Literature Survey On Semantic Web There is an enormous growing body of literature on text mining, and overviews can be found

in. Text mining is a subset of data mining and seeks to discover patterns from unstructured textual data. The text mining literature has focused on commercial and research applications rather than law enforcement. One example from law enforcement particularly relevant to our work used text mining to detect money laundering by uncovering and building a network of criminal activity. This research focused on automating the process of identifying illicit individuals and their financial patterns by drawing potential relationships between isolated online and offline events. Much of the work using text mining for law enforcement focuses on identifying suspect persons through the characteristics and relationships of their Internet activities. Text mining algorithms are used to extract information from available text. For example, concept space algorithms are currently used to connect various entities (persons, actions, places) present within the mined data. Although some current applications of text mining in combination with knowledge extraction algorithms address law enforcement needs, there are no reported results of text mining to identify financial web services as facilitators of criminal activity. In the last few years, the concept of ontology has started to be used in connection with Semantic Web research. Ontology based representations are powerful representation structures. The usage and application of ontologies are increasingly seen as the key to enable semanticsdriven data access and processing or semantically enhanced search. An ontology can be defined as a set of knowledge terms, including vocabulary, semantic interconnections which can be associated with inferences, inferencing, and smart queries for any particular domain. Inferences or inferencing means that, given some stated information, one can determine other related information that one can consider as it had been stated. Ontology languages can be classified based on the knowledge representation formalism in which they are represented: enriched first-order predicate languages, frame-based approaches, and description logics. Semantic Web research has devoted an important effort in defining a common language for ontology modeling and reasoning with the objective to achieve semantic interoperability. The Web Ontology Language (OWL), which is a language based on description logic, has become

the recommended language by the World Wide Consortium in 2004. However, adding additional layers and particularly a rule layer on top of OWL is still a central task for the Semantic Web. Rules and associated reasoning mechanisms are important for instilling intelligence on the Semantic Web and, in particular, connecting and making better use of the data, information, and the collective knowledge harnessed by the various types of applications. Rules and metadata, long with users preferences, goals, needs, and interests stored as a user ontology, will constitute the core underlying architecture for Human Semantic Web. A human- or user centric approach will imply a change from the current push approach toward a personalized pull approach in knowledge and learning management paradigm. Users interests, goals, and needs could be a basis for achieving this pull approach and furthermore be a basis for establishing collaborations and networking with other peers, friends, or colleagues. In the evolution of the Web, three different semantic stages can be distinguished: semantic isolation, semantic coexistence, and semantic collaboration. These stages will eventually lead to semantic interoperability or semantic collaboration, which are a key for achieving the Human Semantic Web vision. The development of Semantic Web technology has created the context of different semantically enhanced user models either for the purpose of creating distributed user/learner models or/and as an attempt to share them across different types of applications. Previous user or student models were represented by means of logic-based formalisms, such as predicate logic, and later using semantic networks, conceptual graphs, databases, frames, and objects. The logic-based formalisms, such as predicate logic, have the advantage of simple well-defined associated reasoning mechanisms, but they lack structuring properties. Non logic-based formalisms are object oriented representations, rule-based representations, neural networks, semantic networks, conceptual graphs, etc. Non logical representation formalisms are more appealing, more intuitive, and easier to understand by non experts. In the past few years, ontology-based user modeling has been proposed for different application scenarios. User-modeling-associated rules and ontology-based representations for real-time ubiquitous applications in an interactive museum scenario have been proposed in. In an ubiquitous computing scenario, users can delegate tasks to different agents acting on various devices with computational capability. Context features and situational statements for ubiquitous computing have been proposed as a general user model ontology in.

The use of semantically enhanced user profiles for Web search applications has been proposed in. Another strand of research emphasizes the use of ontology for adapted learning content and semantic learning portals that constitute dynamic smart learning spaces. In the context of the Semantic Web, the specification of standards for the management of personal identities has a great potential for providing intelligent learning services. Semantic Web and ontologies may be a catalyst for learning organizations where ontology-based competency management plays a central role. Up to now, few detailed works have been done related to ontology-based or semantically enhanced user modeling in relation with modeling the user behavior for managing knowledge. The user model proposed in FRODO project focuses on the user tasks and role which are associated with specific information needs. The tasks at hand are triggering different information needs. Furthermore, different persons may have varying information needs with respect to the same tasks, depending on their personal skills and knowledge. The user ontology described in the On-To-Knowledge project uses manually constructed ontologies about skills, job functions, and education. This ontology is dedicated for skill management application. In semantically enhanced information systems, the ontology represents and structures the different knowledge sources in its business domain, aiming to improve the overall performance of the system. Existing knowledge sources (documents, reports, videos, etc.) are mapped into the domain ontology and are semantically enriched. This semantically enriched information enables better knowledge indexing and searching processes and implicitly a better management of knowledge. Ontologies offer a flexible and expressive layer of abstraction, very useful for capturing the information of repositories and facilitating their retrieval either by the user or by the system to support the user tasks. An ontology based system can be used not only to improve the precision of search/retrieval mechanism but also to reduce search time. For these reasons, ontology-based approaches will likely be the core technology for the development of a next generation of semantically enhanced KM solutions. However, bringing semantically enhanced information systems to a real-world enterprise application is still a challenge. One reason could be that ontology-based conceptual representations lack certain features which are important for classical database-driven information systems. Features such as scalability, persistence, reliability, and transactions standardized in classical database-driven applications are typically not available in ontology-based systems. Furthermore, an ontology-

based semantic markup can be used as a machine-interpretable format for software agents and Semantic Web services to operate. Annotations with well defined semantics (metadata) can be provided using semantic annotation tools. Authoring annotations for legacy resources is an important effort, and advanced semantic annotation tools need to be made available in order to provide effective semantically enhanced KMSs.