74 MARKS
1 0 0
2 2 2
x y x z x2
2
= [C2 C 2 ă C1; C3 ă C 1 ]
x3 y3 x3 z3 x3
( y x ) ( y x) (z x)(z x)
= 1
( y x)( y2 xy x2 ) ( z x)( z2 zx x2 )
y x z x
= (y ă x) (z ă x) 2 2
y xy x z zx x 2
2
[taking (y ă x) and (z ă x) common from first and second columns respectively
y x z y
= (y ă x) (z ă x) [C2 C 2 ă C 1]
y2 xy x2 (z 2 y2 ) zx xy
y x zy
= (y ă x) (z ă x) 2 2 ( z y)( x y z)
y xy x
y x 1
= (y ă x) (z ă x) (z ă y) (x y z )
y2 xy x2
= (y ă x) (z ă x) (z ă y) [(y + x) (x + y + z) ă (y2 + xy + x 2)]
= (x ă y) (y ă z) (z ă x) (xy + yz + zx)
Illustration 56
2 3
x x 1 x
If x , y, z are all different and if y y2 1 y3 0, prove that xyz = ă 1.
z z 2 1 z3
Solution :
2 3 2 2 3
x x 1 x x x 1 x x x
y y2 1 y3 y y2 1 y y2 y3
=
z z2 1 z3 z z2 1 z z2 z3
2 2
x x 1 1 x x
y y2 1 xyz 1 y y2
=
z z2 1 1 z z2
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 75
2 2
x 1 x 1 x x
y 1 y 2 xyz 1 y y 2
= [C2 C 3 in first det.]
z 1 z2 1 z z2
2 2 2
1 x x 1 x x 1 x x
1 y y2 xyz 1 y y2 1 y y2
= [1 + xyz]
1 z z2 1 z z2 1 z z2
[C1 C2]
= (x ă y) (y ă z) (z ă x) (1 + xyz) [From value of a circular determinant]
= 0 (x ă y) (y ă z) (z ă x) (1 + xyz) = 0
1 + xyz = 0
[ x y, y z, z x]
xyz = ă 1
Illustration 57
b c a a
Evaluate b ca b
c c a b
Solution :
0 2 c 2b
b c a b
= [R1 R 1 ă R2 ă R3]
c c a b
0 2c 2b
1
0 c (c a b) b (c a b)
= c [R 2 cR 2 ă bR3]
c c a b
1
= [c (ă 2bc) [c ă a ă b ă (c + a ă b)]]
c
= (ă 2bc) (ă 2a) = 4abc
Illustration 58
If a , b , c are all positive and p th , qth and r th terms of a G.P., then prove that
log a p 1
log b q 1 0
log c r 1
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
76 MARKS
Solution :
Let ÂAÊ be the first term and ÂRÊ common ratio of G.P.
Then, tp = AR p ă 1
= a
qă 1
tq = AR = b
tr = AR r ă 1 = c
Now, log a = log AR p ă 1
= log A + log R p ă 1 = log A (p ă 1) log R
Similarly, log b = log A + (q ă 1) log R
log c = log A + (r ă 1) log R
log a p 1 log A (p 1) log R p 1
log b q 1 log A (q 1) log R q 1
=
log c r 1 log A (r 1) log R r 1
log a p 1 ( p 1) log R p 1
log b q 1 ( q 1) log R q 1
=
log c r 1 (r 1)log R r 1
1 p 1 p 1 p 1
1 q 1 log R q 1 q 1
= log A
1 r 1 r1 r 1
p p 1 1 p 1
q q 1 1 q 1
= log A ï (0) + log R
r r 1 1 r 1
= log R [0 ă 0] = 0
Illustration 59
x 1 x 2 x a
x 2 x 3 xb 0
If a , b , c are in A.P., show that
x 3 x 4 x c
Solution :
If a, b, c are in A.P., then 2b = a + c
x 1 x 2 x a
x 2 x3 xb
Let =
x 3 x 4 x c
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 77
Applying R1 R1 + R3
2x 4 2x 6 2 x a c
x 2 x 3 x b
=
x 3 x 4 x c
Applying R1 R 1 ă 2R2
0 0 a c 2b
x 2 x3 xb
=
x 3 x 4 x c
0 0 0
2 x3 x b
= x [ 2b = a + c]
x3 x4 xc
= 0
Illustration 60
3x 8 3 3
Solve 3 3x 8 3 = 0
3 3 3x 8
Solution :
3x 8 3 3
3 3x 8 3
= 0
3 3 3x 8
Applying C1 C1 + C 2 + C 3
3x 2 3 3
3x 2 3x 8 3
= 0
3x 2 3 3x 8
Taking 3x ă 2 common from C1
1 3 3
1 3x 8 3
(3x ă 2) = 0
1 3 3 x 8
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
78 MARKS
Applying R2 R 2 ă R1 and R3 R3 ă R1
1 3 3
0 3x 11 0
(3x ă 2) = 0
0 0 3x 11
Expanding by C1
(3x ă 2) (3x ă 11)2 = 0
3x ă 2 = 0 or 3x ă 11 = 0
x = 2/3 or x = 11/3
Di
Difff erential coe
oeffficient of a d
deeterminant
f1 ( x) f2 (x) f3 ( x)
let y g1 (x) g 2 (x ) g 3 (x)
h1 (x ) h2 (x ) h3 (x )
where fi (x), g i (x), hi(x), i = 1, 2, 3 are differentiable function of x.
f1´ (x) f2´ ( x)f3´ (x) f1 ( x) f2 ( x) f3 (x) f1 (x) f2 ( x) f3 ( x)
dy
g1 (x ) g 2 (x )g 3 (x ) g1´ (x ) g 2´ (x ) g3´ (x ) g1 (x ) g 2 (x ) g 3 (x )
dx
h1 (x ) h2 (x ) h3 (x ) h1 (x) h2 (x ) h3 (x ) h1´ ( x) h2´ ( x) h3´ ( x)
Illustration 61
If f , g and h are differentiable functions of x and
f g h f g h
( xf )´ ( xg )´ ( xh)´ f´ g´ h´
= prove that ´ =
2 2 2
(x f )´´ (x g )´´ (x h )´´ ( x 3f ´´)´ ( x 3g ´´)´ (x 3h´´)´
Solution :
f g h
( xf )´ ( xg)´ ( xh)´
=
( x2 f )´´ ( x2 g )´´ ( x2 h)´´
f g h
xf ´ f xg´ g xh´ h
=
x2 f ´´ 4xf ´ 2f x2 g ´´ 4xg ´ 2 g x2 h ´´ 4xh´ 2h
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 79
f g h
xf ´ xg ´ xh´
=
x2 f ´´ 4xf ´ x2 g ´´ 4xg ´ x2 h´´ 4xh´
by R3 ă 2R2 and R2 ă R 1
Now apply R3 ă 4R2
f g h f g h
2
= x.x f ´ g´ h´ f ´ g´ h´
3 3
f ´´ g´´ h´´ x f ´´ x g´´ x3h´´
Now differentiate as explained in (b)
f´ g´ h´ f g h f g h
´ = f´ g´ h´ f ´´ g´´ h´´ f´ g´ h´
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
x f´´ x g´´ x h´´ x f´´ x g´´ x h´´ ( x f´´)´ ( x g´´)´ ( x h´´)´
f g h
= 0 + 0 + f´ g´ h´
3 3 3
( x f ´´)´ ( x g´´)´ ( x h´´)´
In the second det. R2.R3 become identical after taking x3 common from R3.
Illustration 62
Let be a repeated root of quadratic equation f (x ) = 0 and A(x), B(x), C(x) be polynomial
A( x ) B( x ) C( x )
of degree 3, 4 and 5 respectively, then show that A( ) B( ) C( ) is divisible by f (x ),
A´( ) B´( ) C´()
where dash denotes the derivative.
Solution :
A(x) B(x) C(x)
Set P(x) = A() B( ) C()
...(1)
A´( ) B´( ) C´( )
A´( x) B´( x) C´( x)
A( ) B( ) C( )
Then P´(x) = + 0 + 0 ...(2)
A´() B´() C´()
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
80 MARKS
Since f (x) = 0 is a quadratic having a repeated root , we can write f(x) = a (x ă )2 where a is
a constant.
Now P(x) will be divisible by f( x) if P(x) and P´(x) are divisible by (x ă ) i.e. P () = 0 and
P´() = 0 which is obvious by (1) and (2) because of two identical rows.
Illustration 63
cos( ) cos( ) cos( )
If = sin( ) sin( ) sin( ) then prove that is independent of .
p sin p sin r sin
Solution :
= f (). If will be independent of if ´ () = 0
cos( ) cos( ) cos( )
sin( ) sin( ) sin( )
´ = 0 + 0 +
sin sin sin
´ = sin sin ( + ă ă )
= sin sin ( ă ) = 0
= constant i.e. independent of .
Illustration 64
If 1 1 + 22 + 3 3 = 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 = 0
3
12 22 32 1 and 1 1 + 2 2 + 33 = ( 12 22 32)(12 22 32) , then show that
2
2
1 2 3
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 ( 1 2 3 ).(1 2 3 )
4
1 2 3
Solution :
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
We have 2 =
1 2 3 1 2 3
21 1 1 1 1
= 11 12 1 1
1 1 1 1 21
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 81
3
12 2
() () 0
3
2
() () 12 0
= 0 1 (Using the given relation)
0
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2
= ( 1 2 3) ( 1 2 3) ( 1 22 23) ( 21 22 23)
4
1 2
= ( 1 22 23 ) (12 22 23 )
4
Illustration 65
Prove that the area of the triangle enclosed by the lines a 1x + b 1 y + c 1 = 0, a 2 x + b 2y + c 2
2
a1 b1 c1
1
= 0, a 3x + b 3y + c 3 = 0 is a2 b2 c2 (a 1b 2 a 2b 1 ) (a 2b 3 a 3b 2 ) (a 3b1 a 1b 3 )
2
a3 b3 c3
Solution :
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
Consider the determinant =
a3 b3 c3
If ´ is the det. formed by the cofactors of , then we know that ´ = 2 i.e.,
2
A 1 B1 C1 a1 b1 c1
A 2 B2 C2 a2 b2 c2 ...(1)
A 3 B3 C3 a3 b3 c3
Now solving a2x + b2y + c 2 = 0 and a3 x + b 3y + c3 = 0, we get
x1 y1 1
b2 c2 c2 a2 a2 b2
b3 c3 c3 a3 a 3 b3
x1 y 1
i.e., 1
A1 B1 C1
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
82 MARKS
A1 B1
Hence point of intersection of the above two lines is .
C1 C1
This gives once of the vertices of the triangle
A2 B2 A B
Similarly other two vertices are , and 3 , 3 . Hence area of triangle
C2 C2 C3 C3
A 1 / C1 B1 / C1 1 A1 B1 C1
1 1
= A2 / C2 B2 / C2 1 = A2 B2 C2 (C1 C2 C3 )
2 2
A3 / C3 B3 / C3 1 A3 B3 C3
a1 b1 c1
1
a b c ( a2 b2 a3b2 ) ( a3b1 a1b3 ) ( a1b2 a2b1 )
= 2 2 2 2
a3 b3 c3
[Using (1) and substituting the values of C1, C2, C 3]
Int
ntee gration of a D
Deete rmi
minnant
f g h
If f (x ) a b c
a1 b1 c1
when f, g, h are the function of x and a, b, c, a1 , b1 , c1 are constants, then
f dx g dx h dx
F( x) dx a b c
a1 b1 c1
f a a1
F( x) g b b1
Also if
h c c1
a a1
f dx
then F( x) dx g dx b b1
h dx c c1
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 83
Illustration 66
sin x
sin 5 x In sin x
sin x cos x
n n
/2
If f ( x ) n k k find the value of 0 f ( x) dx
k1 k1
8 1
ln ( )
15 2 2 4
Solution :
/2 /2 /2 sin x
0 sin5 x dx 0 In sin x dx 0 sin x cos x
n n
/2
0 f ( x) dx = n k k
k 1 k 1
8 1
In ( )
15 2 2 4
4 2
. In 2
5 3 2 4 8 1
(By Walli's In ( )
formula) 15 2 2 4
n n
n n
= n k k = n k k
k1 k1
k 1 k1
8 1 8 1
In ( ) In ( )
15 2 2 4 15 2 2 4
= 0 (since R1 and R 2 are identical)
Illustration 67
sec x cos x sec 2 x cot x cos ecx
/2
Let f ( x ) cos 2 x cos 2 x cos ec 2 x then find the value of 0 f (x )dx .
1 cos 2 x cos 2 x
Solution :
Applying C2 C 2 ă cos 2x C1
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
84 MARKS
sec x 0 sec 2 x cot x cosec x
cos 2 x cos 2 x cos 4 x cosec 2x
then f( x) = (Expan. along C2)
1 0 cos2 x
sec x sec 2 x cot x cosec x
2 4
= (cos x ă cos x) 1 2
cos x
= (cos2 x ă cos 4 x) (cosx ă sec2 x ă cot x cosec x)
1 cos x
= cos2 x (1 ă cos2 x) cos x
cos x sin 2 x
2
1 cos x
= cos2 x sin 2 x cos x
cos x sin2 x
2
= cos3 x sin2 x – sin 2 x – cos 3 x
= – cos3 x (ă sin2 x + 1) ă sin2 x
f(x) = ă cos5 x ă sin2 x
/ 2 /2 /2
0 f (x ) dx = 0 cos5 x dx 0 sin 2 x dx
4 2 1
= . .1 .
5 3 2 2
8
= [By WalliÊs formule]
15 4
Sy
Sysstem of li
linner Equ
quaations :
Definition 1 :
A system of linear equations in n unknowns x1, x2, x3, ..... xn is of the form :
a11 x1 a12 x2 ..... a1 n xn b1
a21 x1 a22 x2 ..... a2n xn b2
..................................................... ...(A)
.....................................................
an1 x1 an2 x2 ..... ann xn bn
If b 1, b2 , ..... bn are all zero, the system is called homoeneous and non-homogeneous if at least
one bi is non-zero.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 85
Definition 2.
The solution set of the system (A) is an n tuple (1 , 2, ....., n) of real numbers (or complex
numbers if the coefficients are complex) which satisfy each of the equations of the sysem.
Definition 3.
A system of equations is called consistent if it has at least one solution; inconsistent if it does
not have any solution; determinate if it has a unique solution; indeterminate if it has more than
one solution.
Gist of discus
usssion in simp
mplle langua
uagge :
1. Consistent : Solution exists whether unique or infinite number of solutions.
2. Inconsistent : Solution does not exist.
3. Homogeneous Equations : Constant terms zero.
4. Trivial solution : All variables zero i.e., x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
5. Non-trivial Solution : Infinite number of solutions.
As a matter of fact on division by 2 the second equation reduces to first. Thus we have got only
one line 2x + 3y = 10 on which lie infinite number of points. Thus there are infinite number of
solutions and the system is consistent.
Solution of System of Linear Equations by Determinants (CramerÊs Rule)
System of linear equations in two variables :
Consider the system a1x + b 1y = c 1
a2x + b 2y = c 2
Solving these equations, we get
b2 c1 b1 c2 a1 c2 a2 c1
x= ab , y= ab
1 2 a2 b1 1 2 a2 b1
These can be exppressed in terms of determinants as :
c1 b1 a1 c1
c2 b2 a2 c2
x = a1 b1 y = a1 b1
a2 b2 a2 b2
Dx Dy a 1 b1
x , y where D a b is the determinant of coefficient of x and y,
D D 2 2
c1 b1
Dx = c b is obtained by replacing coefficient of x by constants c1, c2 in D and
2 2
a1 c1
Dy = a c is obtained by replacing coefficient of y by constants c 1, c2 in D.
2 2
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
86 MARKS
System of linear equations in three variables :
Consider the system a1x + b 1y + c 1z = d 1
a2x + b 2y + c 2z = d 2
a3x + b 3y + c 3z = d 3
a1 b1 c 1
a2 b2 c2
Let D =
a3 b3 c 3
a1 x b1 c1
Then, xD = a2 x b2 c2
a3 x b3 c3
Applying C1 C1 + yC2 + zC3
a1 x b1 y c1 z b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
xD = a2 x b2 y c 2 z b2 c2 d 2 b2 c2 Dx
a3x b3 y c 3 z b3 c3 d 3 b3 c3
Dx
x=
D
Dy Dz
Similarly, y= and z=
D D
a 1 b1 c 1
where, D a 2 b2 c2 , is the determinant of the coefficients of x, y and z.
a 3 b3 c 3
d1 b1 c1
d2 b2 c2
Dx =
d3 b3 c3
is obtained by replacing coefficients of x by constants d 1, d 2, d3 in D.
a1 d1 c1
a2 d2 c2
Dy =
a3 d3 c3
is obtained by replacing coefficients of y by constants d 1, d 2, d3 in D.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 87
a1 b1 d1
a2 b2 d2
Dz =
a3 b3 d3
is obtained by replacing coefficients of z by constants d1, d2 , d 3 in D.
Criteri on for c on
onsi
si
sisstency
For system of lienar equations in two variables :
(i) If D 0, then the system is consistent and has a unique solution.
(ii) If D = 0, Dx = 0 and Dy = 0 then the system is consistent and has infinite number of
solutions.
(iii) If D = 0 and any one of Dx or Dy is non-zero, then the system is inconsistent (no solutions).
For system of lienar equations in three variables :
(i) If D 0, then the system is consistent and has a unique solution.
(ii) If D = 0, Dx = 0 and Dy = 0 and D z = 0, then the system is consistent and has infinite
number of solutions.
(iii) If D = 0 and any one of Dx, Dy or D z is non-zero, then the system is inconsistent.
Illustration 68
Solve the following system of equations by CramerÊs rule : x + y = 5, y + z = 3, x + z = 4
Solution :
Given system of equations is x + y = + 0z = 5, 0x + y + z = 3, x + 0y + z = 4
1 1 0
0 1 1
D = = 1 (1 ă 0) ă 1 (0 ă 1) = 1 + 1 = 2
1 0 1
5 1 0
3 1 1
Dx = ă 5 (1 ă 0) ă 1 (3 ă 4) = 5 + 1 = 6
4 0 1
1 5 0
0 3 1
Dy = = 1 (3 ă 4) ă 5 (0 ă 1) = ă 1 + 5 = 4
1 4 1
1 1 5
0 1 3
Dz = = 1 (4 ă 0) ă 1 (0 ă 3) + 5 (0 ă 1) = 4 + 3 ă 5 = 2
1 0 4
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
88 MARKS
Dx 6 D 4 Dz 2
Now, x= = 3; y y 2 and z 1
D 2 D 2 D 2
x = 3, y = 2 and z = 1
How to solve when D1 = D2 = D 3 = 0
1. Put any variable let us say z = k
2. Consider any 2 equations and solve them for x & y using CramerÊs rule.
Illustration 69
Solve the following system of equations by CramerÊs rule :
x ă y + 3z = 6,
x + 3y ă 3z = ă 4,
5x + 3y + 3z = 10
Solution :
1 1 3
1 3 3
D =
5 3 3
= 1 (9 + 9) + 1 (3 + 15) + 3 (3 ă 15) = 18 + 18 ă 36 = 0
6 1 3
4 3 3
Dx =
10 3 3
= 6 (9 + 9) + 1 (ă 12 + 30) + 3 (ă 12 ă 30) = 108 + 18 ă 126 = 0
1 6 3
1 4 3
Dy =
5 10 3
= 1 (ă 12 + 30) ă 6 (3 + 15) + 3 (10 + 20) = 18 ă 108 + 90 = 0
1 1 6
1 3 4
Dz =
5 3 10
= 1 (30 + 12) + 1 (10 + 20) + 6 (3 ă 15) = 42 + 30 ă 72 = 0
D = D x = Dy = D z = 0
Hence, system of equations is consistent and has infinite solutions.
Putting z = k and considering first two equations, we get
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 89
x ă y = 6 ă 3k, x + 3y = ă 4 + 3k
1 1
Again, D = = 3+ 1= 4
1 3
6 3k 1
Dx = 4 3 k 3 = 18 ă 9k ă 4 + 3k = 14 ă 6k
1 6 3k
Dy = = ă 4 + 3k ă 6 + 3k = ă 10 + 6k
1 4 3k
Dx 14 6 k 7 3 k
Now, x= =
D 4 2
Dy 10 6 k 5 3 k
and y= =
D 4 2
7 3k 5 3k
x= , y= and z = k
2 2
By giving arbitrary values to k, we find that the given system has infinite number of solutions.
Illustration 70
Prove that the system of equation
3x ă y + 4z = 3
x + 2y ă 3z = ă 2
6x + 5y + z = ă 3
has at least one solution for any real . Find the set of solutions when = ă 5.
[IIT ă 84]
Solution :
3 1 4
1 2 3 3 (2 15) 1 ( 18) 4 (5 12) 7 ( 5)
6 5
Case I :
When 5. + 5 0. In this case 0, therefore given system of equations has unique solution.
Case II :
When = ă 5. + 5 = 0. In this case = 0
3 1 4 3 3 4
Also 1 2 2 3 0, 2 1 2 3 0
3 5 5 6 3 5
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
90 MARKS
3 1 3
and 1 1 2 2 0
6 5 3
Hence in this case given system of equations has infinitely many solutions. Thus the given system
of equations has at least one solution.
Set of solutions : Putting the value of , given equations become
3x ă y + 4z = 3 ...(i)
x + 2y ă 3z = ă 2 ...(ii)
and 6x + 5y ă 5z = ă 3 ...(iii)
multiplying equation (i) by 2 and adding it to (ii), we get
4 7x
7x + 5z = 4 or z =
5
From (i), y = 3x + 4z ă 3
16 28x 1 13x
= 3x + 3
5 5
Thus solution is given by
xt
1 13t
y where t is an arbitrary number.
5
4 7t
z
5
Illustration 71
For what values of p and q, the system of equations
2x + py + 6z = 8
x + 2y + qz = 5
x + y + 3z = 4
has (i) no solution (ii) a unique solution (ii) infinitely many solutions.
Solution :
2 p 6
2(6 q ) p (3 q ) 6 (1 2)
1 2 q
12 2 q 3 p pq 6
1 1 3
= pq ă 2q ă 3p + 6 = (p ă 2) (q ă 3)
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 91
8 p 6
1 5 2 q
4 1 3
= 2 (6 ă q) ă p (15 ă 4q) + 6 (5 ă 8)
= 48 ă 8q ă 15p + 4pq ă 18 = 4pq ă 8q ă 15p + 30
= 4q(p ă 2) ă 15(p ă 2) = (4q ă 15) ( p ă 2)
2 8 6
1 5 q 2(15 4 q) 8(3 q) 6(4 5) 0
2=
1 4 3
2 p 8
2(8 5) p(4 5) 8(1 2)
1 2 5
3 = 6 p8 p2
1 1 4
Case I : When 0 i.e. p 2, q 3, given system of equations has unique solution.
Case II : p = 2, = 0, 1 = 0, 2 = 0, 3 = 0
given system of equations has infinitely many solutions.
when q = 3, p 2, = 0, 1 0
therefore, given system of equations has no solution.
Thus the given system of equation has
(i) unique solution when p 2, q 3
(ii) infinite number of solutions when p = 2
(iii) no solution when p 2, q = 3.
Illustration 72
Solve using CramerÊs rule :
1 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 1
4, 0, 6
x y z x y z x y z
Solution :
1 1 1
D = 2 1 3 1 (1 3) 1 (2 9) 1 (2 3)
3 1 1
= 4 + 11 ă 1 = 14
4 1 1
0 1 3
D1/x =
6 1 1
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
92 MARKS
= 4 (1 + 3) + 1 (0 + 18) + 1 (0 ă 6) = 16 + 18 ă 6 = 28
1 4 1
2 0 3
D1/y =
3 6 1
= 1 (0 + 18) ă 4 (2 + 9) + 1 (12 ă 0) = 18 ă 44 + 12 = ă 14
1 1 4
2 1 0
D1/z =
3 1 6
= 1 (6 ă 0) + 1 (12 ă 0) + 4 (2 ă 3) = 6 + 12 ă 4 = 14
1 D1 / x 28
Now, = = 2 x = 1/2;
x D 14
1 D1 / y 14
= = 1 y = ă 1;
y D 14
1 D1 / z 14
= = 1 z=1
z D 14
x = 1/2, y = ă 1 and z = 1
Illustration 73
If f (x) = a x2 + bx + c and f (0) = 6, f (2) = 11, f (ă 3) = 6, find a , b , c and determine the quadratic
function f (x) using determinants.
Solution :
f (0) = 6 c = 6
f (2) = 11 4a + 2b + c = 11
f (ă 3) = 6 9a ă 3b + c = 6
We have
0a + 0b + c = 6
4a + 2b + c = 11
9a ă 3b + c = 6
0 0 1
4 2 1 0 0 1 ( 12 18) 30
D =
9 3 1
6 0 1
112 1 6 (2 3) 1 ( 33 12) 30 45 15
Da =
6 3 1
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 93
0 6 1
4 11 1 6 (4 9) 1 (24 99) 30 75 45
Db =
9 6 1
0 0 6
Dc = 4 2 11 6 ( 12 18) 180
9 3 6
Da 15 1 D b 45 3
Now, a = = 30 2 ; b
D 30 2
D
Dc 180
and c= 6
D 30
1 2 3
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c = x x 6
2 2
Illustration 74
Let and be real. Find the set of all values of for which the system :
+ (sin
x )y + (cos
)z = 0
)y + (sin
x + (cos )z = 0
)y ă (cos
– x + (sin )z = 0
has a non-trivial solution. For = 1, find all values of . [IIT ă 93]
Solution :
For nontrivial solution,
sin cos
1 cos sin 0
= 0 or
1 sin cos
or (ă cos2 ă sin2) ă (ă sin cos ă sin cos) ă (sin 2 ă cos2 ) = 0 [Expanding along C 1]
or ă + 2sin cos + (cos2 ă sin 2) = 0
or = sin2 + cos2
When = 1, sin2 + cos2 = 1
or sin2 = 1 ă cos2
or 2sin cos = 2sin2
or 2sin (cos ă sin) = 0
sin = 0 or cos ă sin = 0
sin = 0 or tan = 1.
Hence = n or = n + ; n I
4
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
94 MARKS
Illustration 75
n! ( n 1)! ( n 2)!
D
For a fixed positive integer n, if D ( n 1)! (n 2)! (n 3)! then show that 4 is
( n !)3
(n 2)! (n 3)! (n 4)!
divisible by n. [IIT ă 92]
Solution :
1 n 1 ( n 1) (n 2)
D n! (n 1)! (n 2)! 1 n 2 (n 2)(n 3)
1 n 3 ( n 3) ( n 4)
1 n1 ( n 1)2
n ! ( n 1)! ( n 2)! 1 n2 ( n 2)2
[C3 C3 ă C 2]
1 n 3 ( n 3)2
1 a a2
1 b b2
= n! (n + 1)! (n + 2)! (ă 1) (ă 1) 2 [ = (a ă b) (b ă c) (c ă a )]
1 c c2
D 2. n! ( n 1)! ( n 2)!
3
(n !) n!n!n!
= 2 (n + 1) (n + 1) ( n + 2) = 2 (n2 + 2n + 1) (n + 2)
= 2 (n 3 + 4n2 + 5n + 2) = 2n3 + 8n2 + 10n + 4
D
or 4 n (2n2 8 n 10), which is divisible by n.
(n !) 3
Illustration 76
x x x
C1 C2 C3
y y y
Evaluate C1 C2 C3
z z z
C1 C2 C3
Solution :
n n
We know that Cr , where n 1.2.3... n and 0 1
r nr
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 95
x x x x (x 1) x x (x 1) (x 2)
C1 , xC2 , C3
1 x1 1 2 3
x x ( x 1) x ( x 1) ( x 2)
1 2 3
y y ( y 1) y ( y 1) ( y 2)
Now
1 2 3
z z (z 1) z (z 1)(z 2)
1 2 3
1 x 1 ( x 1)( x 2)
xyz
= 2 3
1 y 1 ( y 1) ( y 2)
1 z1 ( z 1) ( z 2)
1 x 1 ( x 1)2
xyz
1 y 1 ( y 1)2
= 12 [C 3 C3 + C2]
1 z1 ( z 1)2
1 a a2
xyz
( x y) ( y z) ( z x) 1 b b2
= 12
1 c c2
= (a ă b) (b ă c) ( c ă a)]
Illustration 77
p b c
p q r
If a p , b q , c r and a q c 0 , then find the value of p a q b r c [IIT 91]
a b r
Solution :
p b c
Given a q c 0
a b r
pa bq 0
R1 R1 R 2
0 qb cr 0 R R R
or 2 2 3
a b r
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
96 MARKS
or (p ă a) [(q ă b) r ă b (c ă r )] ă (b ă q) [0 ă a (c ă r)] = 0
or (p ă a) (q ă b) r ă b (p ă a) (c ă r) + a (b ă q) (c ă r) = 0
or (p ă a) (q ă b) r + b (p ă a) (r ă c) + a (q ă b) (r ă c) = 0
r b a
or 0
r c qb pa
r b q
or 1 a 0 1 1
r c q b p a
r q p p q r
or 2 or 2
r c qb pa p a q b r c
Illustration 78
Show that
( x a )2 b2 c2
a2 b2 c2
a2 ( x b)2 c2 = x2 ( x 2 a) ( x 2 b) ( x 2 c) x
x 2a x 2b x c 2
a2 b2 ( x c)2
Solution :
x ( x 2a ) x (2b x) 0
R 1 R 1 R 2,
0 x (x 2b) x (2c x)
2 2 2 R2 R2 R3
a b (x c )
x 2a (x 2b ) 0
2 taking x common
= x 0 x 2b ( x 2 c) from R and R
1 2
a2 b2 ( x c) 2
1 1 0
2
= x ( x 2 a) ( x 2 b) ( x 2 c) 0 1 1
a2 b2 c2
x
x 2a x 2b x 2c
a2 b2 c2
= x2 ( x 2a) ( x 2b) (x 2c) x
x 2 a x 2b x 2 c
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 97
1 1 0
= 0 1 0 [C 3 C3 + C2 + C1]
2 2
a b
1
x 2b x 2b
2 a2 b2 c2
= x ( x 2a) ( x 2b) (x 2 c) x
x 2 a x 2b x 2 c
Illustration 79
If a > 0, d > 0, find the value of the determinant
1 1 1
a a (a d ) ( a d ) (a 2 d )
1 1 1
a d (a d ) (a 2d ) (a 2d ) (a 3d ) [IITă96]
1 b 1
a 2d (a 2d ) (a 3d ) (a 3d ) (a 4d )
Solution :
1
2 3 2
(a d ) (a 2d ) (a 3d ) (a 4d )
(a d ) (a 2d ) a 2d a
(a 2d ) (a 3d ) a 3d a d
(a 3d ) (a 4d ) a 4d a 2d
1
=
( a d) ( a 2 d) ( a 3 d) 2 ( a 4 d)
2 3
(a d ) (a 2d ) 2d a
(a 2d ) (a 3d ) 3d a d
[C2 C 2 ă C 3]
(a 3d ) (a 4d ) 4d a 2d
1
=
a ( a d) ( a 2 d) ( a 3 d) 2 ( a 4 d)
2 3
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
98 MARKS
(a d ) (a 2d ) 2d a
(a 2d ) 2d 0 d
[R3 R3 ă R 2, R2 R 2 ă R2]
(a 3d ) 2d 0 d
2d
= [2d 2 (a 2d a 3d )]
a (a d ) (a 2d )3 (a 3d )2 (a 4d )
2
4d 4
=
a (a d )2 (a 2d )3 (a 3d )2 (a 4d )
Illustration 80
a2 ( s a)2 ( s a)2
If 2s = a + b + c, show that (s b ) 2 b2 (s b ) 2 = 2s3 (s ă a ) (s ă b ) (s ă c )
(s c ) 2 (s c ) 2 c2
Solution :
Let = s ă a, = s ă b, = s ă c, then
+ = 2s ă (b + c ) = a
+ = b and + = c, + + = 3s ă (a + b + c) = 3s – 2s = s
( )2 2 2
Now L.H.S. = 2 ( ) 2 2
2 2 ( ) 2
= 2 ( + + ) 3
= 2 (s ă a) (s ă b) (s ă c) s 3 = 2s3 (s ă a) ( s ă b) (s ă c)
Illustration 81
Find the value of lying between 0 and /2 and satisfying the equation :
1 cos 2 sin 2 4sin 4
2 2
cos 1 sin 4 sin 4 0
[IIT ă 88]
2 2
cos sin 1 4sin 4
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 99
Solution :
2 4 sin 4 sin 2 4 sin 4
2
Given equation becomes : 2 4 sin 4 1 sin 4sin 4 0
2
2 4 sin 4 sin 1 4sin 4
1 sin2 4sin 4
2
or (2 4 sin 4 ) 1 1 sin 4 sin 4 0
1 sin2 1 4sin 4
1 sin2 4sin 4
or 2 (1 2 sin 4) 0 1 0 0 [Applying R 2 R2 ă R1 & R3 R 1 ă R 1]
0 0 1
or 2 (1 + 2 sin4) = 0 [Expanding along R1 ]
1 7 7
or sin 4 4
2 6 6 24
Illustration 82
Let m and p be two positive integers such that m p + 2.
m m m
Cp Cp 1 Cp 2
m 1 m1 m 1
I f (m , p ) Cp C p 1 C p 2
m 2 m 2 m 2
Cp C p2 C p 2
m 2
C3
Show that ( m, p) p 2
(m 1, p 1) . Hence or otherwise, prove that
C3
( m 2 C 3)( m 1 C 3)...( m p 3 C 3)
(m , p )
( p 2 C 3 )( p 1 C 3 )...(3 C 3 )
Solution :
r.nC r = n n ă 1
Cr ă 1
n n n 1
Cr . C r1
r
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
100 MARKS
m m 1 m m
. Cp 1 . m 1Cp . m 1Cp 1
p p 1 p 2
m 1 m m1 m m 1 m
Now ( m, p) . C p1 . Cp . C p 1
p p 1 p 2
m 2 m1 m 2 m 1 m 2 m 1
. C p 1 . Cp . C p 1
p p 1 p 2
Taking m common from R1, (m + 1) from R2 , (m + 2) from R3 , 1/p from C1, 1/(p + 1) from C2 and
1/(p + 2) from C3, we get
m 1 m 1 m 1
C p 1 Cp C p 1
m( m 1)( m 2) m m m
(m, p ) C p 1 Cp C p 1
p( p 1)( p 2)
m 1 m 1 m 1
C p 1 Cp C p 1
m 2
C3
= p 2
(m 1, p 1)
C3
m 2 m1
C1 C3
= p 2
. p 1
( m 2, p 2)
C3 C3
m 2 m 1 m
C3 C3 C3
= p 2
. p 1
. p
(m 3, p 3)
C3 C3 C3
( m 2 C3 )( m 1 C3 )...( m p 3
C3 )
= p 2 p 1 3 ...(i)
( C3 )( C3 )...( C3 )
m p m p m p
C0 C1 C2
m p 1 m p 1 m p 1
Now (m p, 0) C0 C1 C2
mp 2 mp 2 mp2
C0 C1 C2
( m p)( m p 1)
1 mp
2
( m p 1)( m p)
= 1 m p 1 2
( m p 2)( m p 1)
1 m p 2
2
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
MARKS 101
(m p)(m p 1)
1 mp
2
0 1 m p
= = 1 [Applying R3 R 3 ă R2 and R2 R 2 ă R 1]
0 1 m p1
(m 2C3 )(m 1C3 )...(m p3
C3 )
Hence from (i), ( m, p)
p 2 p 1 3
( C3 )( C3 )...( C3 )
Illustration 83
cos 1 cos
If , and are such that + + = 0, then prove that cos 1 cos 0
cos cos 1
Solution :
1 0 0
C C 2 cos C 1
cos sin 2
cos cos cos 2
2 C3 C3 cos C1
cos cos cos cos sin
1 0 0
2 ( ) cos cos( )
cos sin sin sin
=
2 cos = cos cos sin sin
cos sin sin sin
= 1 (sin2 sin2 ă sin2 sin2) = 0
Illustration 84
sin 2A sin C sin B
If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, show that sin C sin 2B sin A 0
sin B sin A sin 2C
Solution :
2sin A cosA sin C sin B
sin C 2 sin BcosB sin A
sin B sin A sin CcosC
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
102 ARKS
tan tan tan tan tan
= cos cos cos 0 0 1
sin2 sin2 sin2 sin2 sin2
[Applying C1 C1 ă C3 & C 2 C 2 ă C3]
sin( ) sin( )
tan
cos cos cos cos
cos cos cos 0 0 1
2
sin( ) sin( ) sin( ) sin( ) sin
sin sin sin( )
tan tan cos cos cos cos etc.
1 1
tan
cos cos cos cos
= cos cos cos . sin( ) sin( ) 0 0 1
sin( ) sin( ) sin2
sin( ) sin( )
= cos cos cos sin( ) sin( ). ( 1) cos cos
cos cos
= sin( ă ) sin( ă ) [cos sin( + ) ă cos sin ( + )]
1 1
= sin( ă ) sin( ă ) {sin(2 ) sin } {sin(2 ) sin }
2 2
1
= sin( ă ) sin( ă ) [sin(2 + ) ă sin (2 + )]
2
1
= sin( ă ) sin( ă ). 2cos ( + + ) sin( ă )
2
= sin( ă ) sin( ă ) sin( ă ) cos ( + + )
Illustration 85
n (n 1)
r x
2 n
If Dr 2r 1 y n2 show that Dr 0
r1
n(3 n 1)
3r 2 z
2
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
ARKS 103
Solution :
n
D r D1 D2 ... D n
r1
n
n( n 1)
r x
2 n( n 1)
r 1 1 2 ... n x
2
n
= (3r 1) y n2 = 1 3 5 .... 2 n 1 y n2
r 1 n(3n 1)
n 1 4 7 .... 3 n 2 z
n (3n 1) 2
(3r 2) z
2
r 1
n( n 1) n( n 1)
x
2 2
= n2 y n2
n(3 n 1) n(3 n 1)
z
2 2
= 0 [Since C1 and C3 are identical.]
Illustration 86
3
5 3 5i 4i
2
Without expanding the determinant show that the value of 3 5 i 8 4 5 i is real.
3
4i 4 5i 9
2
Solution :
3
5 3 5i 4i
2
Let z = 3 5i 8 4 5i
3
4i 4 5i 9
2
3
5 3 5i 4i
2
Then z 3 5i 8 4 5i
3
4i 4 5i 9
2
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
104 ARKS
3
5 3 5i 4i
2
[Changing rows into corr
3 5i 8 4 5i
= esponding columns]
3
4i 4 5i 9
2
= z
z z and hence z is real.
Illustration 87
If p (x), q (x) and r (x) are three polynomials of degree 2, then prove that
p (x ) q (x ) r (x )
p '( x ) q '( x ) r '( x )
is a independent of x.
p ''( x ) q ''( x) r ''( x )
Solution :
Let p(x) = a 1x 2 + b1x + c 1, q(x) = a2x2 + b2 x + c2
and r(x) = a3x2 + b3x + c3
then p´(x) = 2a1x + b 1, q´(x) = 2a 2x + b2 , r´(x) = 2a3 x + b 3
and p´´(x) = 2a1, q´´(x) = 2a 2, r´´(x) = 2a3
p ( x) q ( x ) r ( x)
Now p'( x) q '( x) r '( x)
p''( x) q ''( x) r ''( x)
a1 x2 b1 x c1 a2 x2 b2 x c2 a3 x2 b3 x c3
2a1 x b1 2a2 x b2 2a3 x b3
=
2a1 2a2 2a3
a1 x 2 b1 x c1 a2 x 2 b2 x c2 a3 x 2 b3 x c3
[R2 R 2 xR3 and
= 2 b1 b2 b3
[taking 2 common from R 3 ]
a1 a2 a3
c1 c2 c3
= 2 b1 b2 b3 [R1 R1 ă x2 R3 ă xR2]
a1 a2 a3
Clearly is independent of x.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
ARKS 105
Illustration 88
If f r (x), g r(x), h r (x), where r = 1, 2, 3 are polynomial in x such that f r (a) = g r (a ) = h r (a),
f 1( x ) f 2( x ) f 3( x )
r = 1, 2, 3 and F( x ) g 1( x ) g 2( x ) g 3 ( x ) then find F´(a). [IIT ă 85]
h 1( x ) h 2( x) h 3( x )
Solution :
f ´1 (x ) f ´2 (x ) f ´3 (x) f1 (x) f2 (x) f3 (x) f1 (x ) f ´2 (x ) f ´3 (x)
F(x) g 1(x ) g 2(x) g 3 (x) g´ 1(x) g´ 2 (x) g´ 3 ( x ) g 1 ( x ) g 2 (x) g 3(x)
h1( x) h2( x) h3 ( x) h1 ( x) h2( x) h3 ( x) h´ 1 ( x) h´ 2( x) h´ 3 ( x)
f ´ 1 ( a) f ´ 2 ( a) f ´ 3 (a ) f1 (a) f2 (a) f3 ( a)
F´(a ) g1 (a ) g2 (a ) g3 (a ) g´1 (a ) g´2 (a ) g´3 (a )
h1 ( a) h2 ( a) h3 ( a) h1 ( a) h2 ( a) h3 ( a)
f1 (a) f 2 (a) f3 ( a)
g1 (a ) g2 (a ) g3 (a ) 0 0 0 0.
h´1 ( a) h´ 2 ( a) h´3 ( a)
Since gr (a) = h r (a), hence in first determinant R2 & R3 are identical;
Since f r(a) = hr (a), hence in second determinant R1 & R3 are identical;
Since fr(a) = g r (a), hence in third determinant R1 & R 2 are identical.
Illustration 89
Let be a repeated root of the quadratic equation f (x) = 0 and A(x), B(x), C(x) be polynomials
A( x ) B( x ) C( x )
of degree 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Show that (x ) A( ) B( ) C( ) is divisible by f (x),
A´() B´() C´()
where dash denotes the derivative.
Solution :
Since f (x) = 0 is a quadratic equation with repeated root , therefore f (x) = ar (x ă )2 where
a is a constant.
Clearly, (x) is a polynomial of degree at most 5.
Eqn. (x) = 0 will behave two roots equal to if () = 0 & ´() = 0
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
106 ARKS
A'(x) B'( x) C'(x)
Now, '( x) A( ) B( ) C( ) [ A(), A´() etc. are constants]
A´( ) B´( ) C´( )
A( ) B( ) C()
() A() B() C() 0 [ R1 & R2 are identical]
A´( ) B´( ) C´( )
A´( ) B´( ) C´( )
And ´( ) A() B() C() 0 [ R1 & R3 are identical]
A´( ) B´( ) C´( )
Thus, () = 0 and ´ () = 0.
Hence equation (x) = 0 has two roots equal to .
Therefore, (x) = (x ă )2 (x) where (x) is a polynomial of degree at most 3.
2 ( x) ( x)
Now ( x) a (x ) . a ( x ) 2 . g( x), where g ( x)
a a
Thus (x) = f (x).g (x), where g (x) is a polynomial in x.
Hence (x) is divisible by f (x).
Illustration 90
u 2 u3
/2 2
1 cos 2 nx
If u n d x , then find the value of the determinant u4 u5 u6
0
1 cos 2 x
u7 u8 u9
Solution :
/2
1 cos 2 x / 2
We have, u1 1 cos 2 x
dx [ x] 0
2
0
/ 2
2cos(2 n 2) x {cos(2 n 4) x cos(2 nx)}
Now 2un 1 (un un 2) 1 cos2x
dx
0
/ 2
2cos(2n 2)x 2cos (2n 2)x cos 2x
= 1 cos 2 x
dx
0
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
ARKS 107
/ 2 /2
sin(2n 2) x
= 2cos(2n 2) x dx
n 1
0
0
0
Hence u n + u n + 2
ă 2u n + 1
= 0
u1 u2 u3 u1 2u2 u3 u2 u3
Now u4 u5 u6 u4 2u5 u6 u5 u6
u7 u8 u9 u7 2u8 u9 u8 u9
Applying C1 C1 ă 2C2 + C3, we obtain
0 u2 u3
= 0 u5 u6 0 [C1 C 1 ă 2C 2 + C 3]
0 u8 u9
Illustration 91
Consider the system of linear equations in x, y, z
) x ă y + z = 0
(sin 3
) x + 4y + 3z = 0
(cos 2
2x + 7y + 7z = 0
Find the value of for which this system has non-trivial solutions.
Solution :
sin 3 1 1
The system will have a non-trivial solution if cos 2 4 3 0
2 7 7
or (28 ă 21) sin 3 ă (ă 7 ă 7) cos 2 + 2 (ă 3 ă 4) = 0
or 7 sin 3 + 14 cos 2 ă 14 = 0
or 3 sin ă 4 sin3 + 2 (1 ă 2 sin2) ă 2 = 0
or 4sin 3 + 4 sin2 ă 3 sin = 0
or sin (2 sin ă 1) (2 sin + 3) = 0
sin = 0 which gives = n,
1
or sin which gives = n + (ă 1) n ./6,
2
where n is an integer
[Note that sin ă 3/2]
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
108 ARKS
Illustration 92
Three vectors a , b , c are given by
(a) a i 3 j 2k , b 2i 4 j 4k , c 3i 2 j k
(b) a = i + j + k , b = 2i + 3j ă k , c = ă i ă 2j + 2k
Determine whether the systems of vectors in (i) and (ii) are linearly independent or dependent.
Solution :
Consider the linear relation
xa + yb + zc = 0 ...(i)
If, x, y, z are all zero, then it is L.I. and if x, y, z are not all zero, then it is L.D.
On putting the values of a, b, c as given and combining the terms of i, j, k, we have
(a) (x + 2y + 3z) i + (ă 3x ă 4y + 2z) j + (2x ă 4y ă z) k = 0
We know that i, j, k being non-coplanar represent at a L.I. system. Hence all the scalars
in the above must be zero.
x + 2y + 3z = 0
ă 3x ă 4y + 2z = 0
2x ă 4y ă z = 0
Above represents a homogeneous system of equations
1 2 3
Apply C2 2C1
3 4 2
Its = and C3 3C1
2 4 1
1 0 0
14 88
3 2 11
= 74 0
2 8 7
Henec the above system has only trivial solution i.e. all x, y, z will be zero. Hence the vectors
a, b, c are L.I.
(b) In this case proceeding as above
1 2 1
Apply C3 C 2
2 3 1
=
2 1 1
The columns C1 and C3 become identical so that = 0. Hence the system has non-trivial
solution i.e. all x, y, z are not zero. Hence the vectors a, b, c are L.D.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
ARKS 109
Illustration 93
a 0 1 a 1 1 f a2
A 1 c b , B 0 d c , U g , V 0 . If there is vector matrix X, such that AX = U has
1 d b f g h h 0
infinitely many solutions, then prove that BX = V cannot have a unique solution. If a fd
0 then prove that BX = V has no solution. [IIT ă 2004]
Solution :
0, Unique solution (Intersecting lines)
= 0, 1 = 0, 2 = 0, Infinite solutions (Identical lines)
= 0, 1 0, 2 0, No solution (Parallel lines)
AX = U has infinite many solutions.
= 0, 1 = 0, 2 = 0, 3 = 0
A 0, A1 0, A 2 0, A3 0.
a 0 1
A 0 1 c b 0
1 d b
or ab (c ă d ) + 1 (d ă c) = 0
or (c ă d ) (ab ă 1) = 0
ab = 1 or c = d ...(1)
f 0 1
g c b0
A1 0
h d b
Above is possible if g = h and c = d ...(2)
as in that case R2 and R3 become identical.
a f 1
A2 0 1 g b 0
1 h b
Above is possible if g = h ...(3)
as in that case R2 and R 3 become identical
a 0 f
A3 0 1 c g 0
1 d h
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
110 ARKS
by virtue of relations in (2)
BX = V
|B| 0 for unique solution
and |B| = 0 for no unique solution.
a 1 1
B 0 d c 0 as C and C are identical by virtue of relations in (2).
2 3
f g h
BX = V has no solution, then |B| = 0, |B1| = 0 but |B2| = a 2 cf = a2 df = a (adf) 0 as adf 0.
Similarly |B3| = a 2 df 0
Hence there is no solution.
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
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